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Ethnomedicinal Knowledge on the Precise Use of Herbal Medicine - an Interview- Based Study on Traditional Healers from Jaunsar

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Ethnomedicinal Knowledge on the Precise Use of Herbal Medicine - an Interview- Based Study on Traditional Healers from Jaunsar Ethnomedicinal knowledge on the precise use of herbal medicine - An interview- based study on traditional healers from Jaunsar- Bawar region of Uttarakhand Deepak Kumar Semwal, Ankit Kumar, Ashutosh Chauhan, Ruchi Badoni Semwal, Ravindra Semwal, and Sunil Kumar Joshi Research Abstract Correspondence Background: Jaunsar-Bawar region of Uttarakhand is well-known for its rich biodiversity. In continuation Deepak Kumar Semwal1*, Ankit Kumar2, of our previous field survey on traditional medicinal Ashutosh Chauhan3, Ruchi Badoni Semwal4, plants used in diabetes mellitus, this study was Ravindra Semwal2, and Sunil Kumar Joshi5 designed to gather traditional knowledge about when and how the herbal remedies are used for different 1Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of ailments by the tribal people. Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun-248001, India. Methods: Information about the use of medicinal plants was collected from different folk healers of the 2Research and Development Centre, Faculty of region. The plant specimens were collected from Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved their natural habitat and authenticated in the University, Harrawala, Dehradun-248001, India. laboratory of Materia Medica and Taxonomy. 3Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Results: Out of the 200 plants, 41 species belonging Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved to 27 families have been explored in this study based University, Harrawala, Dehradun-248001, India. on their availability and potency. Most of the selected plants were found to be used topically while a few 4Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan were suggested for oral use. These plants have been Sharma Government Postgraduate College, found effective in curing cuts, wounds, boils, bone Rishikesh- 249201, Uttarakhand, India. fracture, muscular pain, inflammation, fever, mouth ulcer, stomach ache, headache and many other 5Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, conditions. Dehradun-248001, India. Conclusion: The study concludes that these plants *Corresponding Author: Deepak Kumar Semwal; have the potential to treat various health conditions. Email: [email protected] Exploration of these plants scientifically will be a great addition to the field of herbal medicine. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 21:32 (2021) Keywords: Ethnomedicine, anti-fungal activity, traditional knowledge, Ayurveda, herbal medicine Manuscript received: 15/03/2021 – Revised manuscript received: 07/05/2021 - Published: 22/06/2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.21.32.1-17 Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 Background population of the region such as Jaunsari, Tharu, According to the World Health Organization, the Raji, Buksa and Bhotiya tribes (Shah 1982). Traditional Health Care System is considered to be Likewise, the western hilly part of Nepal, an adjacent the best for curing diseases, and is used by 70% of area to Uttarakhand state, is also known for its rich the world population (WHO 2019). In many cases biodiversity and traditional knowledge. The climate of like chronic conditions, traditional medicine has this area favours to growth of a variety of medicinal proved its potential over modern biomedicine. plants of industrial value that include Acacia catechu, Various research reports proved that synthetic drugs Bacopa monnieri, Bombax ceiba, Drymaria diandra, have many side effects both acute and chronic while Rauvolfia serpentina and Tribulus terrestris herbal treatment is considered safe. Besides, herbal (Shrestha & Dhillion 2003; Singh et al. 2012; Adhikari medication is comparatively cheaper than synthetic et al. 2019). drugs, and hence, considered more economical for all. As a result, people from all over the world are The present study area Jaunsar-Bawar (Fig. 1), is again shifting back to herbal medicine due to situated in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand and economic and safe. Indian Traditional Systems of comprised of hill areas. This area lies in the border Medicine, such folk medicine and as the codified with Himachal Pradesh, with river Yamuna in the Ayurveda use monoherbal and polyherbal east and river Tons in the west, while Uttarkashi formulations that can be prepared by the patients district is situated at its northern part. Kalsi, Sahiya, themselves without depending on a practitioner Chakrata, Debvan, Hanol, and Lakhamandal are (Semwal et al. 2019). among the most popular places in this region. In the past, many surveys have been conducted in different The folk medicinal system of Uttarakhand uses a areas of the Uttarakhand state of India