Blumer's Symbolic Interactionism: Methodological Implications
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The Relevance of Carnap's Inductive Logic for Supervised Classification
University Utrecht Artificial Intelligence Master’s Thesis The Relevance of Carnap’s Inductive Logic for Supervised Classification Supervisor: Author: Dr. Janneke van Lith Wessel de Jong Dr. Sander Beckers March 19, 2019 Department of Theoretical Philosophy University Utrecht Abstract Recent advances in the field of machine learning have cast new light on the long-standing debate within the philosophy of science between falsificationists and inductivists. As a result of many failed attempts at justifying inductive in- ference, falsificationism has tended to be preferred over inductivism. However, Gillies claims that the success of certain machine learning procedures neces- sarily leads to the conclusion that inductivism has shown to be successful [19]. In this thesis I will challenge this claim by examining how criticism voiced against the inductive logic of one of the central figures of the inductivism, Rudolf Carnap, might still be relevant for modern day machine learning pro- cedures. Since a general claim about all machine learning procedures would be prone to counterexamples this thesis will be limited to only linear models for supervised classification. I will consider how three well-known critiques that strongly undermined Carnap’s inductive methods might still apply to such classification models. Department of Theoretical Philosophy University Utrecht Contents 1 Introduction3 2 Machine Learning7 2.1 Supervised Classification.........................7 2.2 Data Representation...........................9 2.3 Training.................................. 11 2.4 Testing................................... 15 3 Carnap’s Inductive Logic 18 3.1 Early Carnap............................... 19 3.2 Late Carnap................................ 22 3.2.1 Confirmation Functions..................... 23 3.2.2 Attribute Spaces......................... 24 3.2.3 Similarity Influence....................... -
Studying “Going Concerns”: Everett C. Hughes on Method by Rick Helmes-Hayes Doi: 10.2383/32714
Il Mulino - Rivisteweb Rick Helmes-Hayes Studying ”Going Concerns”: Everett Hughes On Method (doi: 10.2383/32714) Sociologica (ISSN 1971-8853) Fascicolo 2, maggio-giugno 2010 Ente di afferenza: () Copyright c by Societ`aeditrice il Mulino, Bologna. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Per altre informazioni si veda https://www.rivisteweb.it Licenza d’uso L’articolo `emesso a disposizione dell’utente in licenza per uso esclusivamente privato e personale, senza scopo di lucro e senza fini direttamente o indirettamente commerciali. Salvo quanto espressamente previsto dalla licenza d’uso Rivisteweb, `efatto divieto di riprodurre, trasmettere, distribuire o altrimenti utilizzare l’articolo, per qualsiasi scopo o fine. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Flashback Studying “Going Concerns”: Everett C. Hughes On Method by Rick Helmes-Hayes doi: 10.2383/32714 What principles shall guide us in the discovery of men’s secrets; what, in the telling of them? [Hughes 1971 [1956], 431] xIntroduction In North America, during the middle decades of the Twentieth century, the work of Everett Hughes (1897-1983) was central to a wide range of disciplinary sub- specialities, including race and ethnic relations, work and occupations, and educa- tion. Beginning in the early 1970s, he became subject to considerable critical atten- tion from US scholars eager to examine his legacy [Baker 1976; Becker et al. 1968; Burns 1980; Coser 1994; Daniels 1972; Faught 1980; Fielding 2005; Heath 1984; Holmstrom 1984; Reinharz 1995; Riesman 1983; Riesman and Becker 1984; Simpson 1972; Strauss 1996; Weiss 1997]. In Europe, by contrast, Hughes had no such pro- file. Only after his death in 1983, in the context of a growing, if belated, interest in the general legacy of the Chicago School [see Rémy and Voyé 1974; Grafmeyer and Joseph [eds.] 1979], did French and, now, Italian scholars begin to pay appreciat- ive attention to his work [Hannerz 1983; Peneff 1984; Winkin 1988; Coulon 1992; Sociétés Contemporaines 27 [juillet] 1997, entire issue; Wax 2000; Chapoulie 2001]. -
Symbolic Interactionism Mark V
English Technical Reports and White Papers English 2015 Symbolic Interactionism Mark V. Redmond Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/engl_reports Part of the Interpersonal and Small Group Communication Commons Recommended Citation Redmond, Mark V., "Symbolic Interactionism" (2015). English Technical Reports and White Papers. 4. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/engl_reports/4 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the English at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Technical Reports and White Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Symbolic Interactionism Communication Context Interpersonal, Small Group, Cultural. Questions It Addresses in Our Every Day Lives: 1. How our interactions with others affect our sense of self. 2. The importance of symbols/language to society. 