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CLASE GASTERÓPODOS A. Suclase Prosobranquios  Orden Arqueogastrópodos  Orden Mesogastrópodos  Orden Neogastropodos B

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CLASE GASTERÓPODOS A. Suclase Prosobranquios  Orden Arqueogastrópodos  Orden Mesogastrópodos  Orden Neogastropodos B Lehmannia marginata Lección 34.- Los Gasterópodos. Definición. Anatomía externa e interna. Reproducción y desarrollo embrionario. Sinopsis sistemática. CLASE GASTERÓPODOS a. Suclase Prosobranquios Orden Arqueogastrópodos Orden Mesogastrópodos Orden Neogastropodos b. Subclase Opistobranquios c. Subclase Pulmonados Orden Arqueopulmonata Orden Basommatofora Orden Stylommatofora Orden Sistelommantofora Morfología ORIGEN EVOLUTIVO 1. La evolución de los gasterópodos implicó cuatro cambios principales respecto a la organización del molusco generalizado: • El desarrollo de una cabeza • El alargamiento del cuerpo en sentido dorso - ventral • La conversión de la concha desde una en forma de escudo, a otra en forma de refugio protector • La torsión 2. El cambio en la forma de la concha implica: • Un incremento de altura • Una disminución en el tamaño de su abertura • Cambio del aspecto de un escudo a un cono Clase GASTERÓPODOS 1. Tienen una organización anatómica muy homogénea, la cabeza es anterior y se puede retraer en la concha 2. En la parte ventral está en pie en forma de suela reptante 3. Encima del pie está la masa visceral, en forma de joroba y enrollada en hélice 4. El ano, por una serie de movimientos se ha hecho anterior y ocupa posición dorso anterior, el tubo digestivo tiene forma de U 5. La mayoría son marinos, los hay de agua dulce y terrestres. Los marinos son bentónicos, aunque los hay pelágicos como el género Ianthina y el g. Carinaria. Los puede haber parásitos como el g. Entoconcha o Stilyfer 6. Las formas terrestres su distribución siempre está ligada a la humedad. Pasan fases de QUIESCENCIA (quietud) Ianthina ianthina Genus of marine snails. They float at the surface in warm waters on a raft of mucus that traps air bubbles to maintain the floating mechanism. The violet sea snail I. ianthina does not occur off Britain's coasts, but occasionally the beautiful purple shells are washed up on western shores during the summer. Very rarely, living specimens are also deposited on the shore. Classification Ianthina is in Epitoniacea, subclass Prosobranchia, class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca Moluscos pelágicos, nadadores y bentónicos Moluscos parásitos, ectoparásitos y endoparásitos El gasterópodo parásito Stilifer embutido en la pared del cuerpo de una estrella El gasterópodo endoparásito Entoconcha dentro de la cavidad corporal del pepino de mar Gasterópodo parásito Stilifer akahitode Habe & Masuda, 1990 De cómo se produce el fenómeno de asimetría Anus Velum Mouth Foot Torsion 1. Para conseguir que: • El ano se coloca antero dorsal • El tubo digestivo se pliegue en U • La sistema nerviosa tenga las cadenas cruzadas (QUIASTONEURIA) 2. La larva Veliger ha tenido que sufrir los procesos de: • Flexión • Torsión • Enrollamiento: Quiastoneuria de los conectivos nerviosos (lugar de cruce) Torsion Mouth Mouth Mantle Heart cavity Ctenidium Anus Anus Ctenidium Heart Mantle cavity • Flexión • Torsión • Enrollamiento • Flexión • Torsión • Enrollamiento Torsión, cavidad paleal y cadena nerviosa Larva Veliger, fijación al sustrato y torsión La Cavidad paleal y las branquias 1. Algunos órganos que en las larvas son derechos, en el adulto se encuentran en la parte izquierda 2. Las branquias de estar detrás de las aurículas han pasado a estar delante de la aurículas, llamándose estos animales PROSOBRANQUIOS 3. Hay ocasiones que se pueden perder la asimetría por giro secundario de las branquias, y pasan a colocarse detrás de las aurículas, son los OPISTOBRANQUIOS, los prosobranquios son más antiguos que