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102 Nuclear Power As a Basis for Future Electricity Production in The Nuclear Power as a Basis for Future Electricity Generation in the World Professor Igor Pioro Faculty of Energy Systems & Nuclear Science University of Ontario Institute of Technology Canada [email protected] 1 Sources for Electrical Energy Generation It is well known that the electrical power generation is the key industry for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) nuclear and 3) hydro. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. In addition, the renewable sources such as wind and solar are not really reliable sources for industrial power generation, because they depend on Mother nature plus relative costs of electrical energy generated by these and some other renewable sources with exception of large hydro-electric power plants can be significantly higher than those generated by non- renewable sources. 2 Electrical energy consumption per capita in selected countries No. Country Watts per person Year HDI* (2010) 1 Norway 2812 2005 1 (very high) 2 Finland 1918 2005 16 (very high) 3 Canada 1910 2005 8 (very high) 4 USA 1460 2011 4 (very high) 5 Japan 868 2005 11 (very high) 6 France 851 2005 14 (very high) 7 Germany 822 2009 10 (very high) 8 Russia 785 2010 65 ( high) 9 European Union 700 2005 - 10 Italy 603 2005 23 (very high) 11 Ukraine 446 2005 69 ( high) 12 China 364 2009 89 ( medium) 13 India 51 2005 119 ( medium) * HDI – Human Development Index by United Nations; The HDI is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards for living worldwide. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Countries fall into four broad human development categories, each of which comprises ~42 3 countries: Very high – 42 countries; high – 43; medium – 42; and low – 42. Electricity production by source in the world & selected countries (data from 2005 – 2010; Wikipedia) World (2008) USA Russia Ukraine Italy France 4 Top 11 Largest Power Plants of the World (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, Ave. annual el. Plant MWel generation, TWh type 1 Three Gorges Dam China 21,0001 84.37 Hydro 2 Itaipu Dam Brazil / Paraguay 14,0002 94.69 Hydro 3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,235 53.41 Hydro 4 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Japan 8,2123 24.63 Nuclear 5 Tucurui Dam Brazil 8,1254 21.4 Hydro 6 Bruce Nuclear Power Plant Canada 7,2765 35.26 Nuclear 7 Grand Coulee Dam United States 6,809 21 Hydro 8 Longtan Dam China 6,426 - Hydro 9 Uljin Nuclear Power Plant South Korea 6,157 47.95 Nuclear 10 Krasnoyarsk Dam Russia 6,000 20.4 Hydro 10 Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant Ukraine 6,000 40.00 Nuclear 1 – another 1,500 MW under construction 2 – the maximum number of generating units allowed to operate simultaneously cannot exceed 18 (12,600 MW) 3 – 4,912 MW are operational, 3 units (3,300 MW) have not been restarted since the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake 4 – another 245 MW under construction 5 – 5,090 MW are operational, 2 units (2,186 MW) are being refurbished since 1995 and 1997 5 Largest Power Plants by Energy Source (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, Plant type MWel 1 Three Gorges Dam1 Power Plant China 21,000 Hydro 2 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Japan 8,212 Nuclear 3 Taichung Power Plant Taiwan 5,780 Coal 4 Surgut-2 Power Plant Russia 5,597 Fuel oil 5 Futtsu Power Plant Japan 5,040 Natural gas 6 Eesti Power Plant Estonia 1,615 Oil shale 7 Shatura Power Plant Russia 1,020 Peat 7 Alta Wind Energy Center USA 1,020 Wind 9 Hellisheiði Power Plant Iceland 303 Geothermal 10 Alholmens Kraft Power Plant Finland 265 Biofuel 11 Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant S. Korea 254 Tidal 12 Charanka Solar Park India 214 Solar 13 Vasavi Basin Bridge Diesel Power Plant India 200 Diesel 14 Aguçadoura Wave Farm Portugal 2 Marine (wave) 1 – another 1,500 MW under construction 6 Top 6 Largest Coal-Fired Power Plants (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Taichung Power Plant Taiwan 5,780 2 Tuoketuo Power Plant China 5,400 3 Bełchatów Power Plant Poland 5,354 4 Guodian Beilun Power Plant China 5,000 4 Waigaoqiao Power Plant China 5,000 4 Guohoa Taishan Power Plant China 5,000 Photo of the largest in the world 5,780-MWel Taichung coal-fired power plant (Taiwan) (photo taken from Wikimedia Commons, author/username 照片_064.jpg; 阿爾特斯). The plant equipped with 550 MWel × 10 coal- fired steam generators‒turbines + 70 MWel × 4 gas-fired steam generators‒turbines and is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide with over 40 million tons per year (Source: Wikipedia). 