3. Where our mind and humanness comes from. Theory in a Nutshell ● We acquire symbols from interactions with society/other people. ● Acquiring symbols allows us to develop a sense of self and a mind (we think by way of symbols). ● Societies exist because people are able to interact with each another through symbols. Visualization of Symbolic Interaction Theory Mind Symbol Self Society “Symbols include words and many objects, and almost all acts around others contain a symbolic element. Words are the most important symbols, making human thinking possible.” Joel M. Charon (2007, p. 58). Introduction and Overview Let’s start with a simple definition of what a symbol is. A symbol is a stimuli that is abstract and arbitrary to which meaning is applied. -
Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar). -
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Volume 17, No. 2, Art. 12 May 2016 Ways of Telling About Society Howard S. Becker in Conversation With Reiner Keller Key words: Abstract: In the following conversation, Howard S. BECKER talks about his lifelong travel with and Chicago sociology; between sociology and jazz music, his professional training as a sociologist, the hazards of a field work; career, and his involvement with photography and performance. He reflects on the different ways photography; used by artists and sociologists to tell solid stories about social phenomena, and tells a compelling performance; art; account in its own right about the methodology of sound sociological field work and case study labeling theory; research. By explaining core concepts of his sociological perspective (such as the concept of methodology; labeling and "doing things together") and referring to concrete research examples, BECKER in all doing things modesty fully engages with what could be called today's sociological imagination, leaving narrow together; social disciplinary constraints behind in order to explore society with curiosity, using methodologically worlds; symbolic sensible but nevertheless refreshing approaches. interactionism; case design The audio file is accessible from http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49829. Table of Contents 1. Writing Notes/Playing Notes 2. "Meet Me in Kansas City Tomorrow" 3. "Twenty-Eight Percent" 4. Photography 5. Data, Evidence, Ideas 6. Doing and Undoing Things Together 7. No Chicago School! 8. Telling About Sociology References Authors Citation Biographical Note1 Howard S. BECKER, born in Chicago in 1928, is among the major figures of international contemporary sociology. Throughout his life, doing sociology and (playing) jazz music have been closely related. -
Data-Driven Approach to Information Sharing Using Data Fusion and Machine Learning
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HSN Open Archive Data-driven Approach to Information Sharing using Data Fusion and Machine Learning Lars Christian Andersen 06-01-2016 Master’s Thesis Master of Science in Information Security 30 ECTS Department of Computer Science and Media Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2016 Supervisor 1: Prof. Katrin Franke Supervisor 2: Andrii Shalaginov Data-driven Approach to Information Sharing using Data Fusion and Machine Learning Lars Christian Andersen 06-01-2016 Data-driven Approach to Information Sharing using Data Fusion and Machine Learning Abstract The number of security incidents worldwide is increasing, and the capabilities to detect and react is of uttermost importance. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are employed in various locations in networks to identify malicious activity. These sensors produce large amounts of data, which are fused and reduced. It is necessary to determine how to perform such fusion and reduction of data from heterogeneous sources. IDS is known to produce a high amount of false positives which create a high workload for human analysts at Security Operation Center (SOC). To ensure scalability, systems for reducing and streamlining the detection process is critical. The application of Threat Intelligence (TI) in information se- curity for detection and prevention is widespread. When performing sharing of TI, it must be ensured that the data is reliable and trustworthy. Further, it must be guaranteed that the sharing process leaks sensitive data. This thesis has proposed a process model describing the process of fusion and reduction of heterogeneous sensor data and TI in intrusion detection. -
G. H. Mead in the History of Sociological Ideas
