VOLUME 11, ISSUE 2, 2021 Journal of European Security and Defense Issues n THE NEED FOR MULTILATERALISM n THE MILITARY TAKES ON NEW ROLES Pulling together for the common good Deciding when to mobilize the armed forces n PREPARING FOR THE WORST PLUS Improving crisis management systems How former Soviet states reacted to COVID-19 n MENA’S RESPONSE TO THE VIRUS Add the virus to Ukraine’s many challenges Analyzing how governments performed Eurasia and its long-term strategic changes THE PANDEMIC And National Security TABLE OF CONTENTS features 7 Profound Implications By Dr. John L. Clarke, Marshall Center professor How the pandemic has affected security across the world. 10 Effective Multilateralism By Małgorzata Jankowska, counselor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Poland 10 The EU, great power competition and COVID-19. 16 COVID-19 and Preparedness By Dr. Bernhard Wigger, head of the core planning team for Swiss Security Network Exercises at the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport Lessons for future crises. 22 COVID-19 Challenges the MENA Region By Mariusz Rzeszutko The pandemic’s impact on the Middle East and North Africa. 30 Managing Pandemics By Dr. John L. Clarke, Marshall Center professor 16 What armed forces can do. 36 Therapies and Implications By Dr. Pál Dunay, Marshall Center professor The consequences of COVID-19 in the post-Soviet space. 44 COVID-19 and Kyiv By Cmdr. John “Eric” Ager, U.S. Navy, Marshall Center professor The pandemic and its impact on Ukraine. 48 Trade Routes and Security Alliances By Dr. Gregory Gleason, Marshall Center professor 22 The post-pandemic security terrain in Central Eurasia. 56 Strategic Deterrence Unabated By U.S. Strategic Command Defending the nation during a pandemic. 58 Bringing Foreign Fighters Home By Ramadan “Dani” Ilazi, Teuta Avdimetaj and Skënder Perteshi, the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies How Kosovo rehabilitates repatriated Islamic State fighters. 62 A New Normal By Dr. John L. Clarke, Marshall Center professor 30 Health security may become a core task of militaries. departments In Every Issue: 4 DIRECTOR’S LETTER 5 CONTRIBUTORS 7 VIEWPOINT 64 BOOK REVIEW 36 66 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS Book Review Epidemics and War: The Impact of Disease on Major Conflicts in History Edited by Rebecca M. Seaman Reviewed by Patrick Swan, per Concordiam contributor 44 Military and civil leaders would be wise to study the history of pandemics to determine whether they have the proper medical protocols in place to 64 avoid the worst effects. On the Cover 48 China was front and center as COVID-19 spread across the globe. PER CONCORDIAM ILLUSTRATION Follow us on Facebook and Twitter Facebook: @PerConcordiam 56 Twitter: @Per_Concordiam DIRECTOR’S LETTER Thank You for spending time with our 42nd edition of per Concordiam. We at the Marshall Center are grateful for your readership, and we are very much interested in your feedback! We have just endured the longest year that most of us have ever experienced. A year of hopes, fears, disappointments, challenges — and a lot of hard work by all. The intent of this edition is to take stock of where we are in the titanic struggle to contain this virus, to limit its deleterious effects and get on with our lives. The pandemic has challenged us in many ways and dimensions, not only in our professional lives but also in our personal and family relationships. It is a multidimensional crisis that demands a multifunctional response, calling upon all of our abilities to rise to the challenge. Of course, the business of nations goes on during a pandemic. Countries negotiate, trade, disagree and join together. It is here, on the interplay of societies and nations, that this issue Keith W. Dayton of per Concordiam is focused. The authors have taken a number of approaches Director, George C. Marshall European Center for Security in examining the challenges presented by COVID-19. Some have looked at Studies regional implications, some at the effects on national policy, some at legal aspects and some at the impacts on our security forces. I am sure you will find Keith W. Dayton retired as a each of great interest. Lieutenant General from the U.S. The Marshall Center is a different place without the presence of our Army in late 2010 after more participants. While we have tried to meet the challenges posed by the pandemic than 40 years of service. His last through our online and virtual course offerings, we know that, as good as assignment on active duty was as they are (and our faculty has been brilliant at innovating in this regard!), they U.S. Security Coordinator to Israel cannot be a substitute for the presence of participants on our Garmisch campus and the Palestinian Authority in and the richness of the personal interactions they generate. On behalf of my Jerusalem. An artillery officer by colleagues on the faculty and staff of the Marshall Center, please allow me to training, he also has served as wish you and your