DOCSLIB.ORG

Mineral Commodity Profile--Nitrogen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mineral Commodity Profile--Nitrogen U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 2004-1290 Mineral Commodity Profiles Nitrogen By Deborah A. Kramer 2004 Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. CONTENTS Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 History .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Description............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Uses....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ammonia........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Urea................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Ammonium nitrate............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Ammonium sulfate............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Nitric acid.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Environmental impact ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Sources of nitrogen ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Mining and processing.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chilean nitrate deposits ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Ammonia...........................................................................................................................................................................................10 Urea...................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Ammonium nitrate............................................................................................................................................................................12 Ammonium sulfate............................................................................................................................................................................12 Nitric acid..........................................................................................................................................................................................12 The industry..........................................................................................................................................................................................12 The market............................................................................................................................................................................................12 Prices.................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Supply, demand, sustainable development ...........................................................................................................................................16 U.S. supply and demand....................................................................................................................................................................16 World production, consumption, trade..............................................................................................................................................16 Sustainable development...................................................................................................................................................................19 Nitrogen soil inputs .....................................................................................................................................................................31 Nitrogen soil outputs ...................................................................................................................................................................31 Nitrogen air emissions.................................................................................................................................................................32 Economic factors ..................................................................................................................................................................................33 Costs..................................................................................................................................................................................................36 Transportation ...................................................................................................................................................................................37 Outlook .................................................................................................................................................................................................38 References cited....................................................................................................................................................................................40 Appendix. Selected nitrogen data, 1970–2002.....................................................................................................................................42 FIGURES 1. Flow diagram that shows nitrogen fertilizer production routes.................................................................................................. 6 2. Flow diagram that shows principal downstream products of ammonia and their uses .............................................................. 7 3. Flow diagram that shows basic ammonia steam reforming production process ........................................................................10 4. Pie chart that shows world ammonia production capacity, by region ........................................................................................15 5. Graph that shows U.S. ammonia production capacity and natural gas prices ............................................................................16 6. Pie chart that shows U.S. ammonia production capacity, by State.............................................................................................17 7. Graph that shows average ammonia prices, 1970–2002 ............................................................................................................18 8. Graph that shows ammonia and natural gas prices ....................................................................................................................18 9. Figure that shows ammonia supply-demand relationships, 2002...............................................................................................19 10. Graph that shows U.S. production and consumption of ammonia, 1970–2002..........................................................................25 11. Map that shows U.S. fertilizer nitrogen consumption, by State, crop year 2001–02 .................................................................25 12. Pie chart that shows U.S. nitrogen use and crop plantings, crop year 2000–01 .........................................................................26 13. Graph that shows world nitrogen fertilizer nutrient consumption, in crop years .......................................................................26 14. Map that shows ammonia world trade, by region, 2002 ............................................................................................................27 15. Map that shows urea world trade, by region, 2002 ....................................................................................................................28 16. Map that shows ammonium nitrate world trade, by region, 2002..............................................................................................29 17. Map that shows ammonium sulfate world trade, by region, 2002..............................................................................................30
