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91 I. PENDAHULUAN Danau Poso Merupakan Aset Dunia Karena Ekosistem Danau Ini Merupakan Salah Satu Kontributor Plasma Nutfah

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91 I. PENDAHULUAN Danau Poso Merupakan Aset Dunia Karena Ekosistem Danau Ini Merupakan Salah Satu Kontributor Plasma Nutfah Media Litbang Sulteng III (2) : 137 ± 143, September 2010 ISSN : 1979 - 5971 KERAPATAN, KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN POLA PENYEBARAN GASTROPODA AIR TAWAR DI PERAIRAN DANAU POSO Oleh : Meria Tirsa Gundo ABSTRAK Gastropoda merupakan salah satu Kelas dari Fillum Mollusca, dan merupakan salah satu jenis komunitas fauna bentik yang hidup didasar perairan. Komunitas fauna bentik ini banyak ditemukan di perairan danau Poso, namun hingga saat ini data tentang bioekologinya masih sangat kurang sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Danau Poso Sulawesi Tengah pada bulan Oktober - Desember 2009. Stasiun pengamatan ditentukan berdasarkan model area sampling yaitu suatu tehnik penentuan areal sampling dengan mempertimbangkan wakil-wakil dari daerah feografis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui spesies, kerapatan, pola penyebaran dan keanekaragaman Gastropoda di danau poso, menggunakan Metode pendekatan menurut Cox (1967) untuk mengetahui kerapatan; Ludwing and Reynolds (1988) untuk mengetahui indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-:ienner (H‘); .reEs (1989) untuN mengetahui ,ndeNs Neseragaman (E) dan Indeks Sebaran Morishita (I/); Odum (1971) untuk mengetahui Indeks Dominasi (C). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui delapan jenis gastropoda yang ditemukan di danau Poso yaitu: Tylomelania toradjarum, Tylomelania patriarchalis, Tylomeliana neritiformis, Tylomeliana kuli, Tylomeliana palicolarum, Tylomeliana bakara, Tylomeliana sp1, Tylomeliana sp2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kerapatan gastropoda paling tinggi ditemukan di stasiun I, yaitu di bagian Utara danau Poso dengan 119,25 ind/m². Stasiun II dan stasiun IV memiliki nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman spesies yang masuk dalam kategori sedang, sedang dua stasiun lainnya masuk dalam kategori rendah. Penyebaran jenis individu gastropoda di danau Poso memiliki dua pola yaitu bersifat seragam dan mengelompok. Kata Kunci: Gastropoda Air Tawar, danau Poso, kerapatan, pola pe nyebaran, keanekaragaman. anggrek hutan yang langkah. I. PENDAHULUAN Berdasarkan hasil observasi di lapangan diketahui bahwa akhir-akhir ini Danau Poso merupakan aset dunia tekanan ekologis terhadap ekosistem danau karena ekosistem danau ini merupakan salah ini semakin besar. Hal ini terindikasi dari satu kontributor plasma nutfah bagi antara lain: keanekaragaman flora maupun fauna. 1. Semakin padatnya penduduk yang Beberapa spesies ikan endemik seperti bermukim di sekitar danau ini Adrianichthys kruyti, (sejenis ikan Rono), mengakibatkan semakin besar pula Xenopoecilus poptae (Buntinge), buangan-buangan limbah rumah tangga Webegobius amadi (Bungu), Xenopoecilus dan limbah pertanian ke badan danau, oophorus (Rono), Adrianichthys roseni, dan hal ini berdampak negatif bagi (sejenis ikan Rono) Oryzias Nigrimas, O. kelangsungan kehidupan biota di danau Orthognathus (Ikan padi), (Whitten at al, ini. 1987; Soeroto and Tungka, 1991, Parenti, 2. Menjamurnya budidaya ikan dengan 