families the best of health in these trying times. This crisis politico-military staff officer for the has reminded us of how important our health is and that without it, all else Army in Washington, D.C., and pales in significance. We invite your comments and perspectives on this subject. U.S. defense attaché in Russia. Please contact us at [email protected] He worked as director of the Iraqi Survey Group for Operation Iraqi Sincerely, Freedom in Iraq. He earned a Senior Service College Fellowship to Harvard University and served as the Senior Army Fellow on the Council on Foreign Relations in Keith W. Dayton New York. Gen. Dayton has a Director bachelor’s degree in history from the College of William and Mary, a master’s degree in history from Cambridge University and another in international relations from the University of Southern California. 4 per Concordiam CONTRIBUTORS Teuta Avdimetaj is a researcher with the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies. She holds a master’s degree in security studies from Georgetown University, majoring in international Journal of European Security security with research focused on substate violence and terrorism. She has served as a and Defense Issues policy advisor to the president of Kosovo and as an external advisor in the Ministry for European Integration. Cmdr. John “Eric” Ager, U.S. Navy, is a professor of national security studies, deputy The Pandemic director of the Program on Terrorism and Security Studies and the Ukraine program manager Volume 11, Issue 2, 2021 for the Marshall Center. He is a foreign area officer with a master’s degree in international relations from Atilim University in Ankara, Turkey. He is a naval aviator whose tours included flying the H-46D Sea Knight and MH-60S Knighthawk. He has served as the U.S. Navy’s Contributing Editor European desk officer in the Pentagon and as the U.S. naval attache in Ankara. Dr. John L. Clarke Dr. John L. Clarke is a professor of security studies at the Marshall Center. His areas of expertise include homeland security and homeland defense issues. He has developed and taught numerous courses on homeland security, crisis management and stability operations, as well as developed scenario-based exercises and simulations. He is an authority on the George C. Marshall role of armed forces in domestic contingencies. His most recent book is What Should Armies Do? Armed Forces and Civil Security. European Center for Security Studies Dr. Pál Dunay is professor of NATO and European security issues at the Marshall Center. He was director of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Academy from Leadership 2014 to 2016 and was course director of the International Training Course in Security Policy at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy from 1996 to 2004 and from 2007 to 2014. Keith W. Dayton Director Dieter E. Bareihs U.S. Deputy Director Dr. Gregory Gleason joined the Marshall Center in 2007 as professor of security studies. During 2018-2019, he served as a U.S. advisor to the Ministry of Defense in Uzbekistan. His Helmut Dotzler work focuses on security cooperation in the Eurasia region. German Deputy Director Marshall Center Ramadan “Dani” Ilazi is a senior researcher with the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies. The George C. Marshall European Center He holds a master’s degree in peace and conflict studies from the University of St. Andrews for Security Studies is a German-American in Scotland and is a Ph.D. candidate in politics and international relations at the Dublin City partnership founded in 1993. The center University in Ireland. He previously served as a deputy minister for European integration in promotes dialogue and understanding be- the Kosovo government from 2015 to 2016. tween European, Eurasian, North American and other nations. The theme of its resident courses and outreach events: Most 21st cen- tury security challenges require international, Małgorzata Jankowska is a counselor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland, where she leads the unit responsible for multilateral cooperation at the Asia Department. She interagency and interdisciplinary response previously served at the Polish Permanent Representation at NATO and the European Union and cooperation. and as a national expert at the European External Action Service. Contact Us: per Concordiam editors Skënder Perteshi heads the program on countering and preventing violent extremism with the Marshall Center Kosovar Centre for Security Studies. He has a degree in international relations and diplomacy Gernackerstrasse 2 from Universum College in Pristina, Kosovo. He has co-authored a number of security-related 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen reports in Kosovo, including “Integrity in the Kosovo Security Sector.” He has been an advisor to international organizations such as the Royal United Services Institute, the International Germany Organization for Migration and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.