PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 http://pos.sissa.it/ assumptions. alternative ∗ [email protected] Speaker. Some 14 more or lessquently made tacit, in but standard crucial literature assumptionslems on – will geophysical, between be astrophysical, 1978 and highlighted and 2016 (even) which – biophysical have and prob- proposed been to fre- be replaced by ∗ Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons c Frontier Research in Astrophysics - II 23-28 May 2016 Mondello (Palermo), Italy Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Wolfgang Kundt Argelander Institut of Bonn University, Germany E-mail: Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 are γ . For this distances 2 β − Wolfgang Kundt 1 p := 1/ γ , sec, have not been reported R / . ˙ R , whose redshifts agree with those of ) β of GRBs – and of similar bursting events – + 1 ( γ 1 host galaxies’ = distances 1 + z – which shows a 2-d section through a burst, its observer, and a }= {9,5} in extreme cases for the well-known gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) γ : A fundamental and nontrivial problem in astrophysics is to measure the light echo geometry . Having looked carefully at some of their best cases, I have arrived at the conclusion that cm. On those largest scales, distances tend to be measured in units of cosmic recession Distances 28 cm for certain terrestrial problems, e.g. in deserts, or on oceans, and gets increasingly more 8 10 (1) yet for any GRB;Marggraf, they 2014]. would In my be understanding, difficult all GRBs to reach be us from detected; inside our cf. Milky Way. [Kundt, 2010, 2014a], [Kundt & is their association with distant galaxies called ‘ reason, GRBs tend to bewithout judged any convincing, emitted generally at accepted mechanism extragalactic and/or distancesmass sources in ejections – by the nearby mainstream rather disk-fed literature thanpretations as rotating already centrifugal neutron – because stars of in the vastly our different Galaxy, involved two energiesAnother, vastly of independent the different method (hard!) inter- of emissions. measuring the (few spectral lines in the)spots bursts. in the Such sky, host with galaxies onlyabsent are than one often present. or no They very more can few than be spectralcollisional unresolved (convincingly) interactions lines re-interpreted bright of of (by me) ejected the as splinters same beingin with redshift, emitted ambient and its during matter, are the immediate i.e. more neighbourhood, often asafterglow being and created even by the as burst, so being far, independently all observed of the asa (many!) its distant published point (broadband) ‘host source galaxies’ asgalaxy have a of been “host that fake. galaxy” (large) ought Note redshift toradiation. that can include an be a identification expected feasibility of capable estimate: of whether emitting or suchA not super-energetic question a bursts often of asked inspectra, emitted this by connection the is approaching splinters. why1 In we order – do to answer not this called simultaneously question,few please see of look the blueshifts at light figure in rays the emitted byAll the rays burst and leaving reflected, the or left scatteredobserver by focal in intervening point nebulous its matter. of right the focalsnapshot. drawn When point ellipsoid the likewise observer simultaneously simultaneously, focusses (at i.e. onfor the speed a burst, timespan would c) he of be reach or the she duration visible the of wouldviewing in its see direction, flash, its coming a but from initial (wide would the flash see receding angle) blueshifted, all sidespherical). later of emissions Such the redshifted (partially) cloud in of blueshifted, the ejected early original burst emissions, fragments, of (assumed duration and take the values {z, (of which 3 on average strike our planet per day); z := d H / c , H := related by the well-known special-relativistic law: velocities at trans-luminal (expansion) speeds, whereby spectral redshift z and Lorentz factor difficult to determine when. the edge of the observable Universe is approached, at distances of Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning 1. Astrophysical Alternatives of observed objects, in10 particular when they are far from us; whereby ”far” begins already near PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 times smaller 3 Wolfgang Kundt } bombs, respectively, – whilst only NR pistons form (global) shock 2 pressure, splinter (shrapnel) SN remnants (=: CR) production requires fast rotating, heavy magnets, see Cosmic Ray : Not only on Earth, but also in our cosmic surroundings can we observe occasional } respectively with increasing radius, whereby only ER pistons succeed in forming 1 − Spacetime Geometry of a Light Echo: All emissions leaving the Source Location simultaneously , r 2 Explosions − (2) (3); [Kundt, 2008]. Figure 2 is a map of the “outflow in Orion”, which I interpret as one of the youngest observed SN waves, but recollapse.matter Neither to of ER the energies. two types of bomb succeeds in ultimately boosting their radius, at comparable mass). What geometries do suchWhereas explosions possess? terrestrial explosions tendto to the be Earth’s fountain-like, surface with soonerfragments their or recede later, fragments in celestial raining all explosions downpossibilities can directions, back must have thereby be escape escaping distinguished: energy from The suchmedium, explosion the that in energy gravity their the can field form be of deposited of afragments either their (strong, of in source. outgoing) the the shock enclosing former Two wave, container, orthe each can of form be them of deposited escaping a in along a ‘Hubble’the their huge flow. latter own number ballistic One having of trajectories, speaks the in ofthat larger in { ranges. the case Important of for stellarbomb result explosions a respectively for correct {NR, – ER} theoretical pistons, with“piston” description NR := their standing is non-relativistic, for strong ER the the gravitational := pushing extremely-relativistic, fields finding medium,as because – {r these two these pistons two cool typessuccessful during of ejections their expansions – later seen as Figure 1: at the same speed reachre-emitted the Observer somewhere Location along likewise simultaneously, the ifmillennium ellipsoid scattered, have meanwhile reflected, drawn been or in re-detected. otherwise projection. In this way, Galactic SNe from the past explosions, of various strength. Theymoderate, tend and “Supernovae” to if be much brighter, of (“novae”sky). stellar because For they scale, a show and up few tend as decades, “new” novae tosupernovae stars were be in were thought called the to thought be “Novae” to formations, if be orstems formations flarings from of of matter white neutron falling dwarfs, stars. into whereas the Inof deep the potential a first well neutron of case, star, a (whose the degenerate potential explosion dwarf well energy star, is in the a second thousand case times deeper, because of a 10 Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 Wolfgang Kundt 3 : is a strict relativistic law of whose validity we are convinced, , or ‘shockwave accelerations’, are often invoked in the astrophysical litera- ‘Outflow in Orion’, interpreted by Aylin Yar and me [1997] as one of the youngest SN explosions Multistep Boosts Conservation of 4-Momentum (3) (4) remnants in our Galaxy, already becausewhilst of its distinguished ordered colleagues of – mineExplosions prefer and of energetic to heavy talk objects – realise of preferred “stellar Hubble-flow geometries. outflows”; geometry, [Kundt & Yar, 1997]. Figure 2: in our Galaxy, (with Hubble-flow geometry). ture, in order to explainvia the their origin hard of radiation. hard But particles multistepaccelerators accelerations (like – require at perfect CERN), or phasing, and achieved CRs inthe in idealised second manmade – calculations. law Realistic of in cosmic thermodynamics anrandom setups, observed motions however, obey region, – into detected ordered motions thedoes has entropy this a law efficiency limited, reach tiny useful, – efficiency. finiteAs Only values, already according not in anticipated applicable the to in to test-particle the which the last limit the[Kundt shock section, & conversion waves CR Marggraf, of of production 2014]. the wants real Who heavy, fast world. is rotators; right? [Kundt, 2009], Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 , 2 pair 10 ± & years). And 4 Wolfgang Kundt 10 & AU and several Mpc, 2 4 : Neutron stars are now known to exist since 49 years, but none : As already discussed under (2), big stellar explosions radiate SN-like G, as has been assumed by many scientists, in order to explain the so-called 14 : How can unanimated celestial bodies blow jets, without a building plan like . They may well be the (long-searched) dominant CR generators, and GRBers; 3 10 . ? I am not convinced, already for the simple reason that magnetic fields decay unless Jet formation Strengths of Magnetospheres SN-like Lightcurves (5) (6) (7) Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning but whose satisfaction is notproductions always (of checked nearby in stars), cosmicrates or applications, the of for solar the instance system precise inbetween from stellar-wind size, 2007 other and and neighbouring shape 2011, stellar of thatthe systems. our the heliosphere, heliosphere, two (expected It Voyager which by therefore spacecrafts sepa- stellar-evolution me came had theory near not as quite often yet r a considers reached = surprise, “photon-pressureweakness the 1 driven of outer winds”, lyr, despite a edge hence the of photon’s reachable extreme 3-momentum.can