Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act [Transcript
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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
December 1900
~olttt -W-ESTERN AUSTRALIA. [Published[Published byby Authority.)Authority.] Thi!<Thin (-jlJ(jiizettezettl ' is published for Police infot'mationinformation only, andand. the Police lhrogyhoulthroughout thl'thf ('n/ulI!!('oluuy rtrpare inlltntctedinstructed tofo makpmake them.~pl11P.qthemselves thm'oughlythoroughly acq1wintedaequoiiited with the content.~.contents. FRED.FIlED. HARE, CmnmissiolluCommissioner 0/of Police.Police. NoNo.. 49.J49.] WEDNESDAY,WEDNESDAY, DEC'.K\IBERDECEMBER 5J.. [HJOO.[1900. CCirculaircularr OrdersOrders anandd MiscellaneousMiscellaneous I'oat,coat, ]mint])aiut staistainn Ill}on rightriglit slesleev 'n';e ; a llarkdarl; tWt'etltweed "I'~tvest Information. alltland paipairr (Ifot trouserstrouser~;; aU paipairr ofof EnglishEnglish madIluulee }acc-uplace-up Information. hootshoot~,, narrownarrow toetOCHs wit hh totoPe caps(,<1.PS,, notnot mucmuchh worn,worn, C.OC.O.. xfiio-—Meinlier·d)~ij.-Memberss o(Iff tthhee Policl'Police POl"{'eForce areare "iz('size 8tl;; tht11('e pro])ertpropert,'v- ofof JameJamcss Robinson.Robin~()n—.- A~A2/7498 74!lH,, hhereberebyy informedinformed thathatt itit isis necessarnecessaryy jurorj nrorss forfor 3r:~r<ld D('C(December'lll bl 'r,, 10001900. coroners'oroner '' inquestinquestss sshalhalll bbee personpprsollss whoswhosee namenamess ;treare onon thethe JurJuryy LiListst.. Per//*.—BetweePl'l'th .-Bctweenn thcthe Hlth19th andand -2811~ th1 lilt.,ult., frofromm .')01501 WhenWhen requirerequired ttoo SUJl1summo111 011n aanu inquesincluestt jurjuryy theythey "\VWillia illiulllm Street,Street, a la(1,lady' \;s 1IBct et.. goMgold llllllhuntin t iugg ststem ('111-- musmLlstt liebe carefu(jarefull ttoo seseee thathatt nnoo persopersonu whoswhosee namnamee i::;is winllingwinding EnglishEno'lish leveIc,,'err watchwatch,. NoNo.. :Hl:H,21134, h.'by excludeexcludedd frofromm ththee JurJ uny ListList iiss summoned,summoned, <>therwisl'(itherwise ""Braclley, Bi-adley, LondoLondoll";n "; ththee propertpropertyy ooff Mrs11'". -
15-108 Puerto Rico V. Sanchez Valle (06/09/2016)
(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2015 1 Syllabus NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Syllabus COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO v. SANCHEZ VALLE ET AL. CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF PUERTO RICO No. 15–108. Argued January 13, 2016—Decided June 9, 2016 Respondents Luis Sánchez Valle and Jaime Gómez Vázquez each sold a gun to an undercover police officer. Puerto Rican prosecutors indict ed them for illegally selling firearms in violation of the Puerto Rico Arms Act of 2000. While those charges were pending, federal grand juries also indicted them, based on the same transactions, for viola tions of analogous U. S. gun trafficking statutes. Both defendants pleaded guilty to the federal charges and moved to dismiss the pend ing Commonwealth charges on double jeopardy grounds. The trial court in each case dismissed the charges, rejecting prosecutors’ ar guments that Puerto Rico and the United States are separate sover eigns for double jeopardy purposes and so could bring successive prosecutions against each defendant. The Puerto Rico Court of Ap peals consolidated the cases and reversed. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico granted review and held, in line with the trial court, that Puerto Rico’s gun sale prosecutions violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. -
SELF-IPIEREST and SOCIAL CONTROL: Uitlandeet Rulx of JOHANNESBURG, 1900-1901
SELF-IPIEREST AND SOCIAL CONTROL: UITLANDEEt RUlX OF JOHANNESBURG, 1900-1901 by Diana R. MacLaren Good government .. [means] equal rights and no privilege .. , a fair field and no favour. (1) A. MacFarlane, Chairman, Fordsburg Branch, South African League. At the end of May 1900 the British axmy moved into Johannesburg and Commandant F. E. T. Krause handed over the reins of government to Col. Colin MacKenzie, the new Military Governor of the Witwatersrand. But MacKenzie could not rule alone, and his superior, Lord Roberts, had previously agreed with High Commissioner Milner that MacKenzie would have access to civilian advisers who, being Randites for the most past, could offer to his administration their knowledge of local affairs. So, up from the coast and the Orange Free State came his advisers: inter alia, W. F. Monypenny, previously editor of the jingoist Johannesburg-; Douglas Forster, past President of the Transvaal Branch of the South African League (SAL); Samuel Evans, an Eckstein & CO employee and informal adviser to Milner; and W. Wybergh, another past President of the SAL and an ex-employee of Consolidated Gold Fields. These men and the others who served MacKenzie as civilian aides had been active in Rand politics previous to the war and had led the agitation for reform - both political and economic - which had resulted in war. Many had links with the minbg industry, either as employees of large firms or as suppliers of machinery, while the rest were in business or were professional men, generally lawyers. It was these men who, along with J. P. Fitzpatrick, had engineered the unrest, who formulated petitions, organized demonstrations and who channelled to Milner the grist for his political mill. -
