International Journal of Research and Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210443 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Review Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Ethnobotanical Significance of Kurroa (Kutki), a Threatened Species

Isha Kumari1, Hemlata Kaurav2, Gitika Chaudhary3

1Junior Research Executive, 2Research Associate, 3H.O.D. - Research and Development, Shuddhi Ayurveda, Jeena Sikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India

Corresponding Author: Gitika Chaudhary

ABSTRACT The chemical constituents of these are served as chemical entities for synthetic Herbal plants have been used in the health drugs. This is the reason why kingdom maintenance customs since the origin of is entitled with “the treasure house of mankind. The herbal products have negligible potential drugs [1-7]. These medicinal plays adverse impacts on the consumer health because also play a vital role in cosmetic and they have suitable and beneficial physiological actions on the living systems. Traditional nutraceutical industry. Herbal nutraceuticals have a great impact on maintaining the systems of medication primarily use plants in [8,9] their practices. The market demand of these health and longevity of life . These plant based products has been increased over the medicinal plants are the rich source of past few years. Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex secondary metabolites like flavonoids, Benth is one of the most established herbal saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes etc. which plants with extraordinary medicinal properties. have a definite, compatible and suitable It belongs to Scrophulariaceae family and physiological actions on the human body commonly called as Kutki. Picrorhiza kurroa is this is the reason why the drugs derived also called as bitter drug due to presence of from herbal plants have negligible side Kutkin, principle phytochemical constituent of effects [10-12]. The WHO estimation on the this medicinal plant. It is used in Ayurveda and folk system for treating liver related disorders utilization herbal drugs revealed that 80% of the world population relies mainly on herbal and used as a remedy for jaundice, malaria, cut, [13-17] wounds, snake bites etc. Its main therapeutic medicines . The continent Asia has a properties are antimalarial, antidiabetic, very history of using herbals for the hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-mutagenic, treatment of numerous chronic as well as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory etc. The infectious human diseases [18]. India being aim of present review is to provide information the botanical garden of the world and listed related to phytochemistry, traditional uses in among the World biodiversity centers, uses Ayurveda and folk medicinal system and more than 45000 different plant species for therapeutic properties of Picrorhiza kurroa. health maintenance [19,20]. The traditional

medication systems (Ayurveda and folk) of Keywords: Kutki, Kutkin, Rasapanchak, India greatly promote the use of medicinal Hepatoprotective, Antimalarial [21] plants . China has been using herbal INTRODUCTION plants in their day to day life for many Mother nature has been fulfilling our years. Japan, Hong Kong, Korea and requirements since ancient times. It has Singapore are known primary importers of gifted us a vast variety of important Traditional Chinese Medicine which are taking almost 66% share of China’s total medicinal plants which are being used [22-24] primarily in traditional medication systems. herbal drug export . As per the historical reports, various different plant

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 363 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Isha Kumari et.al. Ethnobotanical significance of picrorhiza kurroa (kutki), a threatened species. species of plants were used by Amerindians scorpion sting, fever and dyspepsia, dropsy, [25]. It is believed that many American plant asthma, leprosy, arthritis, stomachic species were introduced by the Spanish and troubles, wounds, cuts etc. [36,37]. It has the Portuguese to many parts of the world diverse phytochemistry composed of [26]. Balkan Peninsula, the most important iridoids, acetophenones and cucurbitacins, biodiversity center of Europe, comprises of apocynin. Kutkin is the major active 6340 different species [27]. principle phytochemical constituent present The plant diversity of Turkey comprises of in this plant which is used in number of 10,500 different plant species among which herbal formulations due to associated 30% are the native plants of Turkey [28,29]. In extraordinary therapeutic properties [38,39]. African continent it as a very common The root of Picrorhiza kurroa are practice of using traditional medicines [30]. therapeutically important. They act as A large proportion of Nigerian population laxative in small doses and cathartic in large use traditional medicines in their daily doses. They are also used against routine [31]. The ancient practices of using gastrointestinal and urinary disorders, medicinal plants are gaining popularity and leukoderma, snake bite, scorpion sting and being continually adapted by many inflammation [40,41]. It is a plant of great populations [32]. There are so many pharmacological and therapeutic important medicinal plants around the world significance. It is associated with properties which are of great significance in traditional like antimalarial, antidiabetic, medication systems and one such significant hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti- plant is Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, (figure 1). It is a member of immunomodulatory etc. Picrorhiza kurroa Scrophulariaceae family and commonly is listed under highly threatened plant called as Kutki in hindi and many other species thus for its conservation languages. It is a native plant of western conventional and biotechnological . The word Picrorhiza is made up approaches has been initiated so that of two words “picross”, Greek word which maximum benefit can be derived from this indicates a meaning bitter while the word wonder herb in future also [42]. Vernacular “rhiza” indicates roots. The Punjabi name of names and taxonomic classification of the plant “Karu”, indicates the same Picrorhiza kurroa is given in table 1 and 2 meaning as that of “rhiza” [33]. respectively. Scrophulariaceae family consists of 200 genera and 3000 species which are mainly found in the northern temperate regions of the world. Popular garden plants (including tiny alpines) and aesthetically important plants such as Penstemon, Mimulus and Calceolaria are some members of this family [34]. It is an esteemed medicinal plant in traditional medication systems especially in Ayurveda. In ancient Ayurvedic literature by Jivek, Charak and Vagbhatt Picrorhiza kurroa is mentioned as an important remedy. Also this medicinal plant is listed as an official drug in Indian Pharmacopoeia [35]. In Ayurveda and other traditional systems, it is used against variety of Figure 1. Picrorhiza kurroa diseases such as liver and respiratory tract problems, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea,

