1
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
58th Presidential Inauguration. 20 Jan. 2017. Dvids,
www.dvidshub.net/image/3117052/58th-presidential-inauguration. Accessed 10 Apr.
2021. This is a photograph of the United States Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps
performing in the 58th Presidential Inauguration. I used this photo to show how drums
are still used and perform today to incite patriotism and boost morale during important
ceremonies.
Band of the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry [Detail], in front of Petersburg, Va., August,
1864. Aug. 1864. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/collections/civil-war-band-music/articles-and-essays/the-american-brass-ba
nd-movement/the-civil-war-bands/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This is a photograph of
bands in the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in front of Petersburg, VA, which was
taken for record-keeping. I learned that bands of the Confederate and Union armies
served their units in many ways and were highly effective in attracting new recruits. I
used this information in my project to discuss the role of drums outside the military
camps and battlefields.
"Battle Drums." YouTube, 2 May 2017,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwhsi9Co9y0&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021.
This is a soundtrack of war drums playing in battle. I used this in my project so the
viewers of my website would know what war drums sound like. I used it in the Historical
Backdrop section of my project. 2
Bircher, William. A Drummer-boy's Diary: 1861 to 1865. 1889 ed., Google Books ed., St. Pual
Book and Stationery Company, 1889. This is the diary of William Bircher, who was a
Union drummer boy in the American Civil War. I learned about what it felt like to be a
drummer boy during the American Civil War and the role drummer boys played in the
military. I used this information in my project to identify the defining role of drums
during the American Civil War.
Bungay, Geo. G. "The Hero of the Drum." The Cass County Republican, 21 May 1863.
Chronicling
America,chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033611/1863-05-21/ed-1/seq-1/. Accessed
17 May 2021. This is a poem about a drummer beating his drum throughout a battle. I
used an image of the poem on the page of my website, On the Battlefield, because I
wanted to show how drums were very popular during the Civil War, and how they were
vital communication tools for the military.
"Cadet Life at West Point." The National Tribune, 1 Aug. 1879. Chronicling America,
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016187/1879-08-01/ed-1/seq-3/. Accessed 17 May
2021. This newspaper article published in the National Tribune gives a snapshot of the
daily routine of cadets in camp during the American Civil War. It describes various
commands war drums gave throughout the day. Some of the commands I learned from
this article are the reveille roll call and the breakfast roll call. I used this on the page of
my website, Commands.
Charles F. Mosby, Age 13. Confederate Drummer Boy, Served Throughout the War,
photographic print, ca. 1865. Erenow, erenow.net/ww/the-civil-war-in-50-objects/17.php.
Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This photo shows a Confederate drummer named Charles 3
holding his drum. It was taken for documentation during the Civil War. I learned that the
Confederate Army, as well as the Union Army, used war drums, and I used this in my
project to visually represent that both armies used drums as means of communication.
"Civil War Drum Calls." YouTube, 19 Sept. 2018,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fvkihdRV5g&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 8 Apr. 2021.
This is a video of someone beating out commands on a drum played during the American
Civil War. This video was recorded to educate viewers about what different Civil War
drum commands sounded like. I learned many commands that were played by war drums,
and I used this in my project in the Commands section.
[Civil War envelope showing drummer boy in front of American flag]. 1861-1865. Library of
Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.34643/. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This
photograph of an envelope from the American Civil War shows a drummer boy beating
his drum in front of an American flag, which was created to depict the popularity of war
drums and drummer boys during this era. I used this in my project to describe the
popularity and importance of drums in the army.
"Civil War Union Army." Performance by Piggs River Invincibles. Fife and Drum, Ancient Style
March Beats, MP3 file, 1862. This is a soundtrack of drum beats from the book The
Drummers and Fifers Guide played by the Pigg River Invincibles. I used them because
they show what drum sounds were played during the American Civil War. I used this in
my website in the section On the Battlefield.
Confederate Snare Drum. 1863. The Civil War in Missouri,
www.civilwarmo.org/gallery/item/CWMO-9?nojs=1. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. This is a
photograph of the snare drum of Confederate William C. Streetor of the 7th Infantry, 4
Missouri. This picture shows what Confederate war drums looked like from the
American Civil War. I used it on the Immediate Impact page of my website to showcase
what some of the drums that had to be manufactured looked like.