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 42(1), 19–39 Winter 2006 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002 /jhbs.20136 © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. G. H. MEAD IN THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGICAL IDEAS FILIPE CARREIRA DA SILVA My aim is to discuss the history of the reception of George Herbert Mead’s ideas in soci- ology. After discussing the methodological debate between presentism and historicism, I address the interpretations of those responsible for Mead’s inclusion in the sociological canon: Herbert Blumer, Jürgen Habermas, and Hans Joas. In the concluding section, I as- sess these reconstructions of Mead’s thought and suggest an alternative more consistent with my initial methodological remarks. In particular, I advocate a reconstruction of Mead’s ideas that apprehends simultaneously its evolution over time and its thematic breadth. Such a historically minded reconstruction can be not only a useful corrective to possible anachronisms incurred by contemporary social theorists, but also a fruitful re- source for their theory-building endeavors. Only then can meaningful and enriching dia- logue with Mead begin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. SOCIOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF IDEAS This article argues that George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) should be treated as a soci- ological classic. This assertion, however, requires justification. In effect, beyond the sociohis- torical nature of the canon-formation process (which is dealt with later in the article), a justi- fication of the above assertion has to take into consideration three different dimensions, which can be formulated as three correlated questions. Hence, if one wishes to study Mead as a clas- sic, one has to ask: “What is a classic?” “What are the functions that a classic fulfills?” and “How should such writings be analyzed?” A number of possible answers can be given to the first question. -
Boys in White: Um Clássico Da Pesquisa Qualitativa Completa Cinquenta Anos
Boys in white: um clássico da pesquisa qualitativa completa cinquenta anos NUNES, Everardo Duarte; BARROS, Nelson Filice de. Boys in white: um clássico da pesquisa qualitativa completa cinquenta anos. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, v.21, n.4, out.-dez. 2014, p.1179-1196. Resumo O artigo analisa o livro Boys in white: student culture in medical school, de Boys in white: um clássico Howard S. Becker, Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes e Anselm Strauss, considerado da pesquisa qualitativa um dos modelos de pesquisa qualitativa em sociologia. A análise aborda as completa cinquenta anos trajetórias dos autores, do livro, da pesquisa qualitativa e dos estudantes de medicina, enfatizando sua importância Boys in white: a classic of nas origens da sociologia médica e da sociologia da educação médica. Na qualitative research turns 50 trajetória dos autores são apresentados aspectos biobibliográficos; na da pesquisa qualitativa, o modo como essa metodologia de investigação atravessa a construção do trabalho de campo; e na dos estudantes, sua forma de atravessar os primeiros anos da escola médica e construir sua própria “cultura do estudante”. Palavras-chave: Boys in white; estudante de medicina; pesquisa qualitativa; sociologia médica; sociologia da educação médica. Abstract This article analyzes Boys in white: student culture in medical school by Howard S. Becker, Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes and Anselm Strauss, considered a model of qualitative research in sociology. Everardo Duarte Nunes The analysis investigates the trajectories of the authors, the book, qualitative analysis, Professor, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/ Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). and the medical students, emphasizing Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 their importance in the origins of medical 13083-887 – Campinas – SP – Brasil sociology and the sociology of medical [email protected] education. -
CHAPTER THREE the Concept of Culture in Sociology: Knowledge Base II
1 CHAPTER THREE The Concept of Culture in Sociology: Knowledge Base II We saw in the last chapter that by the middle of the 20th century anthropologists influenced by Franz Boas and sociologists influenced by Talcott Parsons were in agreement on certain key points. One was that cultures are formal, objectively describable systems of meaning, and another was that these meanings really matter — that is, cultures shape behavior as well as reflect it. They were also agreed that cultures are what certain social groups have, not what they are or how they function. However, the discourse of both disciplines changed during the 1960s and 70s. Anthropologists began to factor into their ethnographies a group’s social, economic, and political arrangements as well as the standpoint from which they themselves, as members of dominant cultural groups, observe, report, and theorize about cultures other than their own. Sociologists, already well aware of the importance of social positions and hierarchies of wealth and political power, found it convenient to soften if not erase the standard anthropological distinction between cultures and social groups as they struggled to make sense of the increasingly visible conflicts between classes, ethnic groups, and other sorts of social collectives such as the abled and disabled. As multiculturalist educators LaBelle and Ward (1996) have explained, the term culture “evolved from its use in anthropology as a way to characterize the lifeways of a racial and ethnic population whose existence could be carved off and made independent from other groups, to a more general term implying some sharing of identity, goals, and status” (p. -