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Table 1: Vernacular Names of Picrorhiza kurroa Numerous pale brown seeds are present in English Hellebore Sanskrit Kutki this plant. Seeds ae almost 1 x 0.8 mm in Hindi Tikta, Tiktarohini, Kaurohini, Kavi, Sutiktaka, size and ellipsoid in shape. A very thick and Kauka, Rohini Assamese Katki, Kutki transparent seed coat is present over the Gujrati Kadu, Katu seeds. Kannada Katuka rohini, Malyalam Katuka rohini, Kaduk rohini Marathi Kutki, Kalikutki Geographical Distribution of Picrorhiza Oriya Katuki kurroa Kutki Punjabi Karru, Kaur Tamil Katuka rohini, Katuku rohini, Kadugurohini It is an indigenous plant of western Telugu Karukarohini Himalayan at 3000-5000 m of elevation [47]. Urdu Kutki Western Himalayan range includes Jammu Table 2: Taxonomy of Picrorhiza kurroa [43] and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Taxonomic Rank Taxon Kingdom Plantae Uttarakhand. In Kashmir, it is mainly found Division Dicotiledonae in Gurez, Lolab, Karna, Sindh and Lidder Class Asteride Valleys. In Uttarakhand it is found in areas Order Scrophulariales Family Scrophulariaceae of Badrinath, Kedarnath and Chamba. In Genus Picrorhiza Himachal Pradesh it is wildly found in hilly Species kurroa Common Name Kutki districts such as Chamba, Pangi, Kullu, [48] Shimla, Kinnaur and Lahaul valleys . P. Morphological Description of Picrorhiza kurroa grows well in moist, sandy clay kurroa [44-46] loamin textured soils which have high in [49] It is a small perennial herb which organic matter present in them . It is [50] attains height up to 10-20 cm. A small leafy found in Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China . weak creeping stem is present which is erect at flowering. This plant contains 6-10 inches Phytochemistry of Picrorhiza kurroa long hard roots which are wrinkled and The study reports on its grayish to brown in color. Rhizomes are phytochemistry revealed that it contains 2.5–12.0 cm long, 0.3–1.0 cm thick, complex mixture of phytochemicals. It cylindrical which are curved in irregular mainly consists of iridoids, acetophenones manner with the branching and rooting at and cucurbitacins. The active phytochemical the jointed nodes. The rhizomes are constituent present in Picrorhiza kurroa is externally greyish-brown in appearance. kutkin (a bitter phytochemical constituent) Numerous aerenchymas are present in leaf, which is made up of picrosides and aerial stem and rhizome. The basal alternate kutkosides. The major picrosides present in leaves present in this plant are 5 to 15 cm in kutkin are picroside I and II which are length. Leaves are oval in shape and are ideally iridoid glycosides. The kutkoside acuminate, serrate, stalked, winged, and picroside are present in fixed proportion oblanceolate or narrowly spathulate and are of 1:2. Kutkins are associated with coarsely toothed. Two kind of glandular hair heaptoprotective activity. Picroside III, V are present over the leaves. Picrorhiza and pikuroside, 6-feruloylcatalpol, kurroa has white or pale purple colored minecoside are present as a minor iridoid bisexual flowers which are present on long glycosides constituent. Triterpenes are terminal spikes. Calyx has equal 5 parts included in cucurbitacins. Major with 4-5 lobbed corolla. Lobes are cucurbitacins are cucurbitacin B, D and R. actinomorphic. Slightly didynamous Stuppner et al., discovered six novel stamens which are 4 in number are inserted cucurbitacin form this plant. Curcubitacins on corolla tube. Capitate stigma is present. are associated with cytotoxic and Picrorhiza kurroa has acute ovoid and antitumorous activities. Other constituents swollen fruits/capsules which are 6-10 mm present in this plant are, minecoside, picein, in size, tapered at top, split up into 4 valves. 4-hydroxy-3- methoxy acetophenone,

