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Historic Environment Review 2019

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Historic Environment Review 2019 Exmoor National Park HistoricEnvironmentReview 2019 May 2019 Welcome... to our latest review of work on Exmoor’s historic environment focussing on activities in 2017 and 2018. Looking back, we can see a whole variety of outstanding achievements by individuals, groups and organisations across the National Park. Research in every period is represented, from the earliest hunter gatherers to roadside fingerposts! Many projects are on-going, and new projects are emerging, promising many years of exciting results to come. A new Historic Environment A leat explored ResearchbyDulvertonWeirandLeatConservationTrust Record website! showedtheleatatTownMillswasonceclearlydivided An updated website www.exmoorher.co.uk for the bythetimeitreachedDulvertonLaundry,aformerSilk Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record andCrepeMill,buthowtoinvestigatethisunderwater (ENPHER) was launched in May 2019. wasaproblem.Unconventionalassistancearrivedwith theAvon&SomersetPoliceUnderwaterUnit. “WeweredelightedtobeabletohelptheTrust”saidPC DaveAllen,“DulvertonLeatprovidedanexcellent trainingopportunityfortheteam,thoughwewerenot abletofindanyevidenceoftheleatdividingintotwowe wereabletoprovidetheTrustwithphotographsanda filmtakeninsidetheculvert”. Thecurrenthypothesisisthattheleatdividedbetween LeatBridgeandHollandHouse,withthesecondleat beinginfilledinthe1820sor1830s.Moredetailsofthe researchcanbefoundinDulvertonLibraryoronthe Trust’swebsite: www.dulvertonweir.org.uk Thisdatabaserecordsarchaeologicalsitesandhistoric buildingsdatingfromthePalaeolithictothepresentday. Alltypesofsitesareincluded:earthworks,ruins, buildings,landscapes,industrialremains,militarysites, historicboundariesandroutewaysaswellasartefacts discoveredbychance.Itincludesinformationon archaeologicalinvestigationsanddesignations,together withthesupportingresources-books,journals,websites, maps,photographsandillustrationsprovidingthe evidenceofhowthesesitesdevelopedandchanged throughtime. Thenewwebsiteis‘mobilefriendly’forpeopleoutand aboutandhasadirectlinktotheENPHERdatabase, meaningthatnewinformationisinstantlydisplayedon thewebsite.Datacanbesearchedwithanormaltext ‘searchbox’orbybrowsingamap.Userscanalsoexplore differentaspectsofthearchaeologyofExmoor,suchas differenttimeperiodsandsitetypes,finds,researchand projects,notablefiguresandExmoorlegends.Auseful listofresources,suchasexternalwebsites,linkstolocal groupsandinformationonourloanboxteaching Dulverton Leat resourcesisalsoavailable. 2 Historic Environment Review 2019 The Farley Water An unexpected Landscape Project discovery on Farley Hill Followingasuccessful2016 DerryBryantdiscoveredmorethansheexpectedona excavation,theMesolithicExmoor volunteertrainingdayrunaspartoftheHeritageLottery ResearchGroupreturnedtoFarleyHill funded‘HeartofExmoor’projectinFebruary2014.The in2017and2018forfurther trainingwasonidentifyingandrecordingflintscatters excavationsattheMesolithicsitenearthespringhead. aroundspringheadsandincludedusingahand-held Ageophysicalsurveyin2017,underthedirectionof GPS.ItwasheldattheMesolithicsiteonFarleyHilland JohnOswinoftheBath&CountiesArchaeological provesyoudon’talwaysfindwhatyouarelookingfor. Society,highlightedseveralanomalieswhichwere successfullytestedbyexcavationinsmalltrenches. Farley Hill Pit Burntflintandtwopostholeswerediscovered,although nosuitableorganicmaterialwasrecoveredfordating. Todate529piecesofflinthavebeenrecovered,ofwhich 128areretouchedtoolsfromthelateMesolithic.The majorityofthefindsarewasteproducts(debitage)and thistogetherwithsixcores,fromwhichbladeswere struck,indicatetherawmaterialwasbroughttothesite forknapping.Therawmaterialisbeachpebblewhich wasprobablycollectedfromLynmouthbeach,Wringcliff BayorfurtherdownthecoastatBaggyPoint. Above: Retouched flake Derryrecalls “therehadbeenheavyrainintheprevious Left: Retouched fewdays.Wewalkedalongthetrack,andstartedtofind blades (top Mesolithicflintflakesandbladeletswhichhadbeen row); microliths washedoutofthesoil.Ipickedupabladeletwhichwas (bottom row) lyingontopofalowbankbesidethetrack.Lookingat with utilised thesideofthebankIponderedonthenaturalsoil/layers flakes and ofpeatonemightexpecttoseeonthemoor,whenI blades. notedadownwardslopingbandofredsoil.Itwas noticeablydarkerthantheyellowishsandynaturaland Eightthousandyearsagohunter-gathererscrossedthe includedsmallredstonesandcharcoal.Itlookedlikea land,carryingbeachpebblesthatweresuitablefor definitecutfeature,coulditbeafirepitorhearth?This knappingintotoolsthatcouldbeusedforhuntingand wasveryexciting!” butchering.Arrowheadsandcompositecuttingtools ThepitwaslaterrecordedbyLeeBrayand2charcoal areamongthosefoundatFarleyWater.Heretheylit samplesradiocarbonweredatedtotheearlyBronzeAge, theirfiresatthetopofanaturalcombeanderecteda around2076–1823BC,indicatingasecondphaseof