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Periodic Trends in the Main Group Elements
    Chemistry of The Main Group Elements 1. Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but it accounts for less than 1% (by mass) in the Earth’s crust. It is the third most abundant element in the living system. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen (1H) - the most abundant isotope, deuterium (2H), and tritium 3 ( H) which is radioactive. Most of hydrogen occurs as H2O, hydrocarbon, and biological compounds. Hydrogen is a colorless gas with m.p. = -259oC (14 K) and b.p. = -253oC (20 K). Hydrogen is placed in Group 1A (1), together with alkali metals, because of its single electron in the valence shell and its common oxidation state of +1. However, it is physically and chemically different from any of the alkali metals. Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals (such as those of Group 1A and 2A) to for metal hydrides, where hydrogen is the anion with a “-1” charge. Because of this hydrogen may also be placed in Group 7A (17) together with the halogens. Like other nonmetals, hydrogen has a relatively high ionization energy (I.E. = 1311 kJ/mol), and its electronegativity is 2.1 (twice as high as those of alkali metals). Reactions of Hydrogen with Reactive Metals to form Salt like Hydrides Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals to form ionic (salt like) hydrides: 2Li(s) + H2(g) 2LiH(s); Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s); The hydrides are very reactive and act as a strong base. It reacts violently with water to produce hydrogen gas: NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g); It is also a strong reducing agent and is used to reduce TiCl4 to titanium metal: TiCl4(l) + 4LiH(s) Ti(s) + 4LiCl(s) + 2H2(g) Reactions of Hydrogen with Nonmetals Hydrogen reacts with nonmetals to form covalent compounds such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, H2S, NH3, CH4, and other organic and biological compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • 140. Sulphuric, Hydrochloric, Nitric and Phosphoric Acids
    nr 2009;43(7) The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 140. Sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acids Marianne van der Hagen Jill Järnberg arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-14-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Enviromental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Kjell Torén Tor Aasen, Bergen Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Maria Albin, Ewa Wigaeus Berit Bakke, Oslo Tornqvist, Marianne Törner, Wijnand Lars Barregård, Göteborg Eduard, Lotta Dellve och Roger Persson Jens Peter Bonde, Köpenhamn Managing editor: Cina Holmer Jörgen Eklund, Linköping Mats Eklöf, Göteborg © University of Gothenburg & authors 2009 Mats Hagberg, Göteborg Kari Heldal, Oslo Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Kristina Jakobsson, Lund SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umeå ISBN 978-91-85971-14-5 Anette Kærgaard, Herning ISSN 0346–7821 Ann Kryger, Köpenhamn http://www.amm.se/aoh
    [Show full text]
  • Arsine Back up Data Report
    NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) 5th Edition BACKUP DATA REPORT NIOSH Method No. 6001 Title: Arsine Analyte: Arsine Author/developer: Developed under contract Date: 1976 Note: Method 6001 is a combination of two older, previously published methods: S229 and P&CAM 265. Therefore, the backup data report is a combination of the two methods’ reports. The backup data report for method S229 is a regular written report. The backup data report for P&CAM 265, however, is in the form of a published journal article. The written report for S229 follows, the journal article for P&CAM can be seen here as a pdf. Disclaimer: Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, citations to websites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these websites. All web addresses referenced in this document were accessible as of the publication date. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fifth Edition Backup Data Report Method S229 Substance: Arsine OSHA Standard: 0.2 mg/m3 Chemical Used: Arsine in Nitrogen (14 ppm), Linde Specialty Gases Procedure The general procedure used is described in NIOSH Method 6001. The collection method has been adapted from P&CAM 127. The charcoal used was Lot 105 activated coconut charcoal supplied by SKC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA. Desorption efficiency tests have not been carried out because the low concentration of the arsine source would require that large volumes of gas (200-800 ml) had to be injected directly into the charcoal tube.
    [Show full text]
  • AMMONIA and NITRIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS · in EQUILIBRIUM with ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: EXPERIMENT VS • THEORY Lynn M
    AMMONIA AND NITRIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS · IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: EXPERIMENT VS • THEORY Lynn M. Rildemann,+ Armistead G. Russell,* Glen R. Cass+ California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125 ABSTRACT The equilibrium between gaseous ammonia, nitric acid, and aerosol nitrate is discussed on the basis of a recent field experiment in Southern California. Comparison is drawn between theoretical equilibrium calculations and simultaneous measurements of nitric acid, ammonia, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, other ionic species, temperature and dewpoint. Particulate .and gaseous pollutant concentrations at some inland sampling sites are readily explained if the aerosol is assumed to exist as an external mixture with all particulate nitrate and ammonium available to form pure NR • At other monitoring sites, especially near the 4No3 coast, aerosol nitrate is found in the presence of NR and RN0 concentrations that 3 3 thermodynamic calculations show are too low to produce pure NR No • This can be 4 3 explained when the amount of aerosol nitrate that can be derived from reaction of nitric acid with sea salt and soil dust is taken into account. A calculation approach that accounts for the presence of mixed sulfate and nitrate salts improves the agreement between predicted and observed pollutant concentrations in the majority of cases studied. Uncertainties in these calculations arise from a number of sources including the thermodynamic quantities, and the effect of these uncertainties on the comparison between
    [Show full text]
  • Nitration of Toluene (Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution)