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 365 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Isha Kumari et.al. Ethnobotanical significance of picrorhiza kurroa (kutki), a threatened species. apocyanin, vanillic acid, cinnamis Apocynin (catechol) is anti-inflammatory in veronicoside acid, D-mannitol, kutkiol, nature and prevents oxidative burst of kutkisterol and a ketone and phenolic neutrophil. It is believed that androsin glycosides like picein and androsin. exhibits anti-asthmatic properties [51-58].

Figure 2. Chemical Structures of some of phytochemical constituents of Picrorhiza kurroa

Traditional and Modern View Paachan sansthan: It acts as an appetizer a. Ayurvedic View of Picrorhiza kurroa and digestion enhancer when used in low Ayurveda mainly focus on dose. Also acts as an anthelminthic. It is maintaining the equilibrium of our three used to treat anorexia and weak metabolism, body components/doshas of the body i.e. liver related disorders and jaundice. It kapha (water&earth), pitta (fire) and vata cleans the bowel. It treats constipation and (space &air) [59,60]. Picrorhiza kurroa is a bloating when used in high amounts. It well-known medicinal plant which has a stimulates the secretion of digestive juices. very rich history of its use in Ayurvedic It softens the hard stool. medicine system. Its medicinal value has Rakatwah sansthan: It is used for heart been mentioned in many Ayurvedic related problems. It helps in regulating literatures like Nighantu, Caraka Samhita, blood pressure. Also acts as a blood purifier. Susruta Samhita, Astang Samgraha. It is It reduces edema. useful in maintaining the kapha, Pitta dosha Shwasan sansthan: It has ant mucolytic of the body. It is mainly used for treating properties. It is used to treat cough and digestion related problems, billow fever, asthma. urinary discharge, hiccup, blood troubles, Mootrawah sansthan: It is antidiabetic burning sensations, leucoderma, and agent. jaundice [61-64]. Rasapanchak of Picrorhiza Prajannan sansthan: It works on problems kurroa is given in table 3. related to lactogenesis. Twacha: It is useful in treating skin Table 3. Rasapanchak of Picrorhiza kurroa as per Ayurveda disorders. Sanskrit/English Sanskrit/English Virya/Potency Sheeta/Cold Taapkram: It has antipyretic properties. It Vipak/Metabolic property Katu/Pungent is used to treat malarial fever. Guna/Physical property Laghu/Light, Ruksha/Dry Rasa/Taste Tikat/Bitter Saatmikaran: It provides nourishment when taken in small dose. It scrapes the Properties and Uses of Picrorhiza kurroa endotoxins and fats out from the body. It is as per Ayurveda [65,66] used to treat malnutrition and obesity.