Hello Pennsylvania
Hello Pennsylvania A QUICK TOUR OF THE COMMONWEALTH There is much to be proud of in Pennsylvania. Magnificent land, steadfast citizens, lasting traditions, resilient spirit — and a system of government that has sustained Pennsylvania and the nation for over 300 years. Hello Pennsylvania is one of a series of booklets we at the House of Representatives have prepared to make our state and the everyday workings of our government more understandable to its citizens. As your representatives, this is both our responsibility and our pleasure. Copies of this booklet may be obtained from your State Representative or from: The Office of the Chief Clerk House of Representatives Room 129, Main Capitol Building Harrisburg, PA 17120-2220 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a hello Pennsylv marvelous mix A PENNSYLVANIA PROFILE A Quick Tour of the If you wanted to draw a 7 NORTHERN TIER Hunting, fishing, hardwood, Commonwealth picture of Pennsylvania and agriculture The largest open space in the Three hundred years ago, it Chances are you studied the you would need some facts. northeastern United States, this region houses the Little Like the size of the state Grand Canyon and more deer, was known as Penn’s Woods Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bear, and trout than people. and the kind of land and Counties: Bradford, Cameron, (Penn’s Sylvania) – and in a classroom years ago – or as Clinton, Elk, Forest, Lycoming, waterways that mark its McKean, Potter, Sullivan, William Penn owned it all! No recently as yesterday. But few Susquehanna, Tioga, Wyoming surface. You might want of us have Pennsylvania facts at 1 COLONIAL PENNSYLVANIA 4 ANTHRACITE AREA 8 STEEL KINGDOM commoner in history, before or to show major industries Historic attractions, high-tech, Recreation, manufacturing, Manufacturing, coal, high-tech, If you’ve got a good ear, education, and banking and coal and banking since, personally possessed our fingertips. -
Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands HEALTH SITUATION (Commonwealth of the) The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is one of five inhabited United States island territories. It comprises of four inhabited islands (Saipan, Tinian, Rota and Pagan) and 10 uninhabited ones. The population was 53 883 in 2010, with 90% of people living in the capital of Saipan. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) were the leading causes of death in the Northern Mariana Islands from 2011 to 2014. Diseases of the circulatory system accounted for 252 deaths (33%), cancers accounted for 133 (18%), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease accounted for 54 (7%), and respiratory system diseases accounted for 52 (7%). Poverty is also a major determinant of health in the Northern Mariana Islands. The Medicaid programme, a federal–state shared insurance for the poor, only covers American citizens and a 2010 population census found that 34% of citizens were uninsured for health care. http:// www.who.int/countries/en/ WHO region Western Pacific HEALTH POLICIES AND SYSTEMS World Bank income group Public Law 16-51 (2009) transferred the national health system to the Healthy Islands Monitoring Framework Indicators Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation, a public entity that is headed Number of skilled health workers* per 10 000 population (2008) 22.5 by a chief executive officer. The CHCC consists of a primary hospital, a modernized haemodialysis facility, a community health centre, two Per capita total expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) NA rural health centres, public health services, and behavioural health Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross services. There are also four private health clinic groups. -
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
107TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! 2d Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 107–501 CELEBRATING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CONSTITU- TION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO JUNE 11, 2002.—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed Mr. HANSEN, from the Committee on Resources, submitted the following R E P O R T together with ADDITIONAL VIEWS [To accompany H. Con. Res. 395] The Committee on Resources, to whom was referred the concur- rent resolution (H. Con. Res. 395) celebrating the 50th anniversary of the constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with amendments and recommend that the concurrent resolution as amended be agreed to. The amendments are as follows: Amend the preamble to read as follows: Whereas on July 3, 1952, the President signed Public Law 82–447 (66 Stat. 327), approving the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Whereas on July 10, 1952, the Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico reconvened and approved the conditions established by Public Law 82–447; Whereas on July 25, 1952, Governor Luis Mun˜ oz Marı´n proclaimed that the con- stitution was in effect; Whereas the United States citizens of Puerto Rico have proudly fulfilled their duties to this great Nation, and some have made the ultimate sacrifice in defense of democracy, freedom, and the United States Constitution since World War I; and Whereas the cultural diversity of the United States has been enriched by the people of Puerto Rico who have preserved and promoted their culture, language, and identity: Now, therefore, be it Strike all after the resolving clause and insert the following: That the Congress celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Constitution of the Com- monwealth of Puerto Rico. -
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resilience Assessment
COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS COASTAL RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT 20202020 Greg Dobson, Ian Johnson, Kim Rhodes UNC Asheville’s NEMAC Kristen Byler National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Bridget Lussier Lynker, on contract to NOAA Office for Coastal Management IMPORTANT INFORMATION/DISCLAIMER: This report represents a Regional Coastal Resilience Assessment that can be used to identify places on the landscape for resilience-building efforts and conservation actions through understanding coastal flood threats, the exposure of populations and infrastructure have to those threats, and the presence of suitable fish and wildlife habitat. As with all remotely sensed or publicly available data, all features should be verified with a site visit, as the locations of suitable landscapes or areas containing flood threats and community assets are approximate. The data, maps, and analysis provided should be used only as a screening-level resource to support management decisions. This report should be used strictly as a planning reference tool and not for permitting or other legal purposes. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government, or the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s partners. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government or the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation or its funding sources. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION DISCLAIMER: The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce. -
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021 United Nations Economies in transition 5 GDP Growth 4% 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.2 3.1 2% 2.7 2.8 2.0 1.9 0 -2% - 3.4 total pe apita -4% - 3.7 projected e f f 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 COVID-19 Cases per 100,000 people GDP per capita by 1 January 2021 2020 COVID-19 related deaths per 100,000 2 1,077 orld $10,291 78 Developed 3,762 economies $4$1,91844,500 34 Economies 1,991 in transition $6,435 1 eeoin 592 economies $5,290 21 1,901 Western Asia $11,390 2 76 East Asia $9,000 79 2,412 Latin America $7,614 Caribbean 5 202 Africa $1,859 12 664 South Asia $1,817 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The map represents countries and/or territories or parts thereof for which data is available and/or analysed in World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. The shaded areas therefore do not necessarily overlap entirely with the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. Aggregate data for Africa, excluding Libya. e: 2020 estimates, f: 2021-22 forecasts. Source for COVID-19 data: UNDESA calculations, based on data from Johns Hopkins University. CHAPTER III REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK 81 Economies in transition • Both in the Commonwealth of Independent States and in South-Eastern Europe economic activities are unlikely to experience a quick recovery • Lower commodity prices amplified the shock in the Commonwealth of Independent States • Tourism-dependent countries in South-Eastern Europe were hit the hardest Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgia: the pandemic has unleashed multiple shocks The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple shocks in the Common- wealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia, having heavily depressed economic activity since the early part of the second quarter of 2020. -
The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900