Confederates of '61 The Clinch Rifles on May 10th. The Photographic History of The Civil War,
www.google.com/ books/edition/The_Photographic_History_of_the_Civil_Wa/
41xDAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Photographic+History+of+The+Civil+Wa
r+Volume+08& printsec=frontcover. Accessed 17 May 2021. This photograph depicts the
Confederate soldiers and drummer boys from The Clinch Rifles during the American
Civil War. I used this image on an image slider of the page of my website, Regimenting
Camp Life, so I could show some drummer boys from the Confederacy.
Davis, Andrew F. "A Civil War Christmas Letter." Received by Orrilla Davis and Nan Davis, 25
Dec. 1861. Civil War Transcription Project, University of Iowa. Letter. This letter was
written by a soldier to his children during the American Civil War in which he describes
war drums. He wrote it to tell them about how he was celebrating Christmas in the army.
I learned that drums gave commands in camp as well as on the battlefield, which I used
in my project to describe how war drums were used in camp throughout the day.
Distant Drums Snare Drum, ca. 1860–1865. Erenow,
erenow.net/ww/the-civil-war-in-50-objects/17.php. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This
photograph shows a snare drum that was commonly used in the American Civil War. This
image was created to show what military drums looked like in the Civil War. I learned
that Civil War drums were often decorated with eagles, and I used this on the Thesis Page
of my website. 5
Drum Corps, 30th Pennsylvania Inf'y. 1861-1865. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/2013648616/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This is a picture of the drums
corps of the 30th Pennsylvania Infantry. This photograph was taken during the Civil War
for record-keeping. I gathered that brass bands like this one played a significant role in
the life of soldiers and used this information to describe how drums were used in camps
throughout the day.
Drummers of The United States Old Guard Fife and Drums Corps. The United States Army Old
Guard Fife and Drum Corps, fifeanddrum.army.mil/index.html. Accessed 2 Mar. 2021.
This is a photograph of drummers in the U.S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps.
This picture was taken to show that drums are still used in military bands. I learned
drums evolved from tools of communication to tools of pride, tradition, and patriotism
and used this realization to describe the role of drums in the modern era.
Drums in Ancient Egypt. 15 July 2010. Facts and Details,
factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub365/entry-6139.html. Accessed 24 Mar. 2021. This is
a photograph of a barrel-shaped drum with two hides held by strings, used by ancient
Egyptian armies in wars. This source was created to educate the audience about drums in
ancient Egypt. I learned how Egyptian armies used drums on the battlefield, how
Europeans learned and adopted the drum, and used this information while describing the
historical context in my project.
Forbes, Edwin. Study of Drummer Boys on the March. 1863. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/2004661594/. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This drawing illustrates two
drummer boys in the American Civil War starting with their drums. This source was
created to demonstrate what it was like when the drummer boys got ready to march. I 6
learned what the clothing drummer boys wore looked like and how they carried their
drums, which I used in my project to describe what drummer boys wore in military
marches and how they got prepared to march.
Hunt, William Morris. The Drummer Boy. 1824-1879. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.11276/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2021. This photograph of the
painting, The Drummer Boy, captures a young drummer boy in action giving the
command for soldiers to arm. This painting was created to show that drummer boys were
a part and parcel of the Union Army in the American Civil War. I learned that even
extremely young boys were drummers for the military and used this in my project to
describe the variation of ages of drummer boys in the Union Army in the American Civil
War.
James, Lance. U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps, Veteran's Day Parade. 11 Nov. 2019. The
United States Marine Corps,
www.marines.mil/Photos/igphoto/2002210137/igsearch/drum/. Accessed 10 Apr. 2021.
This is a photograph of the U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps performing at the
Veteran's Day Parade, New York, New York, in 2019. I used this photo to help showcase
and highlight my long-term impact as it shows how bands still perform during
ceremonies today.
Johnson, Eastman. Study for 'The Wounded Drummer Boy'. 1864-1870. Brooklyn Museum,
www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1185. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. The oil
painting 'The Wounded Drummer Boy' by Eastman Johnson, displayed in the Brooklyn
Museum depicts a drummer boy and soldier of the Union Army during the Battle of
Antietam. It was painted to depict a true incident in which an injured drummer boy 7
requested a comrade to carry him so that he could continue to drum on the battlefield. I
learned the indispensable role of drummer boys and drums in battle stations in the
American Civil War and used this knowledge in my project to narrate the role of war
drums.
Kamholz, Robert. The Ceremonial Brass at Rockefeller Plaza. 4 July 2017. Air Force Bands,
www.music.af.mil/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2001582694/. Accessed 10 Apr. 2021.