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Ayurvedic Formulations of Picrorhiza it is used as a traditional remedy for fever kurroa by Bhotiya tribal communities of Niti valley Arogyavardhini gutika, Tiktaka in Central Himalaya [73]. The Gaddi and ghrita, Laghumanjishthadi kwatha, Gujjar tribes of Himachal Pradesh, use kutki Sarvajvarahara lauha are some important roots as an appetite enhancer. They use the Ayurvedic formulations of Picrorhiza kutki decoction along with ajwain as a kurroa [67]. remedy in skin infection to purify blood [74].  Arogyavardhini gutika is pitta shamak The rhizome powder of Picrorhiza kurru L which works on secretion of bile. It kutki is used traditionally in Hamirpur improves the digestion and functioning district of Himachal Pradesh as a cure to of liver [68]. liver related problems and jaundice [75]. The  Tiktaka ghrita is a polyherbal roots, rhoizome and flowers of kutki are formulation made up many medicinal used to treat fever and are used as blood plants like Trichosanthes dioica, purifier in North region of Himachal [76] Azadirachta indica, Picrorhiza kurroa, Pradesh especially in Lahaul and Spiti . Alhagi pseudalhagi, Fumaria indica, In Pangi Himachal Pradesh, people use and kurroo, Cyperus rotundus, rhizomes in the treatment of cold and cough Andrographis paniculata, Holarrhena where as they use decoction as a blood antidysenterica, and Piper longum. This purifier and dried powder as a pain killer [77] formulation is effectively used against . In Kashmir, the tribal people of skin diseases, wounds, inflammation, Kupwara district use kutki rhizomes and piles, sinus, etc. [69]. roots as a tonic, laxative and stomachic  Laghumanjishthadi kwatha is another when their powder form is boiled in water [78] important polyherbal formulation made . In Gurez region of Kashmir, the root up of Manjishtha, Triphla, Kutki, Vacha, powder is used traditionally for treating [79] Daruhaidra, Haridra, Gudduchi and liver related problems like jaundice . In Nimba which is used as ablood purifier Grahwal Himalayas, this plant is and kaphaghna and kledaghna [70]. traditionally used to cure chronic dysentery,  Sarvajvarahara lauha is an efficient asthma, dyspepsia, hepatic derangement, Ayurvedic iron formulation which is and jaundice. It also used as diuretic used to treat iron deficiency anemia. It antipyretic, muscle relaxant, antistress, anti- significantly increases the Hb inflammatory, analgesic, and CNS [80] regeneration [71]. depressant . In West Sikkim, the root paste of kutki is used traditionally to cure [81] Folk View cuts, injuries and wounds . The There are so many different cultures traditional practitioners, Jhankri, Bijuwa and around the world which use variety of plants Phedangma in Darjeeling Himalaya use in their own way to treat several diseases. rhizome of kutki against fever, cold and [82,83] Medicinal plants are of great importance in snake bite . In Rawain valley, folk cultures and they are associated with Uttarkashi people use roots of this plant in rich ethnobotanical uses. Ethnobotany is the treating fever, typhoid, jaundice, stomache [84] term related with the association of human . In Gharwal Himalayas, root powder cultures with the plants. Plants are used for mixture of Cassia anguistifolia Vahl, so many purposes like for food, shelter, Picrorhiza kurru L, Trachyspermum ammi medicine, divination etc. There are some is used traditionally as a remedy for itching. strong cultural beliefs associated with many People also used paste of sarson oil and plants due to which they are worshiped [72]. boiled fruits of Kutki externally against [85] Picrorhiza kurru L, Kutki is one such plant itching . The dried roots are traditionally which is used for health maintenance used to treat malarial fever chronic fever, purpose by many folk cultures. For instance, and problems related to respiration in Rangit

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Valley, South Sikkim [86]. In some areas of to great market demand, these natural Sikkim, people use extract of fresh leaves to products are getting adulterated or treat jaundice and they use root decoction as contaminated directly or indirectly in order an appetizer [87]. In Uttarakhand, the to derive maximum benefit [103]. decoction of dried roots of kutki with black Adulteration and contamination directly pepper and honey is used traditionally for affects the quality of herbal drugs [104]. the treatment of fever, dysentry, jaundice, Species adulteration in the global herbal stomache [88,89]. In Devikund, the fever is drug industry has been observed for a long treated by root extract of Picrorhiza kurru time [105,106]. For instance, Picrorhiza kurroa [90]. People of Arawali Hills, use rhizome is being adulterated with many other plants powder of this plant to kill pinworms [91]. In such as Gentiana kurroo Royle (trayamana), Asi Ganga sub-basin, Western Himalaya, Plectranthus amboinicus, Helleborus niger people administer roots extract or powder L., Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Actaea orally to treat fever, jaundice, pain, and spicata L., Cimicifuga foetida L., Coptis dysentery [92]. The tribal people of Sikkim teeta Wall., Coscinium fenestratum, Sorbus and Darjeeling use Picrorhiza kurru cashmiriana Hedl., Delphinium zalil, rhizome to treat diabetes [93]. In North Delphinium saniculifolium Boiss., Ficus Sikkim people use rhizome either its heterophylla L.f., Thalictrum foliolosum decoction or powder to treat heart related DC., Gentianella moorcroftiana, Latoris issues, urinary disorders, piles, malarial cashmiriana (Royle ex Benth.). These fever, body ache. They use it as a tonic in plants are sold out in the market samples of anemia and constipation [94]. In folk the Picrorhiza kurroa [107,108]. These medicine practices of some regions of adulterated herbal products have adverse Sikkim, roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza effects on the consumer health [109]. These kurru are being used to treat fever, cough alterations should be detected by proper and asthma [95]. In Ladhak, roots of kutki are standardization and quality analysis used against stomache [96]. The Sherpas of techniques. WHO guidelines for Helambu, Central Nepal use kutki roots standardized of herbal products must be against fever. They also used roots as an implied to ensure the quality, safety and appetizer and a bitter tonic [97]. The efficacy of drugs herbal medicines [110]. traditional healers of limboo tribe in south– west of khangchendzonga biosphere Therapeutic Uses of Picrorhiza kurroa reserve, Sikkim use dried rhizome of kutki Anti-microbial against variety of diseases like fever, Antimicrobial potential of dysentery, cough, cold, dysentery, Picrorhiza kurroa was evaluated by Usman headache, throat pain, stomache [98]. The et al. They conducted an in-vitro study on traditional heals of Parvathi Valley, use bacterial starins i.e Bacillus subtilis and roots of this plant as a remedy to abdominal Staphylococcus aureus gram positive pains. They use leaf drops against nose bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bleeding [99]. In Tungnath - Chopta region, Escherichia coli gram negative bacteria and kutki is used to treat fever [100]. People use Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and extract of dried root of Picrorhiza kurru in Malasseiza furfur fungal strains. It was the treatment of fever, dyspepsia in observed that ethanolic extract of this plant Darjeeling district of West Bengal [101]. showed efficient action against all the used strains of microbes which suggests its use Modern View of Picrorhiza kurroa an anti-microbial [111]. Antimicrobial The global and domestic markets of activity of Picrorhiza kurroa was also herbal drugs are growing increasingly investigated by Sharma et al. It was nowadays because people have inclined observed that methanol extract showed more towards herbal products [102]. But due more potent actions against bacterial strain