7 Genesee Power Plant (Alberta, Canada) (EPCOR coal-fired power plant) Three generating units: • Units G1 & G2 – each 381 MW net/410 MW gross (built in 1989 and 1994, respectively) • Unit G3 (the only one in Canada supercritical-pressure coal-fired power plant) – 450 MWel net/490 MWel gross, i.e., internal needs are 40 MWel or 8.2% from gross ($695 M unit recently completed in 2005). Operating design parameters for G3: • Typical net annual production – 3,745 GWh. • Requires 1.8 million t of coal annually, therefore, large surface mine adjacent to plant. • Ash production ~41 tonnes per hour = ~360,000 tonnes annually. • (for comparison: Fuel load into: 1300-MWel PWR – 115 t (3.2% enrichment); 1330- MWel BWR – 170 t (1.9% enrichment)). G3 Supercritical Boiler Technology • Furnace temperatures of supercritical-pressure boiler reaches 1,400°C. • G3 boiler produces steam at 26 MPa - ~50% higher than G1 & G2. Hitachi turbine information: 495 MW, TCDF-40, 3600 rpm, steam primary: 24.1 MPa & 566/566°C (reheat) Genesee Cooling Pond • Artificial pond covering 735 hectares (1 hectare 100 m × 100 m) = 7.35 km2. • Contains 34 million m3 of water. • Can provide cooling water for up to four 400-MWel units (1,600 MWel combined). • Water level in pond maintained by pumping water from North Saskatchewan River. Information taken from EPCOR Genesee Generating Station Phase 3. Project Background. January 9, 2007. CIV E 240. Technical Communications. Dr. W. Kindzierski, Dept. Civil & Environmental Engineering 8 Top 5 Largest Natural-Gas-Fired Power Plants (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Kawagoe Power Plant Japan 4,802 2 Higashi-Niigata Power Plant Japan 4,600 3 Futtsu Power Plant Japan 4,530 4 Tatan Power Plant Taiwan 4,384 5 Chita Power Plant Japan 3,966 Photo of the third largest in the world 4,534-MWel Futtsu natural-gas-fired combined-cycle power plant (Japan) (photo taken from Wikimedia Commons, author Mr. Hayata). The plant consists of 5 generating units: 1,520 MWel × 1 + 1,000 MWel × 2 + 507 MWel × 2, and uses Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) (Source: Wikipedia). 9 Top 5 Nuclear Power Plants (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plantnot in service Japan 8,212 2 Bruce Nuclear Power Plant Canada 7,276 3 Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant Ukraine 6,000 4 Uljin Nuclear Power Plant S. Korea 5,881 5 Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plant S. Korea 5,875 Photo of the third largest in the world and the largest in Europe fully operating plant - ~6,000-MWel Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) (Ukraine) (photo taken from Wikimedia Commons, author/username Ralf1969). The plant has 1,000 MWel × 6 units - Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) of VVER type. The plant generates about half of the country's electricity produced by NPPs and more than a fifth of total electricity produced in Ukraine. (Source: Wikipedia). 10 Top 5 Conventional Hydroelectric Power Plants (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Three Gorges Dam China 21,000 2 Itaipu Dam Brazil / Paraguay 14,000 3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,200 4 Tucurui Dam Brazil 8,370 5 Grand Coulee Dam United States 6,809 Photo of the largest in the world by installed power 21,100-MWel (planned power in 2012 – 22,500 MWel) hydroelectric power plant (700 MWel × 30 + 2 × 50 MWel Francis turbines) (a) and Francis-turbine runner (Yangtze River, China) (Courtesy of Chinese National Committee on Large Dams). The project costs $26 billion. Height of the gravity dam is 181 m, length – 2.335 km, top width – 40 m, base width – 115 m, flowrate – 116,000 m3/s, artificial lake capacity – 39.3 km3, surface area – 1,045 km2, length – 600 km, maximum width – 1.1 km, normal elevation – 175 m, hydraulic head – 80.6-113 m (Source: Wikipedia). 11 Top 5 Onshore Wind Power Plants (Farms) (Wikipedia, 2012) Rank Plant Country Capacity, MWel 1 Alta Wind Energy Center United States 1020 2 Roscoe Wind Farm United States 781 3 Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center United States 736 4 Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm United States 705 5 Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm United States 663 Photo of the second largest in the world 781-MWel onshore Roscoe wind-turbine power plant (Texas, USA) (photo taken from Wikimedia Commons, author/username Fredlyfish4). The plant equipped with 627 turbines: 406 MHI 1-MWel turbines; 55 Siemens 2.3-MWel turbines and 166 GE 1.5-MWel turbines.
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