This is a photograph of The Ceremonial Brass of the Air Force Bands performing in the
Rockefeller Plaza on July 4th, 2017. I used this image to support my long-term impact
and show how bands continue to play to this day during important ceremonies.
Kertson and Barker. Robert Henry Hendershot "Drummer Boy of the Rappahannock."
1862-1865. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.52239/. Accessed 16
May 2021. This is a photo of the famous drummer boy, Robert Henry Hendershot, who
served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. I used this photograph in an
image slider on the page of my website, Regimenting Camp Life, so I could showcase
some pictures of famous drummer boys from the American Civil War.
Kieffer, Henry Martyn. The Recollections of a Drummer-Boy. Google Books ed., James R.
Osgood and Company, 1883. This is the author's personal recollections of 3 years of
service in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers during the
American Civil War. I learned the roles of drums and drummer boys in military camps
and battlefields. I used this information in various sections of my project and used a
quote on the page of my website, Regimenting Camp Life.
King, Jory, et al. "Army School of Music Interviews." YouTube, 10 Feb. 2018,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zWJ6lh6k8M. Accessed 10 Apr. 2021. Interview. This is a 8
video of the interview with Specialists King, Maloney, and Wingo. They talk about the
importance of music in the military and how the tradition has impacted today's military
actions. I used this video on the page on my website, The Beat Goes On, to help
emphasize my long-term impact.
Military Music of the Civil War. Warfare History Network,
warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/26/military-music-of-the-civil-war/. Accessed 25
Feb. 21. This photograph depicts drummers who were an important part of the military
units during the Civil War and was created to show this. I learned that drummers were a
part and parcel of both the Union and Confederate armies. I used this knowledge to
describe how war drums were used on the battlefield in my project.
Morse's Gallery of the Cumberland. Sergeant John Lincoln Clem. 1863-1864. Library of
Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2017652157/. Accessed 16 May 2021. This photograph
shows the famous drummer boy John Lincoln Clem, who enlisted in the Union Army at a
very young age, making him one of the youngest people to serve in the army. I used this
image in an image slider on the page of my website, Regimenting Camp Life, to help
display famous drummer boys from the American Civil War.
Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps. E-mail interview. 16 May 2021. In this interview, I exchanged
questions with some members of the Old Guard FIfe and Drum Corps via email. I learned
about why the Old Guard feels it is important to carry on the tradition of early military
musicians and why they perform today in various events such as presidential
inaugurations. 9
[Portrait of Pvt. John White, Drummer Boy, Virginia Regiment, C.S.A. 1860-1865. Library of
Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2018667194/. Accessed 16 May 2021. This is a portrait of
the Confederate drummer boy, John White. I used it on an image slider on the page of my
website, Regimenting Camp Life, to help showcase some of the famous drummer boys
from the American Civil War.
President Coolidge Inauguration. 1925. The U.S. Army Band Pershing's Own,
www.usarmyband.com/history. Accessed 10 Apr. 2021. This is a photograph of a
postcard from President Coolidge's Inauguration showing The U.S. Army Band
Pershing's Own, who had performed there. I used this image on the page of my website,
The Beat Goes On, to display how military bands played in inaugural parades after their
use for calls and alarms ended in 1918.
Restored snare drum. The drum and drumsticks were reportedly carried by Luther W. Clark at the
Battle of Guilford Courthouse. Wood, sheepskin, linen. H 41.9, D 39.4 cm Guilford
Courthouse National Military Park, GUCO 349. Park Net National Park Service,
www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/guco/gucomusic.html. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.
This is a picture of a drum used in the American Revolutionary War. The source was
created to portray how drums were used by the American Military on the battlefield as
back as 1775-1783. I learned the Revolutionary Army adopted a system of commands
given by drums to rapidly communicate orders to the whole army and used this valuable
information in my project.
"Roll-Off." Performance by The U.S. Army Marching Band. Roll-Off, MP3 file. This is a
soundtrack of The U.S. Army Marching Band drumline playing the command "Roll-Off." 10
I used this because I wanted modern drum music that was played recently and I used this
to support my long-term impact.
Schwartz, Marcie. "Children of the Civil War: On the Battlefield." American Battlefield Trust,
www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/children-civil-war-battlefield. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021.
This article recounts the role and responsibilities of drummer boys in the American Civil
War. It was written to highlight the contributions of young boys who became drummers
in Civil War armies. I learned various techniques employed by drummer boys to regulate
activities in camp and on the battlefield and used this knowledge in multiple sections of
my project.