    Nitration of Toluene (Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution) Electrophilic aromatic substitution represents an important class of reactions in organic synthesis. In "aromatic nitration," aromatic organic compounds are nitrated via an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism involving the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring on the nitronium ion. The formation of a nitronium ion (the electrophile) from nitric acid and sulfuric acid is shown below. The sulfuric acid is regenerated and hence acts as a catalyst. It also absorbs water to drive the reaction forward. Figure 1: The mechanism for the formation of a nitronium ion. The methyl group of toluene makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Toluene undergoes nitration to give ortho and para nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). Figure 2: Reaction of nitric acid and sulfuric acid with toluene. Procedure: 1. Place a 5 mL conical vial, equipped with a spin vane, in a crystallizing dish filled with ice-water placed on a stirrer. 2. Pour 1.0 mL of concentrated nitric acid into the vial. While stirring, slowly add 1.0 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. 3. After the addition of sulfuric acid is complete, add 1.0 mL of toluene dropwise and slowly over a period of 5 minutes (slow down if you see boiling. Reaction produces a lot of heat). 4. While Stirring, allow the contents of the flask to reach the room temperature. Stir at room temperature for another 5 minutes. 5. Add 10 mL of water into a small separatory funnel.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Targeted Diazotransfer to Proteins Lohse, Jonas
    University of Groningen Targeted diazotransfer to proteins Lohse, Jonas IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Lohse, J. (2018). Targeted diazotransfer to proteins. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 09-10-2021 Cover design: Andrej Horoschun, https://horoschun.artstation.com/ ISBN (print) 978-94-034-0733-3
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting information A Carbon-Based Photocatalyst Efficiently Converted CO2 to CH4 and C2H2 In Visible Light Tongshun Wu,a Luyi Zou,b Dongxue Han,*a Fenghua Li,a Qixian Zhang a and Li Niua a State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022, P.R. China bState Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected] 1. Preparation of photocatalyst 1.1 Preparation of previously exfoliated graphite (PEG) In order to fully exfoliate graphite into graphene, a solid-exfoliation process was employed to prepare PEG. Natural flaked graphite was mixed and saturated with acids consisting of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a volume ratio of 4:1. The reaction system was stirred with excess FeCl3 or NH4NO3 (>0.25 g/ml in the mixture) for 24 h to form the intercalated graphite compound. The concentration of nitric acid should be maintained at 10 mol/L (as higher concentrations will reduce the 1 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 conductance of the resulting graphene). The mixture was then carefully vacuum filtered and washed with deionized water for 5 times until the pH of the solution was 6. After being dried at 60 °C in a vacuum oven for 2 h, the graphite was loaded in a ceramic vessel, placed in a microwave oven, and irradiated at 500 W for 90 s.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMISTRY DISCUSSION – ACID RAIN Equation 1: CO 2 (G) +
    CHEMISTRY DISCUSSION – ACID RAIN Information from www.pavilion.co.uk, www.chemistry.wustl.edu Pre-discussion questions ( *** means you must research this yourself. The other questions can be answered by reading this sheet.) 1) What are the chemical formulas for nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbonic acid? 2) What are weathering, erosion, and deposition? How are they alike? How are they different? *** 3) Why is rainwater slightly acidic? 4) What is pH? What is its numerical range? What is the pH range for an acid, a base, or a neutral substance? *** 5) What is the troposphere? *** 6) How is atmospheric CO2 produced naturally? Artificially? 7) How is atmospheric NO produced naturally? Artificially? 8) How is atmospheric SO2 produced naturally? Artificially? 9) The gaseous oxides found in the atmosphere, including CO2 and NO, are nonmetal oxides. What would happen to the pH of rainwater if the atmosphere contained metal oxides instead? (HINT: Think back to the Reactions Lab.) Briefly explain your answer. *** 10) What are some effects of acid rain on the environment? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is acid rain? Acid rain is defined as any form of wet precipitation - fog, dew, snow, hail or rain - which has a pH less than 5.6. Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral); however, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has a pH of about 5.6 (acidic). Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic. The acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence of three substances (carbon dioxide CO2, nitric oxide NO, and sulfur dioxide SO2) found in the lower atmosphere. CO2 is produced naturally by the decomposition of organic material and is the primary source of acidity in unpolluted rainwater.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Arsenical Herbicide Residues in Plant Tissues1 R
    Determination of Arsenical Herbicide Residues in Plant Tissues1 R. M. SACHS,~ J. L. MICEIAEL,~ I?. U. ANAS.TASIA,J and W. A. WELL+ Abstract. Paper chromatographic separation of hydroxydi- the toxicity of which may be greater than the parent methylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid), monosodium methane- arsenical (i 1). Comparativk phy?otoxicity studies in our arsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, and sodium arsenite was laboratories of foliar and root applications of hydroxy- achieved with the aid of four solvent systems. Aqueous ex- dimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid), monosodium meth- tracts of plant tissues removed essentially all the arscnicals anearsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, and sodium arse- applied, but mechanoiic fractionation was required before the nite revealed that cacodylic acid was the most potent extracts could be analyzed by paper chromntographic pro- of the four when all were foliarly-applied, whereas cedures. A standard nitric-sulfuric acid digestion procedure sodium arsenite was by far the most phytotoxic when all was employed for arsenic analyses, but great care was taken were root-applied (11). Hence, the need for an examina- LO avoid sulfuric-acid-induced charring by first adding rela- tion of problems of relative absorption, transport, and Lively large amounts of nitric acid to drive off chlorides present. metabolism was indicated. New methods of analysis were Depending upon the amount of chloride present, substantial developed and others modified to investigate these prob- losses of arsenic as arsine chlorides were observed if the samples lems. The methods are described in this paper. Studies charred. Five minutes in fuming sulfuric acid to completely of comparative phytotoxicity, absorption, and metab- break the carbon-arsenic bonds was another critical require- olism will appear separately (11).
