EPCOR Coal-Fired Power Plant) Three Generating Units: • Units G1 & G2 – Each 381 MW Net/410 MW Gross (Built in 1989 and 1994, Respectively)
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Nuclear Power as a Basis for Future Electricity Generation Professor Igor Pioro Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa, Ontario, Canada October, 2014 Dr. I. Pioro Sources for Electrical Energy Generation It is well known that the electrical power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas (also, in some countries oil is used); 2) hydro and 3) nuclear. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. In addition, the renewable sources such as wind and solar are not really reliable sources for industrial power generation, because they depend on Mother nature plus relative costs of electrical energy generated by these and some other renewable sources with exception of large hydro-electric power plants can be significantly higher than those generated by non- renewable sources. Dr. I. Pioro Electrical Energy Consumption per Capita in Selected Countries No. Country Population Energy Consumption Year HDI* (2012) Category Millions TW h/year W/Capita Rank Value 1 Norway 5 116 2603 2013 1 0.955 Very high 2 Australia 23 225 1114 2013 2 0.938 Very high 3 USA 316 3,886 1402 2012 3 0.937 Very high 3 Germany 80 607 822 2009 5 0.920 Very high 4 Japan 127 860 774 2012 10 0.912 Very high 5 Canada 33 550 1871 2011 11 0.911 Very high 6 S. Korea 50 455 1038 2012 12 0.909 Very high 7 Italy 60 310 581 2010 25 0.881 Very high 8 United Kingdom 63 345 622 2011 26 0.875 Very high 9 Russia 143 1,017 808 2013 55 0.788 High 10 Ukraine 45 182 461 2012 78 0.740 High 11 Brazil 194 456 268 2012 85 0.730 High 12 China 1,354 4,693 395 2012 101 0.699 Medium 13 World 7,035 19,320 313 2005-12 103 0.694 Medium 14 EU 503 3,037 688 2012 − − − 15 South Africa 53 212 457 2013 121 0.629 Medium 16 India 1,210 959 90 2011 136 0.554 Low 17 Afghanistan 30 0.23 1 2012 175 0.374 Very low 18 Sierra Leone 6 0.54 1 2012 177 0.359 Very low 19 Niger 17 0.63 4 2012 187 0.304 Very low 12 EEC, TW h × 10 W year 365 days × 24 h * EEC, = . Capita 6 Population, Millions × 10 ** HDI – Human Development Index by United Nations (UN); HDI is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards 3 of living for countries worldwide. HDI is calculated by the following formula: HDI= LEI×EI×II, where LEI - Life Expectancy Index, EI - Education Index, and II - Income Index. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Countries fall into four broad human-development categories, each of which comprises ~42 countries: 1) Very high – 42 countries; 2) high – 43; 3) medium – 42; and 4) low – 42 (Wikipedia, 2014). Dr. I. Pioro 1.0 Spain USA Norway Germany Canada Poland Japan 0.9 Italy UK S. Korea Iceland Brazil France 0.8 Argentina Kuwait Colombia Mexico Russia Iran Ukraine 0.7 Philippines China Turkey Indonesia Equatorial South Africa 0.6 Guinea Kenya Thailand India Egypt HDI Value HDI Tanzania Nigeria Vietnam 0.5 Pakistan Afghanistan Bangladesh Iraq 1.0 Very high HDI Zimbabwe Ethiopia 0.9 High HDI 0.4 Medium HDI Burma Low HDI Sierra Mozambique 0.8 Leone 0.3 0.7 Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Niger 0.6 0.2 HDIValue 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.5 HDI 0.2581 0.088 ln EEC Accuracy 20% Energy Consumption, W/Capita 0.4 0.3 Dr. I. Pioro 0.2 1 10 100 1000 10000 Electrical-Energy Consumption, W/Capita Electricity production by source in the world & selected countries 5 (data from 2010 – 2012; Wikipedia) (population in millions) World (2012) China India 7,035 1,354 1,210 USA Germany UK 316 80 63 Electricity production by source in the world & selected countries 6 (data from 2010 – 2012; Wikipedia) (population in millions) Russia Italy Brazil 143 60 194 Canada Ukraine France 33 45 65 Top 11 Largest Power Plants of the World No Plant Country Capacity, Ave. annual el. Capacity Plant MWel generation, TWh factor, % type 1 Three Gorges Dam China 21,0001 84.5 46 Hydro 2 Itaipu Dam Brazil/Paraguay 14,0002 94.7 77 Hydro 3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,235 53.4 60 Hydro 4 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Japan 8,2123 24.6 - Nuclear 5 Tucurui Dam Brazil 8,1254 21.4 30 Hydro 6 Bruce NPP Canada 7,2765 35.3 55 Nuclear 7 Grand Coulee Dam USA 6,809 21.0 35 Hydro 8 Longtan Dam China 6,426 18.7 33 Hydro 9 Uljin NPP S. Korea 6,157 48.0 89 Nuclear 10 Krasnoyarsk Dam Russia 6,000 20.4 39 Hydro 11 Zaporizhzhia NPP