Side Drum. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, MetPublications,
www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503818. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This
photograph shows a German Side Drum from 1694-1733. This source was created to give
examples of what drums looked like in ancient cultures. I learned what the German drum
looked like and why it was designed that way, which I used in the Historical Backdrop
section of my project.
T., Palmer Alfred. [U.S. Marine Band drummer, probably at the Marine Barracks, Washington,
D.C.] Enlarge. May 1942. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2017878622/.
Accessed 10 Apr. 2021. This is a photo of the drummer, Charles Owen, who is part of the
United States Marine Band, performing in 1942. I used this to help showcase how drums
are continued to be used to this day in ceremonies.
[Taylor, young drummer boy for 78th Colored Troops Infantry, in uniform with drum].
1864-1865. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2017659602/. Accessed 26 Feb.
2021. This picture shows a drummer boy named Jackson in his uniform holding his 11
drum. This picture was taken for documentation and record-keeping and was taken by the
79th Colored Troops. I learned what type of uniforms drummer boys used to wear and
what their drums looked like, which I used in my project in the Civil War section to
describe what the war drums they used for communication looked like.
Texas Governor's Inaugural Parade. 20 Jan. 2015. Air Force Bands,
www.music.af.mil/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2001015805/. Accessed 10 Apr. 2021.
This is a photo of the U.S. Air Force Band performing in Austin, Texas for the
Inauguration Parade of the Governor in 2015. I used this image on the page of my
website, The Beat Goes On, to show the continued use of drums even in modern times.
"2013 Inaugural Parade: The U.S. Army Band, Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, The U.S. Army
Field Band." YouTube, 23 Jan. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_rDvKjMq0w.
Accessed 3 Mar. 2021. This is a video of the 2013 Inaugural Parade and showcases many
of the bands that played in it. I used this source to show the United States Army Old
Guard Fife and Drum Corps performing in a recent inaugural parade and used it to help
describe the long-term legacy of war drums.
Union Drum with Infantry Drum. 1862-1865. Bullock Museum,
www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/artifacts/union-drum-with-eagle. Accessed 26 Feb.
2021. A brief overall of this image shows an eagle drum used in the American Civil War.
This source was created to show what symbols were commonly shown on Civil War
military drums. I learned that bald eagles became national symbols and were displayed as
symbols of patriotism on war drums and used this in my project to give a visual
representation of eagle drums in my website; 12
Union Snare Drum. Smithsonian Institution, www.civilwar.si.edu/soldiering_union_drum.html#.
Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. This photograph displays a Union Drum from 1864. I used it on
my Immediate Impact page because I wanted to show how drums were so significant in
the American Civil War that both the Union and Confederate armies needed to
manufacture lots of them. It helped show what some of those drums that were
manufactured look like.
The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps Marching in a Parade. The United
States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, fifeanddrum.army.mil/index.html.
Accessed 2 Mar. 2021. This is a photograph of The United States Army Old Guard Fife
and Drum Corps. The corps officially represents the U.S. Army and were photographed
marching in one of the ceremonies. I learned about the proud tradition that began with the
musicians of the Continental Army and continues today and used this insight to describe
the long-term legacy of war drums.
The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps performed at Chicago Memorial Day
[Image 5 of 82]. 25 May 2019. Dvids,
www.dvidshub.net/image/5401277/united-states-army-old-guard-fife-and-drum-corps-pe
rformed-chicago-memorial-day. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. This is a photograph of The U.S.
Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps performing during the Chicago Memorial Day in
2019, taken to mark the occasion. I thought this image would go well with the role of
drums in the modern era and used it in the long-term legacy part of my project
U. S. Army calls, a military quadrille. 1862. Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000478/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This collection of music
sheet photographs display music played by drummers mainly associated with the Union 13
Army. They were taken to educate about various calls played by drummers during the
Civil War. I learned about various signals given by drummers and what the music looked
like and used this in my project to describe the different commands played throughout the
war.
West High School Trojan Marching Band. 2019. West High School,
www.iowacityschools.org/Page/16911. Accessed 16 May 2021. This is a photo of the
West High School Trojan Marching Band. I used this on the page of my website, The
Beat Goes On, to show how Civil War drum techniques are still used in today's high
school marching bands.
Willard, Archibald. The Spirit of '76. 1876. Christies, www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4816699.
Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. This oil painting shows two Revolutionary drummers and a fifer
playing commands during the Revolutionary War. It was created to depict and educate the
roll of drums and the fife in the American Revolutionary War, and their significance in it.
I learned both were used to give commands and used this historical information to tell the
story of how war drums were adopted by the military in American Wars.
