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Historical Biogeography and Distribution

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Historical Biogeography and Distribution Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2004) 31, 1051–1063 ORIGINAL Historical biogeography and distribution ARTICLE of the freshwater cyclopine copepods (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopinae) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Eduardo Sua´rez-Morales1,2*, Janet W. Reid3, Frank Fiers4 and Thomas M. Iliffe5 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), ABSTRACT Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico, 2National Aim To determine and analyse the distribution of the freshwater cyclopine Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA, 3Virginia copepod fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) and its relationship with the Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA, geological and climatic history of this Neotropical karstic zone. 4 USA, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Location The Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Sciences, Invertebrate Section, Brussels, Belgium and 5Department of Marine Biology, Methods Plotting of georeferenced sites, analysis of local and regional geological Texas A&M University at Galveston, and climatic history, analysis and comparison of regional and local faunistic Galveston, TX, USA records. Results Distinct dispersal and/or vicariant processes seem to be linked to the current distributions of the seven genera known in the YP. In general, the endemic hypogean or benthic crevicular forms (i.e. Diacyclops chakan, D. puuc and Mesocyclops chaci), derived from epigean, tropical, widely distributed forms (some of them South American) may have been among the earliest colonizers of the subterranean habitats in the YP. The distribution of these and other endemic forms seem to be related to the Holocene dry periods that desiccated the largest bodies of water and isolated local populations of different species. These vicariant processes resulted in forms with restricted distributional areas; some of these formed sister species that speciated in geographically close localities but related to a common identifiable ancestor. Overall, the processes of cyclopine colonization of the YP show the influence of the South American fauna, as the closest relatives of some species endemic to the YP are South American forms; the Nearctic influence is low. The cyclopine fauna of the YP is formed by a mixture of Nearctic-derived (species of Acanthocyclops), Neotropical (i.e. M. edax, M. longisetus, A. panamensis, Thermocyclops inversus and T. tenuis), and epigean and hypogean endemic forms. The highly dynamic geomorphology of the YP and the recent climatic changes in the Holocene define the YP as a peculiar subregion that harbours a diverse fauna of cyclopine copepods with a high endemism. Main conclusion The current distribution of cyclopine copepods reflects relatively recent, post-Pliocene biogeographical patterns; probably older patterns are involved as well. The eastern coast of the Yucatan is the most recently colonized by cyclopine copepods. Most of the genera are linked with South American forms, and the Nearctic influence is weakly represented. This group has no marine relatives, but there is evidence of vicariant events involving cave- dwelling forms. *Correspondence: Eduardo Sua´rez-Morales, El Keywords Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Km. 5.5. Av. Centenario, Chetumal, Quintana Roo Limnology, distributional patters, freshwater biogeography, karstic environ- 77000, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] ments, zooplankton. ª 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd www.blackwellpublishing.com/jbi 1051 E. Sua´ rez-Morales et al. INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA The Yucatan Peninsula (YP), a neotropical karstic plain in The Yacatan Peninsula is a karstic plain with a complex south-east Mexico has been the source of many relevant geological history linked in many ways with that of the faunistic discoveries, most of them related to the anchialine Caribbean and Central America (Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee, caves (Iliffe, 1992; Sua´rez-Morales & Rivera-Arriaga, 2000). 