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(E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus) than antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin and aqueous Anti-mutagenic extract was found to be more effective As per the reported study conducted against fungal strain (A. niger, C. albicans) by Zaberi et al., hydroalcoholic extract of than Fluoconazole which is a standard Picrorhiza kurroa is associated with anti- antifungal drug [112]. mutagenic actions. It was found that hydroalcoholic extract exhibited inhibitory Anti-asthmatic actions against Salmonella typhimurium As per the report of Sehgal et al., in- MTCC 1251 and MTCC 1252 strains by vivo and in-vitro study, Picrorhiza kurroa is direct acting mutagen of sodium azide [116]. associated with anti-asthmatic properties. They used guinea pig models for the study. Immunomodulatory For in-vivo study histamine was used to As per the Hussain et al., in-vivo induce broncho-constriction in the models. study report Picrorhiza kurroa is associated It was revealed from the study that ethanolic with immunomodulatory activities. The extract of the roots showed protective study was carried out on immunosuppressed actions. Whereas for in-vitro study same mice models. Cyclophasphamide was extract was studied on isolated guinea pig induced in the models for ileum. Protective actions of ethanolic extract immunosuppression. The study concluded were observed which demonstrated that that the alcoholic plant extract is Picrorhiza kurroa is associated with anti- significantly works on enhancement on asthmatic properties [113]. immunostimulant activities [117].

Anticancer Anti-inflammatory Rajeshkumar et al., conducted an in- An in-vivo study carried out by vivo study on BALB/c mice models for the Kumar et al., on rat models to evaluate the evaluation of anti-cancer activity of Anti-inflammatory activities of Picrorhiza Picrorhiza kurroa. Sarcoma was induced by kurroa, suggested that this plant is a potent 20‐ methylcholanthrene (20‐ MC) in source of anti-inflammatory drug. In the models and papilloma formation was study models were administered with initiated by carrageenan for inducing paw edema and 7,12‐ dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) implanted with cotton pellet for inducing in the models. The oral administration of granuloma formation. Rhizome extract of picroliv (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) showed Picrorhiza kurroa in a dose dependent inhibitory actions against 20‐ MC and manner effectively worked on the inhibition DMBA by decreasing sarcoma and of carrageenan-induced paw edema and papilloma. This study suggested that cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. picroliv is a potent anti-cancer agent [114]. It was also observed that there was reduction in levels of inflammatory Anti-oxidant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) which is Kalaivani et al., conducted an in- accompanied with increase in anti- vitro study to evaluate the anti-oxidant and inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) level in the free radical scavenging potential of serum and peritoneal macrophages [118]. Picrorhiza kurroa. It was observed that ethanolic extract of this plant showed Hepatoprotective significant anti-oxidant properties due to the Hepatoprotective activity of presence of flavonoid and phenolic Picrorhiza kurroa was investigated by compounds [115]. Shetty et al., on male Wistar rat models. Models were fed with 30% high fat diet for 2 weeks for inducing non-alcoholic fatty

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 369 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Isha Kumari et.al. Ethnobotanical significance of picrorhiza kurroa (kutki), a threatened species. liver disease (NAFLD). The administration of Jeena Sikho Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur Punjab for of hydroalcoholic extract for 4 weeks at the giving us opportunity to explore the dosage of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.i.d., ethnobotanical aspect of this medicinal p.o. showed potent hepatoprotective actions plant. by restoring all the changes in the liver induced in the liver [119]. Conflict of Interest: None

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