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Vase Life of New Cut Flower Cultivars Ically Subjected to a Hydrating Solution and a Holding Solution

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Vase Life of New Cut Flower Cultivars Ically Subjected to a Hydrating Solution and a Holding Solution Commercially, cut stems are typ- Vase Life of New Cut Flower Cultivars ically subjected to a hydrating solution and a holding solution. The purpose Erin M.R. Clark1, John M. Dole2,4, Alicain S. Carlson1, of a hydrator is to encourage water up- 1 3 1 take. A commercial hydrator contains Erin P. Moody , Ingram F. McCall , Frankie L. Fanelli , compounds to lower the pH, as water and William C. Fonteno2 with a low pH is more easily taken up by stems when compared with water of high pH (Gast, 2000; Regan and ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. hydrator, preservative Dole, 2010). Hydrators do not include SUMMARY. Each year a wide variety of new cultivars and species are evaluated in the sugar and are not designed to be used National Cut Flower Trial Programs administered by North Carolina State for extended periods of time longer University and the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers. Stems of than 24 h (Armitage and Laushman, promising and productive cultivars from the National Trial Program were 2003;HalevyandMayak,1981).How- pretreated with either a commercial hydrating solution or deionized (DI) water and ever, a holding preservative is intended placed in either a commercial holding solution or DI water. Over 8 years, the vase to be used for extended periods of life of 121 cultivars representing 47 cut flower genera was determined. Although time, 24 h or longer, typically during there was cultivar variation within each genus, patterns of postharvest responses transport and storage. They regularly have emerged. The largest category, with 53 cultivars, was one in which a holding contain a carbohydrate source, an an- preservative increased vase life of the following genera and species: acidanthera (Gladiolus murielae), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bee balm (Monarda hybrid), black- timicrobial agent, and an acidifying eyed susan (Rudbeckia hybrids), campanula (Campanula species), celosia (Celosia agent (Dole and Wilkins, 2005; Halevy argentea), common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), coneflower (Echinacea and Mayak, 1981). The carbohydrates purpurea), coral bells (Heuchera hybrids), feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), support the cut stem, the antimicro- foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), ladybells (Adenophora hybrid), lisianthus (Eustoma bial agent deters the growth of stem- grandiflorum), lobelia (Lobelia hybrids), obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana), plugging microbes, and the acidifying ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum), pincushion flower (Scabiosa atropurpurea), agent helps slow microbial growth and pinkflower (Indigofera amblyantha), seven-sons flower (Heptacodium miconioides), encourages water uptake. Holding shasta daisy (Leucanthemum superbum), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), snapdragon preservatives with a high percentage (Antirrhinum majus), sweet william (Dianthus hybrids), trachelium (Trachelium of carbohydrates aid in the opening caeruleum), and zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Hydrating preservatives increased the vase life of four basils, coral bells, and sunflower cultivars. The combined use of hydrator of buds and in the development of and holding preservatives increased the vase life of three black-eyed susan, seven-sons flowers (Armitage and Laushman, flower, and sunflower cultivars. Holding preservatives reduced the vase life of 14 2003; Halevy and Mayak, 1981). In cultivars of the following genera and species: ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), some cases, unamended water may be false queen anne’s lace (Ammi species), knotweed (Persicaria hybrid), lisianthus, used in place of hydrator or holding pineapple lily (Eucomis comosa), sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale), yarrow (Achillea solutions. The objective of this multi- millifolium), and zinnia. Hydrating preservatives reduced the vase life of 18 cultivars year study was to identify patterns of of the following genera and species: feverfew, lisianthus, ornamental pepper, postharvest responses to commercial pineapple lily, seven-sons flower, shasta daisy, sneezeweed, sweet william, sunflower, hydrator and holding floral preserva- trachelium, yarrow, and zinnia. The combined use of hydrating and holding tives among 121 cultivars from 47 preservatives reduced the vase life of 12 cultivars in the following genera and species: false queen anne’s lace, feverfew, pincushion flower, sneezeweed, sunflower, genera. trachelium, yarrow, and zinnia. Data for the remaining 50 cultivars were not significant among the treatments; these genera and species included beautyberry Materials and methods (Callicarpa americana), black-eyed susan, blue mist (Caryopteris clandonensis), Field-grown flowers