1999). The oldest rocks known in the YP date from the Evidence provided by previous faunistic surveys in the YP Palaeozoic. The YP has been influenced by episodes of marine (Wilkens, 1982; Holsinger, 1986; Schmitter-Soto, 1998) sug- regressions and transgressions of variable extent. The entire YP gests that different vicariant and dispersal processes occurred was submerged during the Lower and Upper Cretaceous during the palaeographical history of the Yucatan plain and (Weyl, 1966, 1980). A regression uncovered part of the YP (the adjacent zones. Basically, stranded marine forms remained central core) in the Palaeocene–Eocene, but another complete isolated after the marine transgression/regressions episodes transgression occurred in the middle Eocene, followed by an and became adapted to anchialine or epigean conditions thus incomplete regression in the Upper Eocene that left the forming an interesting faunal assemblage (see Danielopol northern and part of the western sections submerged. The et al., 2000). However, not all the karstic or the hypogean same general pattern continued in the Upper Oligocene–Lower invertebrate fauna in the YP can be related to a marine Miocene: the northern (mainly) and western coastline fringes ancestor (Sua´rez-Morales, 2003). The processes by which the of the YP were covered by the sea, and the eastern coast strictly freshwater forms spread in the YP remain practically remained emerged. The sea advanced in the Middle and Upper unstudied (Schmitter-Soto, 1998). Miocene and the early Pliocene, covering the eastern coast and With more than 700 species known, cyclopoids are one of turning the Laguna of Chichankanab into an arm of the sea the most conspicuous and diverse group of freshwater (Weyl, 1966, 1980; Lo´pez-Ramos, 1975). The current littoral copepods (Boxshall & Jaume, 2000). Cyclopoids tend to have perimeter of the YP was reached during the Late Pliocene– wide distributional patterns and include many species regarded Pleistocene (Lo´pez-Ramos, 1975) with interglacial fluctua- as cosmopolitan; it is recognized now, however, that cosmo- tions; the main regression started in the Early Pliocene. The politanism among the freshwater cyclopoids is not as common Holocene period was marked in the YP and adjacent areas by as was thought a few decades ago (Reid, 1998b). successive climate changes with at least two extremely dry Continental cyclopoid copepods are represented by the family periods, one c. 8000–7000 yr bp during which most major Cyclopidae, divided into two subfamilies, Cyclopinae and surface basins, including Chichancanab, dried; and the other Eucyclopinae. Only the first family, of which seven genera and between 6000–5000 yr bp (Metcalf et al., 2000; Curtis et al., more than 20 species are present in the YP, are examined herein. 2001). The current knowledge about the physical and chemical The YP cyclopine copepods have been surveyed by several characteristics of the sinkholes is still very limited (Cervantes- authors (see Fiers et al., 1996, 2000; Sua´rez-Morales et al., 1996; Martı´nez et al., 2002); hence, these factors were not evaluated Sua´rez-Morales & Rivera-Arriaga, 2000; Elı´as-Gutie´rrez et al., herein. 2001); the earliest taxonomic accounts were published in the first decades of the 1900s (Wilson, 1936; Pearse & Wilson, 1938). An METHODS updated, revised list of the YP freshwater copepods, including the Cyclopinae was recently assembled by Sua´rez-Morales & Zooplankton samples were collected at 45 different localities Reid (2003). This subfamily contains relatively diverse genera that included all three Mexican states (Campeche, Yucata´n with world-wide distributions and distinct biogeographical and Quintana Roo) in which the YP is divided. Details on affinities (i.e. Acanthocyclops, Diacyclops, Mesocyclops and the geographical location, physiographical characteristics Thermocyclops) and with taxonomic problems that are being and specimens examined in most of these localities can solved by world-wide or regional revisions: Einsle (1996) for be found in Sua´rez-Morales et al. (1996) and Fiers et al. Acanthocyclops, Stoch (2001) for Diacyclops, Mirabdullayev et al. (1996, 2000). Samples were collected using different meth- (2003) for Thermocyclops, and Holynska (2000), Sua´rez-Morales ods including surface trawls of a standard plankton net & Gutie´rrez-Aguirre (2001) and Holynska et al. (2003) for the (mesh size: 0.150 mm) in the limnetic zone, traps and a Australasian region, the Mexico-Central America subregion, hand-net in near-shore samplings. Additional records and and the world species of Mesocyclops, respectively. localities were obtained from the early surveys of the Overall, the YP harbours a high number of endemic species Yucatan aquatic fauna by Wilson (1936) and Pearse & of freshwater cyclopoid copepods (Sua´rez-Morales & Reid, Wilson (1938). Other, previously unpublished records were 2003), only comparable with the endemic fauna of the entire obtained from the collection in the National Museum of insular Caribbean, presumably with more adequate conditions Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, for isolation and speciation processes. In this work we analyse USA; from the data base of the Coleccio´n de Zooplancton the currently known distributions of the 23 species of held in El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) in cyclopine cyclopoid copepods recorded in the YP and its Chetumal, Mexico; and from unpublished personal obser- possible relationships to the different events involved in the vations. Most localities were georeferenced and distribution geological history of the peninsula. maps were prepared using
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