only photons within Only post-accelerate indirectly, stellar windzones; bysensuses [Kundt, heating take 2012]. immersed to How form, dusty many in components, more these decades two will trans-solar-system queries? con- with quite similar properties: hotalmost never cores, branching, opening and angles with of almostFor lossfree focussing order propagation. and 1%, stability What reasons bulk medium alone Lorentz propagates (againstlightest factors environmental in existing perturbations), them? substance I as have their expected (universal) the constituingplasma, medium from abundantly the available very from beginning: magnetic e reconnections,potential buoyantly wells, rising and in easily deep toof gravitational be which channelled are by available toroidal, near heavy, comovingare magnetised magnetic ruled rotators. out fields, Note by properties, that these all criteria (dominantly)size, hadronic independently – jet of our medii for recent weight insightanyway, [Kundt, that reasons 1996, they alone 2014b, do 2015a]. not – form within as generalThese well relativistic as considerations scenarios black-hole rule engines out of many2004], any proposed [Kundt, 2015b], jet and models, with the but well-studied3. are jets In in in particular, the line as nearby cD Gopal with galaxy Krishna [Kundtthe M and moving 87 & I charges, shown have Krishna, and in presented their figure complete comoving electromagnetic analyticof fields, solution conically), approximated classes numerical cylindrically, (for approximations instead will both have aclasses hard time of when solutions. trying Jet to find formations similarly probably intuitive rank highest in the set of all inorganicof machines. them is near enough toture of Earth their for magnetospheres. having How been strong mapped.Can can they their In surface exceed particular, magnetic 10 we fields do be, not in favourable know cases? the struc- the DNA, or without a helpingages, brain? and Jets even by are the observed central to engines be of blown active by galaxies, stars on scales of between various 10 masses and magnetars they are anchored in sufficiently densebehaviour (conductive) materials. – Moreover, their unsteady with spindown cays, discrete and with spindowns sporadic and radiation anti-glitchesvacuoles, epochs instead embraced of and – discrete confined suggests by spinupszones), that low-mass and which they accretion indent field are disks and de- enhance all (collected their aged from frozen-inby pulsars their surface factors with fields, former of and collapsed wind- enhance their magnetic torques cf. figure 4. Magnetospheric interactions are far from trivial. PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 Wolfgang Kundt 5 four different temporal epochs, caused by the competition between a & The nearest radio cD-galaxy – M87 – at distance 22 Mpc, of Eilek type B, shown at full size as lightcurves, with their steadily growing luminous surface area and aing steadily emission-line decreasing surface contributions brightness, from and optically withalso vary- thin inclusions. sufficient, to Are these characterise listedwhose explosions? spectral optical properties afterglows I looked do quite not similarvolving SN to think explosions. SN so: lightcurves; But they what Aejection were were few speeds? thus their GRBs interpreted distances Do have as from GRBs in- us? been sharegal recorded And a ejections? how relativistic large component Astrophysics were with can thewith SN involve involved quite explosions, diverse different via processes, underlying their with mechanisms; centrifu- similar-looking [Kundt, phenomena, 2010]. but In my understanding, the GRBs are Figure 3: well as at five successive enlargements, whose jets I interpret as blown by its central BD. Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 ), plus B × β + Wolfgang Kundt E = e ( F -field of an equally oscillating E 6 -fields, by the Erber mechanism, cf. [Kundt, 1998a]. B : how are they blown? How can a (heavy, compact) neutron star blow steadily Exact shape of the (corotating) magnetosphere of a spinning neutron star, indented by a surround- PSR Winds (8) various pair formations, e.g. inEven transverse oscillatory discharges have beenthe considered, given Lorentz in force) which is thesurface-charge periodically layer. permanent overcompensated Observationally, electric by the direction the existencequent) (of of presence pulsar of winds bowshocks, and has indirectly been viathe the proven ultimate fact via that solution the all of isolated (fre- the pulsars spininvolves wind-formation down. the problem To (of unavoidable, me, pulsars, permanent offered surface in bombardment [Kundt, by 2014c, 2016]) downward electric currents – of Figure 4: distinctly different from SN explosions. matter off its surface, at relativisticmal speeds? forces: Certainly not the via