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CHAPTER I.1 a GLANCE at EARLY PRACTICES in TAXATION Client/Matter: -None- 2 Date and Time: 27 July 2020 19:25:00 IST Job Number: 121982937 Documents (100) 1. CHAPTER I.1 A GLANCE AT EARLY PRACTICES IN TAXATION Client/Matter: -None- 2. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 3. CHAPTER I.2 TAX POLICY AND THE DESIGN OF A SINGLE TAX SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW Client/Matter: -None- 4. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 5. 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TAXATION Client/Matter: -None- 6. 2.1 Principles of taxation Client/Matter: -None- 7. 2.2 Inter-temporal effects of taxation Client/Matter: -None- 8. 2.3 Should expenditure and income both be taxed? Client/Matter: -None- 9. 3. TAXATION OF CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 10. 3.1 Retail sales tax and value added tax Client/Matter: -None- 11. 3.2 Excise taxes Client/Matter: -None- 12. 3.3 Environmental taxes Client/Matter: -None- 13. 3.4 Taxation of international trade Client/Matter: -None- 14. 4. INCOME AND WEALTH TAXATION Client/Matter: -None- 15. 4.1 Income and taxable income Client/Matter: -None- 16. 4.2 Designing the income tax Client/Matter: -None- 17. 4.3 Integration of personal and corporate income tax Client/Matter: -None- 18. 4.4 Taxation of capital gains, interest and dividends Client/Matter: -None- 19. 4.5 Source versus Residence Principle | About LexisNexis | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Copyright © 2020 LexisNexis Client/Matter: -None- 20. 4.6 Tax incentives Client/Matter: -None- 21. 4.6.1 Impact of tax structure on corporate behavior Client/Matter: -None- 22. 4.6.2 Impact of tax structure on FDI Client/Matter: -None- 23. 4.6.3 Impact of FDI on tax revenue Client/Matter: -None- 24. 4.6.4 Summing up tax incentives Client/Matter: -None- 25. 4.7 Complex elements of corporate income tax Client/Matter: -None- 26. 4.7.1 Cash flow as an alternate base Client/Matter: -None- 27. 4.7.2 Minimum alternate tax Client/Matter: -None- 28. 4.7.3 Taxation of the financial sector Client/Matter: -None- 29. 4.8 Special taxes Client/Matter: -None- 30. 4.8.1 Payroll tax Client/Matter: -None- 31. 4.8.2 Taxation of non-renewable resources Client/Matter: -None- 32. 5. TAXATION IN A DECENTRALIZED ECONOMY Client/Matter: -None- 33. 5.1 Conceptual basis Client/Matter: -None- 34. 5.2 Sources of revenue Client/Matter: -None- 35. 5.3 Property tax Client/Matter: -None- 36. 5.4 VAT in a decentralized economy Client/Matter: -None- 37. 6. CONCLUSIONS Client/Matter: -None- 38. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 39. CHAPTER I.3 THE ROLE OF TAX POLICY IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Client/Matter: -None- 40. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 41. 2. THE DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT | About LexisNexis | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Copyright © 2020 LexisNexis Client/Matter: -None- 42. 3. TAX POLICY AND THE DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT Client/Matter: -None- 43. 4. CONCLUSIONS Client/Matter: -None- 44. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 45. CHAPTER I.4 ON THE ELASTICITY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRY TAX SYSTEMS Client/Matter: -None- 46. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 47. 2. BUOYANCY AND ELASTICITY OF ASIAN TAX SYSTEMS Client/Matter: -None- 48. 2.1 Measurement of buoyancy and elasticity Client/Matter: -None- 49. 2.2 Evidence on buoyancy and elasticity Client/Matter: -None- 50. 3. EXPLAINING LOW ELASTICITY OF TAX STRUCTURES Client/Matter: -None- 51. 3.1 Personal income tax Client/Matter: -None- 52. 3.2 Corporate income tax Client/Matter: -None- 53. 3.3 Domestic consumption taxes Client/Matter: -None- 54. 3.4 Import duties Client/Matter: -None- 55. 4. IMPROVING TAX ELASTICITY Client/Matter: -None- 56. 5. CONCLUSIONS Client/Matter: -None- 57. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 58. CHAPTER I.5 TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN TAX POLICY REFORM: A LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE Client/Matter: -None- 59. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 60. 2. TAX POLICY TRENDS OF THE 1980s Client/Matter: -None- 61. 2.1 The choice of particular taxes Client/Matter: -None- 62. 2.2 Trends in legislative changes in tax policy Client/Matter: -None- | About LexisNexis | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Copyright © 2020 LexisNexis 63. 2.2.1 Personal income tax Client/Matter: -None- 64. 2.2.3 Value-added type taxes Client/Matter: -None- 65. 2.3 Performance in terms of tax-to-GDP ratios Client/Matter: -None- 66. 3. SELECTED TAX REFORM ISSUES FOR THE 1990s18 Client/Matter: -None- 67. 3.1 Minimum contribution to the corporate income tax Client/Matter: -None- 68. 3.2 Cash-flow tax Client/Matter: -None- 69. 3.3 Taxation of the financial sector Client/Matter: -None- 70. 3.4 Taxation of property Client/Matter: -None- 71. 3.5 Pollution and environment taxes Client/Matter: -None- 72. 3.6 Increasing role of withholding taxes Client/Matter: -None- 73. 3.7 Tax harmonization Client/Matter: -None- 74. 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Client/Matter: -None- 75. 4.1 Trends of the 1980s Client/Matter: -None- 76. 4.2 Issues in the 1990s Client/Matter: -None- 77. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 78. CHAPTER II.1 INCIDENCE OF THE CORPORATION TAX IN INDIA: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS Client/Matter: -None- 79. I. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 80. 2. THE MODEL Client/Matter: -None- 81. 3. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Client/Matter: -None- 82. 4. CONCLUSIONS Client/Matter: -None- 83. APPENDIX Client/Matter: -None- 84. REFERENCES | About LexisNexis | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Copyright © 2020 LexisNexis Client/Matter: -None- 85. CHAPTER II.2 IS THE CORPORATE TAX SHIFTED? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM ASEAN Client/Matter: -None- 86. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 87. 2. A SURVEY OF FISCAL INCIDENCE STUDIES IN ASEAN AND A DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES Client/Matter: -None- 88. 3 A DISCUSSION ON DATA AND ELEMENT VALUES GENERATED Client/Matter: -None- 89. 3.1 Generating figures for incomes of corporate and non-corporate sectors Client/Matter: -None- 90. 3.2 Deriving factor incomes by sector Client/Matter: -None- 91. 3.3 Corporate tax figures Client/Matter: -None- 92. 3.4 Discussing element values Client/Matter: -None- 93. 4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS Client/Matter: -None- 94. 5 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Client/Matter: -None- 95. APPENDIX Client/Matter: -None- 96. REFERENCES Client/Matter: -None- 97. CHAPTER II.3 THE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM THEORY AND CONCEPTS OF TAX INCIDENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF THIRD OR MORE FACTORS Client/Matter: -None- 98. 1. INTRODUCTION Client/Matter: -None- 99. 2. THE MODEL AND ITS SOLUTION Client/Matter: -None- 100. 3. INCIDENCE CONCEPTS Client/Matter: -None- | About LexisNexis | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Copyright © 2020 LexisNexis CHAPTER I.1 A GLANCE AT EARLY PRACTICES IN TAXATION P Shome - Taxation, Principles and Applications PARTHASARATHI SHOME P Shome - Taxation, Principles and Applications > P Shome - Taxation, Principles and Applications > I. Overview > CHAPTER I.1 A GLANCE AT EARLY PRACTICES IN TAXATION CHAPTER I.1 A GLANCE AT EARLY PRACTICES IN TAXATION1 Perhaps the earliest known references to taxation-based conduct of governance are found in the Indian epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, that emerged in the evolved Hindu tradition, replete with guidance for governance based on appropriate taxation while, much later, Kautilya’s Arthashastra written during the Maurya period, comprises direct instructions for how to tax and govern. Further to the East, Lord Shang of China and, to the West, Plato of Ancient Greece, provided comparable treatises, albeit founded on different tenets of governance, reflecting the mores of society in which they lived and foresaw. Subsequent to Hinduism and Buddhism, declared religions which were founded in rural societies also stipulated rules and guidelines, for example, in the Bible, Guru Granth Sahib2 and the Quran. In combination, they comprise a formidable set of insights through the manner of living, interacting, taxing, administering, and dying in those societies of yore. The Ramayana, as recounted in Ramrajya, or the Rule of Ram, in which there were no lies since people did not know dishonesty and where the virtuous, godlike king3 represented his people through every aspect of kingship. Muniapan and Satpathy (2010) assert that the seven books in Valmiki’s Ramayana contain multiple dimensions of life and governance including ‘philosophy, spirituality, politics, economics, sociology, culture, literature, language, poetry, (and) technology’ (p 645). When Rama leaves for the forest and assigns Bharata,4 his brother, to govern in his absence, he instructs Bharata to take the responsibilities of the art and craft of governance. On fiscal prudence, he implores, O, Bharata! I hope your income is abundant and your expenditure, minimum... I hope your treasure does not reach undeserving people. I hope you are regularly giving your army the daily provisions and suitable salary without any delay... I hope that you seek to conciliate by gifts, a loving mind and polite words, the aged, the children and the foremost physicians... Are you cherishing all those who live by agriculture and cattle rearing, O, dear brother,... providing them what they need and abstaining from what they fear? All the citizens are indeed to be protected by the king through his righteousness.5(pp 651-59) The popular understanding of the Mahabharata6 is as an epic of sacrifice and war, of which the Bhagwat Gita, or the Song of God, is the most universally familiar. Here, He (Krishna) relates to man (Arjuna) the craft of war and the justification to conduct it under certain circumstances. However, as the longest known epic produced by humankind, it constitutes eighteen parvas or books spanning major other facets of societal governance. For example, the Rajdharma or kingship and statehood focus of Shantiparvam that relates to peace, is spread over one hundred and thirty chapters. It comprises the counsel of Bhishma, sage and uncle to the Pandavas - the victors over the Kauravas, their cousins - at the Kurukshetra War. This part could be viewed as a treatise for post-conflict government formation and its functioning, with details of the roles and responsibilities of a dutiful king and the sphere of state act ivity (Sharma, 2003).
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