were har- calendula (Calendula officinalis), campanula, cleome (Cleome hasserliana), common vested between 7:00 AM and 10:00 ninebark, dahlia (Dahlia hybrids), delphinium (Delphinium hybrids), flowering AM at the optimum stage of develop- peach (Prunus persica forma versicolor), heliopsis (Heliopsis helianthoides), hemp ment (Table 1). The lower half of the agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum), himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa), stem was stripped of its leaves and hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata), larkspur (Consolida hybrids), lily of the nile then placed into buckets filled with (Agapanthus hybrid), lisianthus, lobelia, ornamental pepper, pineapple lily, scented tap water within 5 min of being cut. geranium (Pelargonium hybrid), sunflower, sweet william, and zinnia. Stems were then sorted into four sim- ilar groups based on stem length and ach year a wide variety of new postharvest life, a key component of diameter, flower bud number, flower cultivars and species are evalu- a successful cut flower cultivar, is not size, as appropriate for the cultivar, and Eated in the National Cut Flower included in the trial program. trimmed to a consistent length for each Trial Programs administered by North Carolina State University and the Units Association of Specialty Cut Flower To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., Growers. These new cultivars are multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by tested at about 50 locations in the 10 % mLÁL–1 0.1 United States and Canada, providing 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 1 mmho/cm dSÁm–1 1 valuable production and marketing 0.001 ppm mLÁL–1 1000 information (Dole and Laushman, 0.9464 qt L 1.0567 2010; Dole et al., 2010). However, (°F – 32) O 1.8 °F °C(1.8·C) + 32 1016 • December 2010 20(6) species, 30–45 cm. Two groups of data were combined if no significant the holding solution, ageratum still stems were placed in hydrating solu- differences occurred among cultivars. had a long vase life, ranging from tion or DI water for 4 h, after which If differences among cultivars occurred, 20.3 to 20.8 d. In contrast, Armitage one group from each solution was data were analyzed and presented sep- and Laushman (2003) indicated that placed in a holding solution and the arately for each cultivar. A separate thevaselifewouldbefrom7to10d other in DI water. Experiments con- analysis of sunflower and zinnia were with preservative. ducted from 2002 to 2005 used conducted to determine the effect of BASIL ‘CARDINAL’. The longest Chrysal Professional RVB Hydrating changing brands of hydrator and hold- vase life was obtained when hydrator Solution (Pokon & Chrysal, Miami, ing preservatives. and holding solutions were used to- FL) (hydrator) at 2 mLÁL–1 for 4 h and gether. Individually, both hydrator and Chrysal Professional no. 2 Processing Results and discussion holding solutions increased vase life. Solution (holding) at 10 mLÁL–1 until Many cultivars were unaffected BEE BALM ‘RASPBERRY WINE’. The termination. Stems were placed in the by either hydrator or holding preser- longest vase life was obtained when a hydration solution within 1 h after vatives (Table 3). It is recommended holding solution was used after hy- harvest. Experiments conducted from that further testing be conducted, dration with water. The Chain of Life 2006 to 2009 used Floralife Hydraflor especially with the cultivars that in- Network (2010) recommended using 100 (Floralife, Walterboro, SC) at cluded less than 10 replications. The a floral preservative, but warned that 8mLÁL–1 (hydrator) for 4 h and Flor- variability in small number of stems leaf discoloration or damage some- alife Professional at 10 mLÁL–1 (hold- can mask statistical significance that times occurs. ing) for 44 h, then the stems were may be present, thus providing less CAMPANULA. Although ‘Heav- placed in DI water until termination. than accurate results. For many species enly Blue’ (Campanula rapunculus), Each cultivar was tested only for 1 year; and cultivars discussed in this article, ‘Champion Lavender Improved’, and therefore, it was exposed to only one this is the first published report on vase ‘Champion White Improved’ (C. me- brand of hydrator and holding combi- life. dium) were unaffected by the treat- nation. Initial pH and electrical con- It is important to note that when ments, the longest vase lives for ‘Kent ductivity (EC) of the solutions were the current results presented here Belle’ (C. takesimana) were obtained recorded (Table 2) when the first cul- conflict with previously published rec- when a holding preservative was used tivars were tested each year and every ommendations, each grower should after being hydrated with water or month thereafter using a combination assess his or her operation to determine hydrator. It is recommended that a pH/EC meter (HI 9813 GroCheck the most practical use of hydrator and holding solution is used with this ge- meter; Hanna Instruments, Woon- holding solutions for their unique situ- nus. Armitage and Laushman (2003), socket,
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