Secondary Sources
"Bands, Early and Golden Age." Encyclopedia of Chicago,
www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/106.html. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This
article describes how military and brass bands became a part of the public culture after
the Civil War. It narrates how bands slowly became a part and parcel of the musical 14
history of Chicago. I learned the adaptation of the war drums outside the military and
discussed it in the long-term impact of drums in my project.
"Civil War Military Bands." American Battlefield Trust, 28 Sept. 2020,
www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/civil-war-military-bands. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. This
article discusses the purpose and composition of military bands in the American Civil
War. I learned about the vital role of drums in both the Union and Confederate armies and
used this knowledge to discuss the importance of drums in camp and battlefield in my
project. Additionally, I used a quote from this website said by Dr. J.D. Douglass.
Davis, James A. "Military Music of the Civil War." Warfare History Network,
warfarehistorynetwork.com/2018/12/26/military-music-of-the-civil-war/. Accessed 25
Feb. 2021. This article portrays the role of drums during the Civil War in camps, as well
as how they helped units work together as one. This source was created to educate the
reader about the significance of drums in camp in the Civil War, and how they helped
organize troops and daily duties.
Dobney, Jayson Kerr. "Military Music in American and European Traditions." The Metropolitan
Museum of Art, edited by Mark Polizzotti, MetPublications, Oct. 2004,
www.metmuseum.org. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021. The article depicts how musical
instruments played a vital role in the military. It outlines the history of drums in
American history and how they became a part and parcel of the military and educates
visitors of the museum about the role of musical instruments in the daily lives of soldiers.
I learned what military field music is, and I used it in my project to explain what military
field music was and how it played a role in American wars. 15
Ferguson III, Benny Pryor. The Bands of the Confederacy: An Examination of the Musical and
Military Contributions of the Bands and Musicians of the Confederate States of America.
North Texas U, PhD dissertation. University of North Texas,
digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798486/m2/1/high_res_d/1002715393-Ferguson
.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. This dissertation was written to focus on the bands and
musicians of the Confederate army in the American Civil War, as there is a limited
amount of information available on the contribution of military bands in the Confederate
army. After reading through it, I understood more about drums in the Confederate Army
and used a quote from this dissertation in the Historical Backdrop section of my project.
Fiedler, Chris. "Paper Old Texture Parchment." Pixabay,
pixabay.com/photos/paper-old-texture-parchment-1074132/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2021. This
is an image of old parchment paper. I used this image because I wanted to find something
that gives my website an old look. I used this as the background image of my website.
Flack, Ed. Email interview. 4 Dec. 2020. In this interview, I exchanged questions and answers
with Mr. Ed Flack, a historical drum expert, and obtained information on the history of
war drums in the American Military. This interview was arranged, so I could learn more
about the long-term impact of war drums. I used this information in the historical context
of my project.
Gary. Drummers Beating War Drums. 16 Jan. 2019. Blogger,
thefederalist-gary.blogspot.com/2019/01/senate-gop-beats-war-drums-against.html.
Accessed 9 Apr. 2021. This is a GIF of drummers beating out their drums. I used this GIF
as the background of my Home Page to embellish my website and make it more
interesting. 16
Hall, Mike. With Trumpet, Drum, and Fife. Kindle ed. This short treatise explores the rise and
fall of military instruments on the battlefields. This book was written to inform the
readers about the historical context of battles and the importance of signaling instruments
used in the military in times of conflict. I learned about the origins and developments of
military instruments, and I used the knowledge I gained about signaling drums in my
entire project.
"The Heat of Battle." YouTube, 2 May 2017,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=cs4ZObeCB1Q&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021.
This is a soundtrack of what war drums sounded like during battles. I used this in my
project because I wanted to emphasize what drums sounded like during battles. I used
this on the Thesis Page of my website.
Manjerovic, Maureen, and Michael J. Budds. "More Than A Drummer Boy's War: A Historical
View of Musicians in the American Civil War." College Music Symposium, 1 Oct. 2002,
symposium.music.org/index.php/42/item/2190-more-than-a-drummer-boys-war-a-histori
cal-view-of-musicians-in-the-american-civil-war. Accessed 1 Mar. 2021. This article
takes into account the participation and activities of military musicians. It was written to
highlight how drummers, buglars, and fifers played an important role in the American
Civil War. I used this data in multiple sections of my project while describing the role of
war drums, and I also used a quote from this website.