star’s gravitational forces, bindingGoldreich, or energy Malvin even is via Ruderman, ther- marginally Tom relativistic!forces, Gold, Early exerted Curtis offered by Michel, solutions, the and by corotating by Peter magnetosphere, many via others, the involved Lorentz electric force ing accretion disk (of somewhat distorted1998a]. geometry near its inner edge); see [Horn & Kundt, 1989], [Kundt, Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 Wolfgang Kundt eV) could be the culprits, 20 10 & 7 ”, are rare, loud radio signals of very short (msec) du- Fast Radio Bursts : is an often mentioned mechanism to form fast-spinning pulsars, of spin- ), escaping from it at trans-relativistic speeds. Such a trans-relativistically 7 cm T 4 1 msec – consistent with the data – from the constraint that there remain enough : standing for “ & Recycling of pulsars FRBs (9) -ray energies, whereby its angular dependence is controlled by the geometry of its magnetosphere. (10) Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning periodically alternating sign – whichheight steadily H creates a = marginally 10 relativistic pairescaping corona pair (of corona scale forms a steady, almost neutral,This almost wind axi-symmetric implies a pair-plasma pulsar’s wind. broadband emissionγ pattern, from radio waves up in frequencyIs towards this geometry dipolar?toroidal Most magnetic likely bandage, not, and because becausepulsar: its the No (broadband) surface uniform emission-pattern field magnetospheric changes is geometry from most (ofexample, pulsar pulsars) with likely to is its stabilised indicated. oscillating by multipolar Perhaps a our magneticPSR Sun surface winds is structure, form a on another better the top timescale invention of of the 22,2 inorganic years. Universe. periods in the msec range,create because such there extremely has energetic dwarf been stars:netic an energies. epoch solar-mass But objects when is spinning theorists such with an werereceive trans-relativistic extra not their ki- mechanism sure really spins required? how at to How birth, domatter all and is their do transferred less not rapid rapidly siblings all totron of them stars them from are gradually formed a by spin binary the down, companion?degenerate sudden even gravitational core In collapse when of of my occasionally, a the preferred rapidly sufficiently SNvelope spinning, massive [Kundt, model, white-dwarf-like star, 1998a, neu- squeezed 2008]. by Thisdown the model to weight predicts P of neutron-star its spin overlying periods stellar P at en- birth all the way kinetic energy to ejecttions the (of envelope achieving of spinup its towards 1 progenitorcompletely msec) to star. achieve – this And goal: moreover, viaGalaxy None independent mass has of explana- accretion ever the (from dozens been a of observed companionyears; well-observed to star) they neutron-star all spin binaries oscillate – up in in continuously our spin fail by throughout frequency, simultaneously around epochs (present-day) acting longer equilibrium braking than spin torques.expectation, periods, some perhaps enforced “Recycling” ten even of conflicting with pulsars the looks Second to Law. me like an unrealistic ration, in the GHz range, ofGalactic super-Galactic latitudes, dispersion known measure, since the preferentially year arriving 2007, fromknown. of higher Who which no emits more them? than From 17 how are far presently (1 doStandard July they knowledge 2016) come? interprets the dispersionwould measure reach as a us measure from of cosmologicallyfrom distance, far. somewhere so nearby, But that of the then, gigantic FRBs prefer brightness why ?!? to have re-interpret we For the never this dispersion detectedlike measure a – this as similar one a cosmic signal measure homogeneity –in of regions – extreme and of coherence comparatively wonder reason, high if I density –kick not off the – a in CRs huge rare like of number the cases ultrahigh oftheir upper outer forward energy atmosphere (tangential) electrons ( of direction. from Earth terrestrial Why molecules, wouldthe – such Galactic at rare plane? transrelativistic where super speeds, they Perhaps events in can because avoid‘discharged’ otherwise, infall before the directions they impacting near reach UHE our CRs solar would system, already on have been their way through the (denser ISM medium in PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 ), at km, and 2 10 . Wolfgang Kundt Black Holes a more than 20-times 30 Mpc distant) neutron-star they lasted for more than 1/4 . kimberlite, 7) : what happened? At around 7 o’clock in the 8 20 ‘Barisal guns’) of the holocaust preceded the & its ‘amphi-theatre’, ‘cauldron’, and ‘Merrill circus’ 3) , like GW 150914, were first recorded at Earth on 14 September 65 km. Only decades after the event – and after a large number 5 centers, & ≥ its the almost radial