temporaryshelterforanovernightstay.Thiswasaplace activityonthesite.Derrycontinues “Iwasverypleasedto wheretheycouldobservedeerandotheranimalswho thinkIhadfoundaprehistoricfeatureonthemoor,close mightcometothespringheadtodrink.Thissmallgroup tothespringhead.Itisevidenceonceagainthat ofhuntersmayhavecomefromHawkcombeHeadona archaeologyonExmoorisclosetothesurface,andcan day’shuntingexpedition,ortheymayhaveclimbedup bespottedintherightconditions.It’sgreatfora fromthecoastatLynmouthtoalandscapethatcould volunteertobeabletoaddanintriguingfindtothe offeraregularsupplyoffoodaspartoftheirseasonal archaeologicalrecordofExmoor”. round.Movingbetweenthecoastalplainandthehigh landwouldopenupavarietyofresourcesthatwere Section drawing of the Farley Hill Pit essentialtoasubsistence economy.FarleyWaterisan importantlateMesolithicsite onExmoorandwillbefurther exploredin2019. Dr. Paula Gardiner Historic Environment Review 2019 3 A Monument to Endeavour The Brendon Hills was a busy mining landscape in the 19th century. Impressively, between 1856 and 1861 a railway was built to transport iron ore from the mines to Watchet for shipment to South Wales, incorporating an incline a kilometre long operated via a winding house on top of the hill. The mines were active until 1883 and then intermittently until the early 20th century, with the railway finally being dismantled in 1917. The incline and winding house are now a Scheduled Monument owned by the National Park. In the past few years unexplained voids had opened up outside the eastern door of Drum Cottage (in the eastern part of the winding house) and in the area of the brake cable duct, requiring the areas to be fenced off for safety reasons. A programme of conservation works began in 2017 with excavations and recording led by ENPA in conjunction with the West Somerset Mineral Line Association. The brake cable duct was found to be constructed of stone side walls capped with half-length sleeper beams, now rotting and collapsing. The position of former steps on the eastern side of Drum Cottage were identified at the site of another void. In 2018, conifer trees were removed from the northern end of the embankment by the B3224, and the imposing incline revetment wall was cleared of damaging vegetation. The National Park Field Services Team installed new cappings of sleeper beams to the Top: The incline 1875 main cable ducts at the Above: Winding House step The West Somerset Mineral top of the incline, Line Association are along with undertaking Below: Winding House volunteers involved in routine vegetation brake duct conserving the industrial control and drain Below left: Winding house sites and explaining the maintenance. brake duct remains to interested Left: Incline revetment people. They lead monthly walks and special walks or talks for interested groups and hold local exhibitions. More information can be found on their website wsmla.org.uk, a valuable resource for walkers and historians with photos and records of all the evidence collected. More volunteers are needed to join this small and friendly group! 4 Historic Environment Review 2019 Conservation works at Withypool Stone Circle VisitorstoWithypoolHillwillnoticeadeadgorsehedge likelytherouteissimplyfollowedbythosecrossingthe surroundingthelowstonesofWithypoolStoneCircle. summitofthehill,perhapsunawareoftheancientsitethey MonitoringforENPAin2015raisedconcernsaboutthe arepassingthrough.Thetemporaryringofcutgorsehas impactofawideninganderodingtrackthroughitscentre, beenfixedaroundthecircletogivethesitetimeto andHistoricEnglandincludedthecircleonitsnational regenerateitsprotectiveturfcovering.Accessforwalkers registerof‘Heritageatrisk’. visitingthecircleispossiblethroughsidegapsinthedead AlthoughWithypoolHillisopenaccesslandthereisno hedge.Minorworkshavebeenundertakentominimise designatedpathorbridlewayatthispointanditisclearfrom watererosiondownthetrackandanumberofpostshave aerialphotographsthatthetrackhaddevelopedsincethe beensetuptorestrictvehicleaccesstothehill.Itishoped 1980s.Discussionsbetweenthelandowner,HistoricEngland thesesimplemeasuresandagreaterawarenessoftheissues andENPAledtoaprogrammeofconservationand willhelpprotectthisancientsiteintothefuture. recordingbeginningin2017withfundingfromHistoric England.Supportfortheconservationworkwasvoicedata publicmeetingheldinWithypoolinApril2017. AnewsurveyofthesitebyACArchaeologyrecorded30 stones,reflectingalossof7fromwhenitwasfirstsurveyed byGeorgeStGrayin1906.Ataround36metresitislargerin diameterthanthePorlockcircle(theonlyotherstonecircle recordedonExmoor),althoughmanyofitsstonesarevery small.Ageophysicalsurveyindicatedpossibleevidencefor pits,post-holesandheatingactivityintheareaofthecircle. Archaeologicalremainssuchastheselieclosetothesurface andcanbeeasilydamagedordestroyedthrougherosion andthelossofturf. Breakingthelineofthis6metrewideroute,causedbya
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