mainly in tribal large variety of medicinal plants. To date, about 1500 areas (Joshi & Pant 2012; Sharma et al. 2013; folklore plants including Ayurvedic herbs have been Khajuria & Bisht 2017; Singh et al. 2019). However, reported in Uttarakhand with an area of 53,483 the present study area is least explored for its folk square kilometres. With varied agro-climatic region, medicine. The present study reports precise Uttarakhand is rich in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants information about the doses, duration of the (MAPs) and is counted among the mega biodiversity treatment and mode of administration of medicinal regions of the world. Uttarakhand has a long history plants used in the folk medicine by the inhabitants of of folk medicines which are generally used for most Jaunsar and Bawar areas of Uttarakhand for the first of the ordinary ailments and mainly used by the tribal time. Fig. 1. Geographical location of Jaunsar-Bawar Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3 Materials and methods with all the participants were taken; selected pictures Field survey was conducted during the year between are given in Fig. 2. 2017 and 2020. A total of 8 visits of 3-5 days were conducted in the study area covering almost all the Information was recorded in the standard areas in different seasons included in our previous questionnaire which included the local name of the survey (Kumar et al. 2019). The information about medicinal plant, parts used, method of preparation, the local uses of these medicinal plants was mode of administration, probable dosage and collected from the local folk practitioners, cattle duration of treatment. As per the information, the feeders and elder villagers. In this study, a total of 22 plant samples were also collected from the study folk healers (17 male and 5 female) of 45-85 years area to deposit their specimens to Uttarakhand of age were interviewed. The participants were Ayurved University (UAU) herbarium. The voucher identified by enquiring local people. A few healers specimen number of each plant is given in Table 1. having expertise in a specific disease, such as The plant samples were identified with the help of kidney stone, diabetes, hypertension and snakebite, local names given in the local floras published in were also interviewed. Practitioners who did not previous years (Gaur 1999; Kanjilal 2011). Scientific share the proper information about the medicinal use authentication of the plants was done at the of the herbs were excluded from the study. Before Research and Development Centre of UAU. The the individual interview, verbal consent was taken information about the medicinal plants during the from each participant and already informed them to field visit was cross-checked from the ancient publicise their experience-based knowledge globally Ayurvedic literature and scientific papers available for humankind. During the interview, photographs online. A flow chart showing step-wise study design is given in Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Photographs of interview with traditional healers Ethnobotany Research and Applications 4 Fig. 3. Step-wise study design of the fieldwork Results The research revealed Jaunsar-Bawar region of Data analysis Uttarakhand has a difficult geographical terrain and Analysis of collected data on ethnomedicinal plants also lacks advanced medical facilities. Most of the revealed that Leguminosae was the largest people in this region are dependent on herbal represented family with a total of five members medicines for their primary healthcare as they prefer whereas three members each were recorded for higher medical centres only in serious conditions. Apiaceae, Compositae, Lamiaceae and The farmers, hunters, shepherds and grass cutters Ranunculaceae families (Fig. 4). Among them, a of this area are well-acquainted with the herbal majority of plants (7) were found effective in fever, remedies for primary healthcare and folk healers/ followed by bone-fracture/ joint pain (6) and cuts/ vaidyas are also consulted in cases of serious wounds (5) in which two plant species were found problems. The cattle feeders shared valuable effective in more than one health conditions. The information during the interview as their life is closely distribution of plants based on their uses against connected with the forested areas and plant wealth. different medical conditions is shown in Fig. 5. They are mostly dependent on natural medicine Similarly, most of the plants used by traditional when living in the forest region with their cattle. More healers belong to herbs (23) that cover 56% of total than 200 plant species were recorded during the field plants, whereas the shrubs (9) cover only 22% (Fig. survey, and based on information collected from the 6). Leaves (18) were the most used part in natives, 41 species were found to have therapeutical ethnomedicine followed by roots or underground importance in the traditional medical system of this parts (15). Moreover, topical
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