2008) ditemukan di danau ini. Namun menggunakan sistem karamba atau demikian dua jenis yang disebutkan pertama jaring apung yang ada di sebagian badan dinyatakan hampir punah Berdasarkan data danau akan berdampak buruk bagi —Red List of Treatened Animal 2009 of sistem lingkungan di danau Poso ,8C1“ (www.iucnredlist.org), sedangkan maupun di daerah DASnya, karena dari jenis ketiga merupakan ikan ekonomis berbagai hasil penelitian diketahui penting tetapi sejak tahun 1980an hingga kegiatan ini akan memicu terjadinya saat ini ikan ini sudah sangat langkah belum eutrofikasi yang secara perlahan namun diketahui status ekologinya. Hutan anggrek pasti akan berdampak pada terjadinya Bancea yang berada di bagian Selatan badan pendakalan danau. danau juga tidak kalah uniknya karena 3. Konversi lahan di areal hutan yang ada menyimpan banyak sekali jenis spesies di daerah bagian Selatan, Timur dan 1) Barat perairan Danau Poso yang akan Staf Pengajar pada Universitas Sintuwu Maroso Poso. 91 berdampak pada erosi dan 2.1. Pengumpulan Data menumpuknya sedimen yang akan Metode pengumpulan data memasuki badan perairan danau. menggunakan Transek kuadrat menurut Tekanan-tekanan ekologis tersebut Fachrul (2007). Transek kuadrat dilakukan akan bermuara pada gangguan pada empat stasiun penelitian (Stasiun I, II, keseimbangan ekosistem perairan danau III, IV). Dengan prosedur sebagai berikut : Poso. Gastropoda yang merupakan salah Ditarik garis transek sepanjang 50m sejajar satu komunitas dari ekosistem ini secara garis pantai. Kemudian diletakan secara langsung akan terkena imbasnya. Oleh beurutan 10 buah kuadrat berukuran 1m x karena itu sangat diperlukan penelitian 1m dengan jarak antar kuadrat 2m. Setiap tentang kondisi komunitas gastropoda danau Gastropoda yang terdapat dalam kuadrat Poso saat ini. dihitung jumlahnya dan dicatat dalam tabel Gastopoda merupakan salah satu kelas data dan setiap jenis diambil dimasukan ke Mollusca dari Filum Avertebrata, dan dalam wadah plastik dan diberi label untuk merupakan salah satu jenis komunitas fauna diidentifikasi jenisnya di laboratorium. bentik yang hidup didasar perairan. Identifikasi dilakukan mengacu pada Darma Komunitas fauna bentik ini banyak (1988), Whitten at al (1988), Von Rintelen ditemukan di perairan danau Poso, namun at al ( 2004), Von Rintelen T. and M. hingga saat ini informasi atau data tentang Glaubrecht (2008), bioekologinya masih sangat kurang sehingga Kecerahan perairan di stasiun perlu dilakukan penelitian. Penelitian ini pengamatan diukur dengan menggunakan yang bertujuan untuk: Untuk mengetahui Secchi Disc. pH dan Suhu perairan juga jenis, kepadatan, pola penyebaran dan diukur secara insitu di stasiun pengamatan, keanekaragaman Gastropoda di danau poso. selain itu jenis substratnya juga dicatat. II. METODE PENELITIAN 2.2. Analisis Data 1.1.1. Kerapatan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Kepadatan adalah jumlah individu Oktober ± Desember 2009 di Danau Poso gastropoda per satuan luas. Kepadatan Sulawesi Tengah. Stasiun pengamatan dihitung dengan menggunakan pendekatan ditentukan berdasarkan model area menurut Cox (1967). sampling menurut Fachrul (2007) yaitu suatu tehnik penentuan areal sampling Jumlah Individu Setiap Jenis Kepadatan (Ind./m2) = ---------------------------------------- dengan mempertimbangkan wakil-wakil dari Luas Contoh daerah feografis. Berdasarkan hal tersebut ditetapkan empat (4) stasium pengamatan Kepadatan Setiap Jenis yaitu: Stasiun I: Di sebelah Utara perairan Kepadatan Relatif = ------------------------------ X 100 % Danau Poso, yaitu di daerah Tando Kepadatan semua Jenis Duwangko masuk Kecamatan Pamona Utara; Stasiun II: Di sebelah Selatan 1.1.2. Keanekaragaman perairan Danau Poso, yaitu di desa Tokilo Keanekaragaman suatu biota air dapat Kecamatan Pamona Tenggara. Stasiun III : ditentukan dengan menggunakan teori Disebelah Timur perairan Danau Poso, informasi Shanon-Wienner (H‘). yaitu di desa Tolambo Kecamatan Pamona Perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman Tenggara; Stasiun IV : Di Sebelah Barat dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus perairan Danau Poso, yaitu di desa Taipa Shannon-Wienner (Ludwing and Reynolds, Kecamatan Pamona Barat. 1988). Selanjutnya untuk mencapai tujuan ªni º ªni º H ' - ¦ "n penelitian ini maka dilakukan kegiatan- … N ¼» … N ¼» kegiatan berikut ini: Dimana: ni = Jumlah individu setiap jenis N = Total individu semua jenis. 92 1.1.3. Keseragaman Indeks keseragaman (E) dapat ni¦(Xi(Xi - )1 dihitung dengan pendekatan menurut Krebs Id (1989) sebagai berikut: N(N - )1 dimana: H ' ,/ = Indeks Sebaran Morishita E ni = Jumlah Satuan Pengambilan Contoh "nS N = Jumlah Total Individu Xi = Jumlah Individu Spesies Pada Pengambilan contoh ke- i Dimana: H‘ ,ndeNs NeaneNaragaman Shanon-Wiener Jika : S = Jumlah spesies ,/ > 1 : 3ola seEaran Menis individu bersifat mengelompok ,/ 1 : 3ola seEaran Menis inidividu Eersifat acaN ,/ < 1 : Pola sebaran jenis individu bersifat seragam Indeks keseragaman ini berkisar antara 0-1. Indeks keseragaman mendekati nol, berarti III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dalam ekosistem tersebut ada kencenderungan terjadi dominasi spesies yang disebabkan oleh adanya 3.1. Jenis Substrat dan Kondisi Fisik ketidakstabilan faktor-faktor lingkungan dan Kimia Stasiun Penelitian populasi. Bila indeks keseragaman Parameter lingkungan fisik kimia mendekati 1, maka ekosistem tersebut dalam yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah kondisi yang relatif mantap, yaitu jumlah Suhu, pH, dan Transparansi/kecerahan, individu tiap spesies relatif sama (Bower serta jenis substrat. Ada pun hasil dan Zar, 1977 dalam Hartati dan Wahyuni pengamatan tersebut diuraikan seperti pada 2003). Tabel 1 berikut ini. 1.1.4. Indeks Dominasi (C) Tabel 1 : Kondisi Fisik Kimia dan Jenis Substrat Perairan Menurut Odum (1971), indeks Stasiun Penelitian Stasiun Pengamatan dominasi dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: Parameter I II III IV Jenis substrat Lumpur Kerikil dan Kerikil dan Kerikil 2 Berpasir Pasir Pasir sedikit dan ªni º Berlumpur Berlumpur Pasir C ¦ … » Suhu (ºC) 28,5 27,8 27,5 27,5 N ¼ pH 7,5 7,3 7,3 7,0 Transparansi 6 7 9 10 /kecerahan (m) Dimana: ni = Jumlah individu setiap jenis N = Total individu semua jenis. Hasil pengukuran Suhu yang dilakukan di semua stasiun penelitian Menurut Odum (1971) nilai indeks dominasi berkisar antara 27,5 ºC ± 28,5ºC. Suhu berkisar antara 0-1. Apabila nilai indeks terendah ditemukan pada stasiun IV yaitu indeks dominasi mendekati 0 berarti hampir 27,5 ºC sedangkan suhu tertinggi adalah tidak ada individu yang mendominasi dan pada stasiun I yaitu 28,5 ºC. Namun biasanya diikuti dengan nilai indeks demikian tidak terlihat adanya perbedaan keseragaman
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