treefall pattern, following the ridges and valleys, of net 2) 1) the reports that the sounds ( its characteristic ‘Krinov profiles’ along the slopes whereby the tree destruction ‘telegraph posts’(formed by supersonic gusts, like at Hiroshima), with islands of 5) 6) 4) Gravitational-Wave Signals The Tunguska catastrophe of 30 June 1908 (11) (12) Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning the) Galactic disk. Note that here,may we are involve rare dealing with circumstances. a quite rare phenomenon, whose explanation 2015, of duration 1/4 second,they (and come a from? second The time (present) ondistances literature 26 of speaks December order of of Gpc, massive that in stellar-mass same neglectdenies BHs of year). (:= the certain Where literature possibility did since of 2009,2016 their like that Scientific formation, we American, deal which [Kundt, withbinaries. 2015a]. the With long-expected this Instead, coalescence problem, it ofever, we (mostly is a deal my with highly perhaps non-trivial claim the calculation sincebeen most within handled March difficult Einstein’s by theoretical-physics second-order our situation GRT, bestfor which computers. two has compact so In masses addition, far onderived only at circular for high orbits quantitative order around estimates in each the (byorbital other, point-mass Thibault the frequency approximation “chirp Damour). as mass an It formula”test analytic has expresses for been function the a time few of well-studied derivative theforces binaries, of other destroy but the the determining loses its pointlike quantities, applicabilitystill assumption and during applies for has the at the fusion stood the two event, its nicely onset when orbiters. conforms tidal of with the Instead, the measurements; the fusion as[Kundt did mere of & the Marggraf, Kepler two 2 2014]. BHs-description problem neutron in But stars, thea convincing mainstream satisfaction at interpretations literature; of must their sufficient not constraints, separation content in particular themselves of has when with been a in only less the phantomic literature alternative interpretation for decades. 2. Geophysical alternatives morning of 30 June 1908, hellSaarland. broke loose It in the roared Siberian and taigathough in blew, selectively an fires so area were of in lit, the differenthurt, size and of locations but huge Germany’s (of some numbers the cattle oftheir mountainous trees burnt, knees, region). were and out damaged to several Only distances or people few of of felled, and people (summerly) horses were expeditions were to the knockedeyewitness area, reports, to and (initially the of led scientific ground by measurements orinsiders Leonid at (like onto earthquake Kulik), Andrei stations Ol’khovatov) as that well the – holocaust ascomet, had did or from not asteroid, it struck studies but become from rather of clear above, from via to below, by the a impact volcanic of outburst, a a more frequent event than infalls atagainst the an same impact destruction are energy. Amongmomentum the zero, more with than 30 reasons survival, and geometry, its was nearly complete at theircriteria tops, were and declined to‘columns nearly of zero fire’ destruction in in the the sky, valleys. (unlike Further if caused by an infall), that PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 several there are . 40 different 12) & ’), traversed by Wolfgang Kundt ridges , suggests that plates move (in mass) of extraterrestrial matter has 10 − subduction zones 9 lines (under high mountain ‘ a strong shock wave raced all around the globe at 8) less than 10 10) spreading 12 volcanic island arcs of the Pacific, of which the Hawaiian ∼ There were the 3.5 bright nights in Europe and western Asia, illuminated instead of any impact crater, many conical lakes were found (like Suslov’s : Why is our friendly home planet Earth occasionally shaken by serious earth- 11) 9) , with its corresponding system of Plate Tectonics (13) quakes, haunted by ejections of red-hoton lava, or 11 drastically ruptured March by 2011, tsunamis near –have already as Japan’s caused happened nuclear-power last enormous station damage to Fukushima.for civilised life, evacuations, Such because but they terrestrial on had the catastrophes not otherthe been hand, foreseen stirring our in action time biosphere of would not volcanism have which come has into equipped existence without the surface of Earth with the the several present-day recognitionssite near – the Stoney Tunguska partially (Kulikovskiicontinental crater) found plate, forms by (such a center as observations of the from various asiaticintersection activities space heat of of current, fold the geomagnetic lines), Asian – anomalies, with MOHO repeatedsite isohypses, volcanic that of and outbursts the the in destructions the was past; predetermined [Kundt, by 2001, our 2007b]. home