McNamara, Robert. "The Role of Drummer Boys in the American Civil War." The Role of
Drummer Boys in the American Civil War, by McNamara. ThoughtCo., ThoughtCo.com.
Accessed 7 Dec. 2020. The article illustrates the tasks of drummer boys in the Civil War.
It was written to show that, although it was a dangerous job, drummer boys served a 17
critical purpose on the battlefield. I used the information from the website in the On the
Battlefield section of my writing.
Media History Project. Who Used War Drums? mediahistory.umn.edu,
web.archive.org/web/20130413041550/http://www.mediahistory.umn.edu/archive/wardru
ms.html. Accessed 6 Jan. 2021. A brief summary of Who Used War Drums? is the history
of how drums originated and came to be war instruments. It also explains what it was
first like when drums became military instruments and how people used them. This was a
part of the Media History Project for the students of the University of Minnesota for
educational purposes. I learned the use of drums started as far back as 6,000 B.C.E and
used this information to create a timeline of the use of drums evolved.
Norris, John. "The American Civil War." Marching to the Drums, Kindle ed., Spellmount, 2012.
This book is about the history of drums in wars, including the American Civil War. It
tells how drums played a crucial role as communication tools in warfare. The book was
written to educate readers about the history and use of drums in wars. I learned about
how the military used drums as a means of communication and the timeline of their use
in various wars, which I used in my project to show what it was like when the drums
gave signals of communication.
"Post Civil War United States, 1865–1892." Bellevue University,
libguides.bellevue.edu/c.php?g=937568&p=6757311. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. Map. This
is the map of the United States from 1865-1892 showing the United States after the
American Civil War. It was created to educate about the reconstruction post-Civil War. I
learned about the change in boundaries after the Civil War and used this knowledge to
discuss the short-term impact in my project. 18
"Reveille," early morning in a Union camp, July 1863, artist's impression. 1863. House Divided,
hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/36444. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021. This is a scanned
image of the engraving 'Reville in Camp - 5 am' initially published in Harper's Weekly
Magazine, July 11, 1863, page 444, which captures the artists' impression of the early
morning in a Union Camp. I learned about the 'reveille' command (wake up) and used
this image in my project to depict how drums regulated activities in camps.
Soodalter, Ron. "Legends: Little Drummer Boys." HistoryNet, May 2012,
www.historynet.com/legends-little-drummer-boys.htm. Accessed 7 Dec. 2020. Briefly,
this article explains the crucial roles drummers and war drums played on the battlefield.
This website was created to enlighten readers about how drummers risked their lives to
serve as drummers for the army, which is an essential role. I gained information about
drummer boys who played drums for the military, and I used this information in my
project to describe whom the military used to send commands via drums.
Spall, Eric. The Tongue of the Camp: Drumming and Drummers of the American Civil War. MS
thesis. Core, core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5011023.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This thesis
article talks about drums and drummers in the American Civil War. This was written to
explain the role and responsibilities of drummers in the American Civil War. I learned
drummers were necessary for the Civil War armies and used the knowledge I gained to
describe the roles of drums in camp and during battles.
Trotter, William R. "The Music of War." HistoryNet, www.historynet.com/the-music-of-war.htm.
Accessed 10 Apr. 2021. This article explains music's essential role in warfare. It helped
me review what I learned throughout this project, and I used a quote from William
Shakespeare, which I found on this website, on the Thesis Page of my website. 19
"The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps." U.S. Army,
fifeanddrum.army.mil/index.html. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This is the website of the
United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, created to educate about the Corps'
role in the history of America since it was founded in 1960. It describes various activities
and performances by the corps which was very educational. I used this information in the
long-term legacy of drums in my project.
"The United States Secession, 1860–1861." Bellevue University, 6 Feb. 2021,
libguides.bellevue.edu/c.php?g=937568&p=6757311. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. Map. This
is a map of the United States from 1860-1861, showing the secession of the Confederate
States from the Union, created to educate about the separation of Southern states, leading
to the Civil War. I learned about the boundaries and conflicts resulting in the Civil War. I
used this knowledge to discuss the short-term impact of my project.
"When Johnny Comes Marching Home." YouTube, 30 Mar. 2008,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3k8H_9SjoM. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. This is a video of
the song Johnny Comes Marching Home that Patrick Gilmore and his band played
weekly in Boston to boost the morale of civilians during the American Civil War. This
video was created so that listeners can enjoy the popular song of that era. I used this in
my project to elaborate on the additional roles of war drums outside the military camps
and battlefields and used it in the subcategory Additional Uses.