    [Show full text]
  • Magnificent Molecules Urea Ian Le Guillou Finds out What Skin Creams, Pretzels and Fertilisers Have in Common
    Magnificent molecules Urea Ian Le Guillou finds out what skin creams, pretzels and fertilisers have in common Urea was the first molecule from a living organism to be highest percentage nitrogen content of solid fertilisers, synthesised in a lab. The honour for this achievement which means less weight is required and it is cheaper to goes to Friedrich Wöhler, who synthesised urea in Berlin transport. The urea typically decomposes into ammonia, in 1828 by reacting silver cyanate and ammonium which can be absorbed by plants. However, ammonia chloride. As so often happens in these stories, Wöhler tends to evaporate, reducing the amount of nitrogen never intended to make urea, but was actually trying to available in the soil. To avoid this, particularly during make ammonium cyanate. However, the significance of the summer, farmers will spread the urea on fields just his discovery was so great that he is now before it is due to rain. known as the father of organic chemistry. The ammonia can also be oxidised by bacteria A little accident in the soil, creating nitrates. Nitrates are easily Before Wöhler, it was still possible to get Urea absorbed by plants, but can be carried away hold of urea but it doesn’t sound pleasant in rain water, running off into nearby lakes and – Herman Boerhaave purified urea from urine 100 rivers. This is a growing problem because it encourages years earlier. Boerhaave’s work on urea was somehow the growth of plants in the water, which can disrupt the forgotten and 50 years later a method for purifying urea local ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Acids and Bases Acids Release H+(Aq) When Dissolved in Water and Bases Release HO-(Aq)
    Acids and Bases Acids release H+(aq) when dissolved in water and bases release HO-(aq). Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water. Weak acids and bases are in equilibrium with H+(aq) and HO- (aq), respectively. Acids react with bases to form water in neutralization reactions. Outline • Strong Acids and Bases • Weak Acids • Homework Litmus paper for pH determination Strong Acids and Bases Strong Acids in Water Strong acids are those that completely dissociate in water. You've seen them all in a previous section: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, and HClO4. Chemistry 102 Prof. Shapley page 1 The concentration of solvated protons is equal to the moles of the acid added to each liter of water. When 0.05 mol of HNO3 is added to 50 mL water: [H+] = (0.05 mol)/(50 mL)(1 L/1000 mL) = 1.0 M pH = -log(1.0) = -log(100) = 0 When 0.05 mol of H2SO4 is added to 10 L water: [H+] = (0.05 mol)/(10 L) = 0.005 M = 5 x 10-3 = 100.70 x 10-3 pH = -log(10-2.3) = 2.3 Strong Bases in Water The strongest base that can exist in water is HO-. There are many hydroxide salts that provide HO- when dissolved in water. These include NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, and Al(OH)3. There are other bases that are even stronger than hydroxide but these react with water to make hydroxide. [Li+][NH2-] + H2O NH3 + Li+ + HO- [Na+][H-] + H2O H2(g) + Na+ + HO- Neutralization Reactions The reaction between a strong acid and an equal number of moles of a strong base produces water.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Oxides (Nox), Why and How They Are Controlled
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA 456/F-99-006R Environmental Protection Planning and Standards November 1999 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Air EPA-456/F-99-006R November 1999 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They Are Controlled Prepared by Clean Air Technology Center (MD-12) Information Transfer and Program Integration Division Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Information Transfer and Program Integration Division of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents of this report reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available form the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161, telephone number (800) 553-6847. CORRECTION NOTICE This document, EPA-456/F-99-006a, corrects errors found in the original document, EPA-456/F-99-006. These corrections are: Page 8, fourth paragraph: “Destruction or Recovery Efficiency” has been changed to “Destruction or Removal Efficiency;” Page 10, Method 2. Reducing Residence Time: This section has been rewritten to correct for an ambiguity in the original text. Page 20, Table 4. Added Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) to the table and added acronyms for other technologies. Page 29, last paragraph: This paragraph has been rewritten to correct an error in stating the configuration of a typical cogeneration facility.
    [Show full text]