los opistobranquios 4. Dentro de los Prosobranquios puede ocurrir: • Que tengan 2 branquias, 2 aurículas, se les llama DIOTOCARDIOS (son los + primit) • Si el giro es de más de 180º se comprimen ciertos órganos, puede desaparecer una aurícula y una branquia, son los MONOTOCADIOS EXPLICACIÓN DEL PORQUÉ DE LA TORSIÓN (significado evolutivo de la torsión) 1. A todo el conjunto de movimientos que tiene lugar para alcanzar la asimetría deben tener una explicación: • La Teoría Mecanicista indica que por razones de peso. Al desarrollarse mucho la parte visceral, pesa más la parte trasera que la delantera, y para equilibrar sufre el proceso de torsión • Puede ser que represente una adaptación larvaria para proteger la cabeza • Otros indican que fue una adaptación del adulto para proteger la cabeza • Para mejor utilizar las branquias • Para mejor utilización de los órganos sensoriales de la cavidad paleal y corrientes de agua frontales 2. Teoría de Garstang. Veliger con torsión y sin torsión (Brusca&Brusca) Porqué de la Torsión Brusca&Brusca (1990) Ruppert&Barnes (1995) Morfología externa 1. CABEZA • Órganos sensoriales: Tangorreceptores, fotorreceptores • Boca: labios laterales, glándula pedia 2. PIE • Propodio: anterior, rica en células musculares y glandulares • Mesopodio: medio, rica en células glandulares mucosas • Metapodio: posterior, rica en células musculares, puede tener misión de protección • El Metapodio en los Prosobranquios produce el opérculo 1. Quitinoso (Littorina), calcáreo (Strombus) 2. Pulmonados terrestres, mesopodio, Epifragma, Clausilido 3. MASA VISCERAL • Colocada sobre el pie, y encima se sitúa la cavidad paleal • Ano, orificios excretores. Corrientes de agua, excretas caen encima de la cabeza Littorina saxatilis, opérculo córneo Opérculo calcáreo Strombus gibberulus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758 Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 Circulación del agua en la Cavidad Paleal 1. Para evitar que las excretas caigan sobre la cabeza, aparece una fisura en la concha: FISURA PALEAL 2. El agua entra, baña branquias, limpia nefridios y ano, y el agua sale por la fisura 3. Las fisuras pueden tener varios aspectos: Perotrochus quoyanus (P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856) Acmaea mitra Diadora Perotrochus teramachii Kuroda, 1955 Acmaea Pleurotomaria Haliotis Abalone /abelauni/.- Any of various edible marine gastropod molluscs of the genus Haliotis, having an ear-shaped shell that is perforated with a row of respiratory holes. The shells are used for ornament or decoration: from American Spanish abulón; origin unknown ABULÓN.1. m. Caracol marino de California, de concha grande, gruesa, auriculada y muy nacarada. Fissurella Las Branquias 1. Las branquias en los DIOTOCARDIOS (Arqueogastropodos) son Bipectinadas, pero en la mayoría son Monopetinadas 2. Los ctinidios o branquias pueden desaparecer y ser sustituidas por otras branquias de formación secundaria (Patella, Acmea) Pliegues del manto 3. Otros la cavidad paleal se transforma en Pulmón 4. El paso de cavidad paleal con branquias a pulmón se observa en Litorrina 5. Puede suceder que un pulmonado (con pulmón) vuelva al agua y aparezcan nuevas branquias como sucede en Onchidella celtica, que se obliteró el pulmón, y en su lugar aparecen nuevas branquias como diferenciaciones de la pared pulmonar Onchidella celtica recorded and expected distribution in Britain and Ireland Onchidella celtica Littorina littorea Littorina saxatilis Littorina neritoides Circulación del agua en al cavidad paleal Evolución de la Circulación del agua en Gasterópodos La Concha La Concha Gastropod shells LA CONCHA 1. La mayoría de los gasterópodos poseen una concha espiralizada, única, formada por materia orgánica (conquiliolina) y materia inorgánica (CO3Ca) con tres extractos: • PERIOSTRACO: capa sin mineralizar, formada por materia orgánica, es una proteína