planet. The chemical elements necessary for life:propels plate for tectonics? plants, animals, and forGeophysicists people. of Why the is 19th thisplates century so? move, but What – did notthe like understand surface Alfred of how Wegener, Earth they and are could strong Haroldcm/yr; do enough they Jeffreys to so: fail make by None – many the orders continental ofof of plates the noticed magnitude. height move, forces 80 In at that km, order experienced speeds and to of near of makeneed comparable a forces width, stripe comparable of parallel in strength oceanic to to crust the those move, observedNN. acting say, system The at of depths global of transform pattern the faults, of liquid you core, mid-ocean transform some 3000 faults km below stepwise away from the spreading lines,gigantic one meter forces per at century successive on points average, forcedthat of by such the instantaneous gigantic spreading forces lines; result seethe figure – molten 5. core for Simple a of calculations few Earth, show and seconds melting reinforced per its by century only weight-reducing way methane upis – inclusions from much such smaller the when that than hot thermally fluid that the unstable rises ofliquid weight core-mantle from their vertical of boundary, surrounding, tubes the cool, growing exert solid tubes enormous, mantlesimilar rocks. growing to overpressures the These on growing feeding hot, tubes their light, one of surrounding is the the rocks best known, except – thatthe the arcs system quite are of (more) discrete spreadingarrives – lines, at the and roughly equation recur once of quasi-periodically along free everytop fall, of 100 and a shows years. rising that tube, forced its by Athrough two the distances opposing simple growing stripes comparable gigantic Newtonian of with pressure the calculation near the crustone the tube’s can second; height, be i.e. instantly by through pushed typically horizontal apart 0.5 distances to meter of both order sides to 2000 either km side, (!). within Beyond such distances, further Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning hour (rather than forsoundspeed, a that few seconds), that ever been found. by scattered sunlight from neargas), the as was ionosphere, likewise (caused reported by during snowlike the condensations 1883 eruption from of natural Krakatao’s volcano. And hole), and many root stumps,large plus distances a from (10 the ton) cauldron, heavy but (John’s) rock which had been hurled through PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 14 . 140 m (for . Wolfgang Kundt 10 : do such exist? I claim they do, and so did the Indian Acharya Expected geometry of the Earth’s interior, giving rise to plate tectonics, and island-arc volca- The Hearts of the Plants (14) eucalyptus and redwood trees), corresponding to (required, and measured) root pressures of tensions tend to stay frozen intoThese the distances crust and for times years (of to 0.5pushing) come, m would ready require in to too one relax much sec) via kinetic future ofpressures energy earth a would quakes. quake – not are make plausible scaling the because asnot rock larger velocity all speeds squared move; that (of [Kundt easy – to & make Jessner, whereas the 1986], weaker plates [Kundt, move. 1998c, 2007a]. It3. is A biophysical alternative noes, powered by hot verticaldiscontinuity. tubes Reproduced from (diatremes) Klaus which Strobach force [1991], their and [Kundt, way 1998c, up 2007a]. from the (unstable) core-mantle Jagadish Chandra Bose, already atnutrients all around the 1918. way up from The theper hearts soil, day in allow for which a it tall is plant trees, rooted,fruits, to to through branches, its pump all crown, stems, its its typically and some xylem dissolved roots. ton tubes, of They in water do order so to via feed osmotic and tensions, water up its to leaves, heights blossoms, of Figure 5: Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 , pores bordered exodermis , (or , (or Wolfgang Kundt vacuoles tracheids , or – or even additionally in the plasmodesmata 11 endodermis ), and whereby a huge number of ’), performs a reverse osmosis in the Water circulation in Plants, or rather tall Trees, powered by osmotic tensions, and propelled by perforation plates hearts , or the ‘ pits Figure 6: bar, whereby most of the weightits of the xylem rising tubes water at column regular is transferred spatial to intervals, the via reinforced safety walls of valves, and inclined (billions of) submicroscopic pumps2014]. in their endodermis, their ‘hearts’. Taken from [Kundt & Marggraf, Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 14 , . water po- up to π Wolfgang Kundt := mass density, ρ ; π – via the ordered shedding of , Astrophysics & Space Science 158, := capillary suction. Soil water tends to guttation τ 12 , Lecture Notes in Physics 471, Springer, 1996. , Current Science 75, pp.98-102, 1998b. times higher mass densities; and that the moisture of leaves 3 Magnetically Tilted Accretion Disks , whose driving term is the osmotic pressure τ - π : My sincere thanks go to Ole Marggraf, Hans Baumann, and Udo Wernick. of order 7 bar (for typical plants) at the outer root ends, against its equilibrium π 20th century) physics has increasingly entered an era of fast conclusions, in which Jets from Stars and Burning Disks Astrophysics of Neutron Stars: Facts & Fiction about their Formation and Functioning The Hearts of the Plants g z + p - & ρ := Ψ 205-221, 1989. Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics 20, No.1, pp.1-119, 1998a. Modern ( [3] Kundt, W.: [2] Kundt, W.: [4] Kundt, W.: [1] Horn, Susanne, Kundt, W.: References progress is so fast, andand unbiased specialisations refereeing are do so no manyfold,scientific longer literature. that prevent This wrong healthy talk conclusions scepticism, (at from Mondello) carefulions’, entering sketches mainly control, 14 into from such our astrophysics, ‘alternative foremost but interpretations’, even ora from ‘fash- warning geophysics, for and any biophysics, serious which frontline should scientist. serve as Acknowledgements Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning – of the roothairground zones, water, at and its the subsequent tips osmotic of lifting all towardsThis the their insight crown. roots, is not which at power all the commonplaceby permanent in flowers the sucking in literature. vases intake Instead, which of mainstream emptiedspiration’, biology their was (in water-filled impressed reality containers osmotically, rather through quickly, seemingly theiris via stalks). a ‘tran- Biologists diffusive process did in not the realise gastransport that phase, transpiration in whose efficiency the cannot liquid compete with phase,in the at the (ordered) osmotic 10 crowns of trees may have reached the crown via g := gravity acceleration, z := height, p := pressure, and bar; see fig. 6. Thistion circulation of of (nourishing) (nourishing) blood water in in[Kundt animals; plants & it parallels Marggraf, looks in 2014]. like many Organisms a ways require the necessary hearts circula- to condition function. for life, [Kundt, 1998b], 4. Conclusions be attracted by a value in the ground, and is subsequently pulled up vertically by again rising values of excess pure water squeezed out at– their upper rather ends than from by the sweating. xylem vesselsSo through billions, specific valves or evensystem trillions of of a microscopic big waterreverse plant) osmosises pumps can (in – absorb theground ground endodermis organs, and water of through push osmotically the overall this into distances outerpermanent water of large-scale root its ahead flowsystem, between through root to centimeters its ends be andtential xylem described hundreds vessels, as – of a up meters. downhill into flow performing all It’s according a its to over- the PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 Wolfgang Kundt , in: , Mainzer , Acta Polytechnica , Current Science 81, , Advances in Mathematical , Springer, 2014. , in: New Astron. Rev. Vol. 52, , Mondello 2014, PoS(FRAPWS , MEMORIE S.A.It.83, pp.38-44, 2012. , J. Astrophys. 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[7] Kundt, W.: [5] Kundt, W.: [6] Kundt, W.: [8] Kundt, W.: [9] Kundt, W.: Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning [22] Kundt, W., Yar, Aylin: [23] Strobach, Klaus: [18] Kundt, W.: [21] Kundt, W., Marggraf, Ole: [20] Kundt, W., Krishna, Gopal: [10] Kundt, W.: [12] Kundt, W.: [13] Kundt, W.: [14] Kundt, W.: [16] Kundt, W.: [17] Kundt, W.: [19] Kundt, W., Jessner, Axel: [11] Kundt, W.: [15] Kundt, W.: PoS(FRAPWS2016)012 Wolfgang Kundt -drift through its (self-rammed) B × E 14 With regard to jet formation, are you talking about jet No, by no means! Even though Mitchell Begelman, Roger Blandford, and Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino: Kundt, Wolfgang: channels. But these, and all thetaneously, additional without processes any inside preset a facilities. jet engine are believed to occur spon- Martin Rees have not referred toblack my hole" publications approach in to their the list "theory ofNo.2, of part 813 extragalactic 1, radio references April sources" on 1984, in the pp. Rev. "jet/massive ently: Modern 255-351, Physics my with Vol.56, understanding massive, of magnetised the jet rotators,nections phenomenon in works are quite the required differ- distinct for absence creatingmagnetic of continually black fields relativistic holes. pair are plasma, Magnetic required and recon- for self-generated, toroidal guiding its long-distance Astrophysical Fashions - A Warning DISCUSSION formation out of magneticBlandford-Payne field mechanism, lines isn’t that arising so? from an accretion disk? But this is essentially the