07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 1 11/19/08 12:53:03 PM 07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 2 11/19/08 12:53:04 PM The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 prepared by LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory This essay reflects the views of the author alone and does not necessarily imply concurrence by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) or any other organization or agency, public or private. About the Author LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D., is on the Principal Professional Staff of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and a member of the Strategic Assessments Office of the National Security Analysis Department. He retired from a 24-year career in the Army after serving as an infantry officer and war planner and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. Dr. Leonhard is the author of The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and AirLand Battle (1991), Fighting by Minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994), The Principles of War for the Informa- tion Age (1998), and The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terrorism (2005), as well as numerous articles and essays on national security issues. Foreign Concessions and Spheres of Influence China, 1900 Introduction The summer of 1900 saw the formation of a perfect storm of conflict over the northern provinces of China. Atop an anachronistic and arrogant national government sat an aged and devious woman—the Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi. -
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS–WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2018–2022 OVERVIEW The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is one of five inhabited United States island territories. It spans 464 square kilometres and comprises four inhabited islands (Saipan, Tinian, Rota and Pagan) and 10 uninhabited ones. The population was 53 883 in 2010, with 90% of people living in the capital of Saipan. The Constitution of the Commonwealth was adopted in 1977. The three branches of the Government are Executive (headed by the governor), Legislative (Senate and House of Representatives) and Judicial. The Commonwealth’s gross domestic product rose by 3.5% in 2015, a 0.7% increase on 2014, according to data compiled by the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis. Economic growth is attributed to flourishing tourism, the gaming industry and the amusement sector. HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Public Law 16-51 (2009) transferred the national health system to the Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation (CHCC), a public entity that is headed by a chief executive officer. The Corporation consists of a primary hospital, a modernized haemodialysis facility, a community health centre, rural health centres in Rota and Tinian, public health services, and behavioural health services. There are also four private health clinic groups. The majority of the physicians are from the United States of America, and there are five times more nurses than physicians. The Government is supportive of increased training opportunities for local health-care staff. The Medicaid programme, a federal–state shared insurance for the poor, covers only American citizens. Poverty is a major determinant of health. -
Microfilm Publication M617, Returns from U.S
Publication Number: M-617 Publication Title: Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916 Date Published: 1968 RETURNS FROM U.S. MILITARY POSTS, 1800-1916 On the 1550 rolls of this microfilm publication, M617, are reproduced returns from U.S. military posts from the early 1800's to 1916, with a few returns extending through 1917. Most of the returns are part of Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office; the remainder is part of Record Group 393, Records of United States Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920, and Record Group 395, Records of United States Army Overseas Operations and Commands, 1898-1942. The commanding officer of every post, as well ad commanders of all other bodies of troops such as department, division, brigade, regiment, or detachment, was required by Army Regulations to submit a return (a type of personnel report) to The Adjutant General at specified intervals, usually monthly, on forms provided by that office. Several additions and modifications were made in the form over the years, but basically it was designed to show the units that were stationed at a particular post and their strength, the names and duties of the officers, the number of officers present and absent, a listing of official communications received, and a record of events. In the early 19th century the form used for the post return usually was the same as the one used for regimental or organizational returns. Printed forms were issued by the Adjutant General’s Office, but more commonly used were manuscript forms patterned after the printed forms.