Ukraine 6,000 40.0 76 Nuclear 1 – another 1,500 MWel under construction; 2 – the maximum number of generating units allowed to operate simultaneously cannot exceed 18 (12,600 MWel); 3 – 4,912 MWel are operational, 3 units (3,300 MWel) have not been restarted since 2007 Chūetsu earthquake; 4 – another 245 MWel under construction; 5 – currently, the largest fully operating NPP in the world. Dr. I. Pioro Largest power plants by energy source Rank Plant Country Installed Plant type Capacity, MWel 1 Three Gorges Dam1 Power Plant China 21,000 Hydro 2 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Japan 7,965 Nuclear 3 Taichung Power Plant Taiwan 5,780 Coal 4 Surgut-2 Power Plant Russia 5,597 Fuel oil2 5 Futtsu Power Plant Japan 5,040 Natural gas 6 Eesti Power Plant Estonia 1,615 Oil shale 7 Shatura Power Plant Russia 1,020 Peat2 7 Alta Wind Energy Center USA 1,020 Wind 8 Ivanpah Solar Power Facility USA 392 Solar (thermal) 9 Hellisheiði Power Plant Iceland 303 Geothermal 10 Alholmens Kraft Power Plant Finland 265 Biofuel2 11 Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant S. Korea 254 Tidal 12 Charanka Solar Park India 214 Solar (photo-voltaic) 13 Vasavi Basin Bridge Diesel Power Plant India 200 Diesel 14 Aguçadoura Wave Farm Portugal 2 Marine (wave3) 1 – another 1,500 MW under construction 2 – it should be noted that actually, some thermal power plants use multi-fuel options, for example, Surgut-2 (15% natural gas), Shatura (peat – 11.5%, natural gas – 78%, fuel oil – 6.8% and coal – 3.7%), Alholmens Kraft (primary fuel – biomass, secondary – peat and tertiary – coal) power plants Dr. I. Pioro 3 – currently, not in operation anymore. Top 6 Largest Coal-Fired Power Plants Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Taichung Power Plant Taiwan 5,780 2 Tuoketuo Power Plant China 5,400 3 Bełchatów Power Plant Poland 5,354 4 Guodian Beilun Power Plant China 5,000 4 Waigaoqiao Power Plant China 5,000 4 Guohoa Taishan Power Plant China 5,000 Photo of the largest in the world 5,780-MWel Taichung coal-fired power plant (Taiwan) (photo taken from Wikimedia Commons, author/username 照片_064.jpg; 阿爾特斯). The plant equipped with 550 MWel × 10 coal- fired steam generators‒turbines + 70 MWel × 4 gas-fired steam generators‒turbines and is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide with over 40 million tons per year (Source: Wikipedia). Dr. I. Pioro Genesee Power Plant (Alberta, Canada) (EPCOR coal-fired power plant) Three generating units: • Units G1 & G2 – each 381 MW net/410 MW gross (built in 1989 and 1994, respectively) • Unit G3 (the only one in Canada supercritical-pressure coal-fired power plant) – 450 MWel net/490 MWel gross, i.e., internal needs are 40 MWel or 8.2% from gross ($695 M unit recently completed in 2005). Operating design parameters for G3: • Typical net annual production – 3,745 GWh. • Requires 1.8 million t of coal annually, therefore, large surface mine adjacent to plant. • Ash production ~41 tonnes per hour = ~360,000 tonnes annually. • (for comparison: Fuel load into: 1300-MWel PWR – 115 t (3.2% enrichment); 1330- MWel BWR – 170 t (1.9% enrichment)). G3 Supercritical Boiler Technology • Furnace temperatures of supercritical-pressure boiler reaches 1,400°C. • G3 boiler produces steam at 26 MPa - ~50% higher than G1 & G2. Hitachi turbine information: 495 MW, TCDF-40, 3600 rpm, steam primary: 24.1 MPa & 566/566°C (reheat) Genesee Cooling Pond • Artificial pond covering 735 hectares (1 hectare 100 m × 100 m) = 7.35 km2. • Contains 34 million m3 of water. • Can provide cooling water for up to four 400-MWel units (1,600 MWel combined). • Water level in pond maintained by pumping water from North Saskatchewan River. Information taken from EPCOR Genesee Generating Station Phase 3. Project Background. January 9, 2007. CIV E 240 Technical Communications. Dr. W. Kindzierski, Dept. Civil & Environmental Engineering Dr. I. Pioro Top 5 Conventional Hydroelectric Power Plants Dr. I. Pioro Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Three Gorges Dam China 21,000 2 Itaipu Dam Brazil / Paraguay 14,000 3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,200 4 Tucurui Dam Brazil 8,370 5 Grand Coulee Dam United States 6,809 Photo of the largest in the world by installed power 21,100-MWel (planned power in 2012 – 22,500 MWel) hydroelectric power plant (700 MWel × 30 + 2 × 50 MWel Francis turbines) (a) and Francis-turbine runner (Yangtze River, China) (Courtesy of Chinese National Committee on Large Dams).