No Free Lunch Theorem, Ugly Duckling Theorem
Algorithm Independent Topics Lecture 6 Jason Corso SUNY at Buffalo Feb. 23 2009 J. Corso (SUNY at Buffalo) Algorithm Independent Topics Lecture 6 Feb. 23 2009 1 / 45 Introduction Now that we’ve built an intuition for some pattern classifiers, let’s take a step back and look at some of the more foundational underpinnings. Algorithm-Independent means those mathematical foundations that do not depend upon the particular classifier or learning algorithm used; techniques that can be used in conjunction with different learning algorithms, or provide guidance in their use. Specifically, we will cover 1 Lack of inherent superiority of any one particular classifier; 2 Some systematic ways for selecting a particular method over another for a given scenario; 3 Methods for integrating component classifiers, including bagging, and (in depth) boosting. J. Corso (SUNY at Buffalo) Algorithm Independent Topics Lecture 6 Feb. 23 2009 2 / 45 Simply put, No! If we find one particular algorithm outperforming another in a particular situation, it is a consequence of its fit to the particular pattern recognition problem, not the general superiority of the algorithm. NFLT should remind you that we need to focus on the particular problem at hand, the assumptions, the priors, the data and the cost. Recall the fish problem from earlier in the semester. For more information, refer to http://www.no-free-lunch.org/. Lack of Inherent Superiority No Free Lunch Theorem No Free Lunch Theorem The key question we inspect: If we are interested solely in the generalization performance, are there any reasons to prefer one classifier or learning algorithm over another? J. -
Complementar
Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method HERBERT BLUMER University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 1969 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey First Paperback Printing 1986 ISBN 0-520-05676-0 (alk. paper) Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 76-80731 Printed in the United States of America 4 5 6 7 8 9 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. © To My Daughter, Katherine Hade Preface Ihe present volume is being published in response to many requests from former students and from professional colleagues whom I have not been privileged to have as students. They have asked that I make available to them in a single book several of my articles now scattered in different publications, indicating that such an arrangement would be beneficial to them and to their students. In responding to their requests I have selected from my articles those which deal with aspects of symbolic interactionism or with methodo logical problems. These two areas of scholarly interest have been of major concern to me since my graduate days, when I wrote a doctoral dissertation on "Method in Social Psychology." The linking of these two concerns is not a marriage of convenience however but a genuine union. It is my conviction that an empirical science neces sarily has to respect the nature of the empirical world that is its object of study. -
CS251 Spring 2014 Lecture 18
CS251 Spring 2014 Lecture 18 Stephanie R Taylor March 17, 2014 1 Fundamentals of Data Mining and Machine Learning The goal for the course is to learn how to find meaningful patterns in data. We do that through judicious use of pre-processing, visualization and analysis. We have already seen one method { PCA. For the rest of the semester, we will be looking at more methods of analysis. Before we go further, let's get some context. There are two, overlapping, subfields of computer science in which people are trying to find patterns in data. They are machine learning and data mining. Machine learning. Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is about the construction and study of systems that can learn from data. For example, a machine learning system could be trained on email messages to learn to distinguish between spam and non-spam messages. After learning, it can then be used to classify new email messages into spam and non-spam folders. (grabbed from the Wikipedia page on machine learning March 29, 2013) Data Mining. The goal of data mining is finding and describing structural patterns in data (from the textbook). A rule of thumb for the difference between machine learning and data mining is that machine learning focuses on prediction, based on known properties learned from the training data. Data mining focuses on the discovery of (previously) unknown properties on the data. (grabbed from the Wikipedia page on machine learning March 28, 2013). We will be studying four categories of algorithms in this course. 1. Dimensionality reduction: Principal component analysis allows us to concisely capture struc- ture in the data by forming a new (smaller) set of features.