Apex esclerotizada (proteína curtida con quinona) Conquiolina o CONCHINA. Protege concha contra acidez Whorl • MESOSTRACO (capa laminar). Lo normal es que aparezca “calcita” formando prismas perpendiculares a la superficie de la concha Suture • ENDOSTRACO (capa laminar), formado por “aragonito” y se agrupa en láminas paralelas a superficie de la concha, es el NACAR. EN Columella otras ocasiones aparece calcita formando láminas, se llama el CALCIOSTRACO 2. La concha se forma a partir del manto. El Ca +2 se Aperture obtiene de la alimentación o del medio. El CO2 se obtiene: • Directamente del medio • De la descomposición de la Urea • Ciclo de Krebs (descarboxilación) 3. La concha se inicia en el SURCO PERIOSTRACAL Formación de la Concha Camino hacia la concha interna COLOR DE LAS CONCHAS 1. Se debe a pigmentos depositados en el Periostraco o en las capas calcáreas 2. La diferencia constante del ritmo de adición de materia mineral entre los labios interno y externo de la abertura, es la responsable del enrollamiento característico (logarítmico) de la concha 3. Espiral DEXTRORSA: hacia la derecha 4. Espiral SINESTRORSA: hacia la izquierda PARED DEL CUERPO • Está compuesta por 3 capas: cutícula, epidermis y músculos • La CUTÍCULA. Amino ácidos y proteínas esclerotizadas (conquiolina = CONCHINA), sin Quitina, tal vez en Caudofoveados si hay quitina • La EPIDERMIS. (Iº) Células columnares con cilios, (IIº) células secretoras de la cutícula y (IIIº) células glandulares (mucosas), en (IVº) borde del manto están las “glándulas de la concha” produce la concha o espículas, (Vº) células sensoriales • Membrana basal. Raramente puede existir una Dermis entre la membrana basal y los músculos • Los MÚSCULOS. Tres capas: circular, longitudinal y diagonal Tubo digestivo Tubo digestivo de Prosobranquio primitivo Ceratas Tubo digestivo Nudibranquio TUBO DIGESTIVO 1. La parte anterior del T.D. varía en función de la alimentación 2. Cavidad bucal con mandíbula y rádula. Odontoblasto, odontóforo 3. Esófago Estómago con Protostilo. En los carnívoros (g. Dolium) no existe protostilo, en su lugar tiene unas glándulas que segregan ácido para perforar las conchas de las presas 4. En los
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  • Literature Cited
    Literature cited Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 541 pp. Abbott, R. T. & S. P. Dance. 1983. Compendium of Seashells. E. P. Dutton, Inc., New York, 411 pp. Adam, W. & E. Leloup. 1938. Résultats scientifiques du voyage aus Indes Orientales Néerlandaises ... : Prosobranchia et Opisthobranchia. Vol. 2 Fasc. 19: 209 pp, 8 pls. Adams, H. & A. Adams. 1853-1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 3 Vols. John Van Voorst, London, 484 pp., 661 pp., 138 pls. Addicott, W. O. & W. K. Emerson. 1959. Late Pleistocene invertebrates from Punta Cabras, Baja California, Mexico. American Museum Novitates 1925:1-33. Adobe. 1994. Adobe Photoshop 3.0. Adobe Systems. Aguayo, C. G. & M. L. Jaume. 1947. Gastropoda - Haliotidae. Catalogo Moluscos de Cuba No. 140: 1 p. Allen, J. 1959. Australian Shells. Branford, Boston. 487 pp. Anderson, F. M. 1902. Cretaceous deposits of the Pacific coast. Proceedings of the Cal- ifornia Academy of Sciences, 3rd Series, Geology, 2:1-154. Angas. G. F. 1871. A list of additional species of marine Mollusca to be include in the fauna of Port Jackson and the adjacent coasts of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 39:87-101. Anonymous. 1973. Hybrid Haliotis. Australian Shell News 2:12. Anonymous. 1975. Some Australian Haliotids. Australian Shell News 10:4-5. Anonymous. 1981. Shell update. The Mollusk 19(3):7. 376 Anonymous. 1982. New abalone record for Western Australia. Australian Shell News A9:7. Anonymous. 1987. Roe´s abalone. Fishing West Australia 5:1-4. Anonymous. 1995. Mollusques recoltés à Sulawesi - 1994.
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