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The Remarkable Life of Sanak Roly Russell Nancy Huntly, Utah State University Spencer Wood Bruce Finney Dieta Hanson

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The Remarkable Life of Sanak Roly Russell Nancy Huntly, Utah State University Spencer Wood Bruce Finney Dieta Hanson Utah State University From the SelectedWorks of Nancy Huntly August, 2012 The Remarkable Life of Sanak Roly Russell Nancy Huntly, Utah State University Spencer Wood Bruce Finney Dieta Hanson Available at: https://works.bepress.com/nancy_huntly/174/ SANSSAANANAKAK ISLISISLSLANANDAND 27 THE REMARKABLE LIFE OF SANAK Roly Russell, Nancy Huntly, Spencer Wood, Bruce Finney, Dieta Hanson Life on Sanak is remarkable—from the brilliant orange of lichens clinging to life high on wave-beaten and barren rocks to the raspy bark of an introduced arctic fox or a vole’s abstract bouquet of drying tundra flowers. In this chapter we will explore a limited selection of the diverse cast of characters that inhabit the Sanak Islands, ranging from the tiny and cryptic to the large and charismatic. The ocean immediately surrounding the Sanak Islands is spotted with underwater forests of kelp—a suite of species of brown seaweeds that can grow to extraordinary lengths (some kelps may grow as long as half a hockey rink) and at astoundingly fast rates (sometimes half a me- ter per day). Because of their great size, kelp forests cre- ate an important habitat for entire communities of other species. One species that is common around the shallow waters of Sanak is known as Dragon Kelp (Eualaria fistu- losa) and can grow up to 25 m (82 ft) long and 1 m (3.2 ft) wide in a year. Nereocystis leutkeana (known as Bull Kelp) is also a long seaweed, growing up to 36m (118 ft) in a year, allowing it to create kelp forests in slightly deeper waters than the Dragon Kelp. Since these kelps go through the cycle of substantial growth and subsequent decay every year, they create a large quantity of detritus (small bits of decomposing kelp in this case) that provides a great deal of energy to animals in nearby ecosystems such as the intertidal and links the ecologies of these habitats. Some invertebrates care for their young: this Urticina anemone is shown brooding its young. 28 SANAK ISLAND A burrowing anemone (Anthopleura artemisia) nestled in among cobbles. SANAK ISLAND 29 A whitecap limpet (Acmaea mitra) encrusted with coralline algae. 30 SANAK ISLAND Because kelp stems (known technically as “stipes”) grow so long and are found on almost all the coasts in the area, the Aleut historically used these stipes for making fishing lines and ropes. The stipes of long kelps, such as the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), were collected, cut into strips, and soaked in fresh water. Then, these strips of stipe could be stretched until they reached a desired thinness to craft various ropes or lines (Black, 1999). In contrast to the dramatic speed, yet short life-cycle, of the kelps, another group of seaweeds grow exceptionally slowly (only millimetres or less per year) and are remarkably long-lived (living for many decades, or even centuries): these are the crustose coralline red algae (see sidebar on next page). These algae look and feel like smooth pink rocks and are often found lining the rock walls of tidal pools, covering small rocks in calm spots, or painting bedrock on the ocean floor. Interestingly, pieces of one type of coralline algae are found in ancient middens (see page 107) on Sanak Island. It is possible that these are remnants of ancient ceremonies that incorporated coralline algae on Sanak Island, as in other locations. From the diminutive corallines through to the giant kelps, marine algae use photosynthesis to harvest the sun’s energy and produce the biomass that feeds the rest of the species in the ecosystem. Two groups of animals eat these algae: “grazers” and “filter-feeders.” The grazers, such as Littorine snails, eat algae directly by scraping it off of rock or oth- er surfaces. The filter-feeders eat plankton and detritus in the water by filtering seawater; on Sanak Island, this includes species such as mussels and barnacles. The distinction between these two groups becomes par- ticularly important during red tides, which are blooms of certain plank- tonic algae that can be toxic to humans. During blooms of red-tide algae, SANAK ISLAND 31 Coralline Algae filter-feeders concentrate the toxins derived from these plankton, while grazers generally remain safe to eat because they consume a food-source On the shores of Sanak Island, a splash of pink can be seen near the water line isolated from the toxic blooms. Of course, prehistoric people living on and in tide pools. These pink seaweeds are called coralline algae because they use Sanak would have understood these ecological relationships and adjusted calcareous compounds to create a structure that is as hard as coral. Coralline their diets and behavior accordingly. algae grow either as a rock-like crust or as a chain of segments with flexible joints that resemble the bones of vertebrae. These tough seaweeds are extremely com- A class of much larger marine animals also filter-feeds. Baleen whales mon on rocky shores from the Aleutian Islands to Mexico, partly because their like Humpbacks, Blue Whales, Right Whales, and Fin Whales all are rigid structure makes them inedible to most species. Instead, many crabs, snails, filter-feeders that gulp huge quantities of seawater, then push this water and small fish take refuge amongst these pink seaweeds that are normally just a back through rigid plates of baleen that replace their teeth. The seawater few inches tall. A few animals, like the lined chiton, Tonicella lineata, are unique- filters through the baleen plates, while the small animals in the water ly adapted to eat coralline algae. These animals are also capable of incorporating remain behind in the whale’s mouth. Of course, there are also non-ba- the pink pigment of their prey into their own exterior, thus helping them remain leen whales in the region, with teeth instead of baleen plates: Orcas and camouflaged on rocks in the intertidal zone. Coralline algae have other charac- Sperm Whales are two examples. Most of these whales may have been teristics that make them unique. Interestingly, the crustose form produces annual hunted by the prehistoric Aleut. Akutan whalers in the early twentieth growth rings, in much the same way that trees do. This has allowed scientists to century commercially hunted all of these species of whales, and whale determine that these pink crusts can live a very long time: perhaps as many as bone is found frequently in middens on Sanak Island. 1,000 years! Other marine mammals are particularly important to the ecology of the area, especially the seals and sea lions. Steller sea lions (Eume- Above: The lined chiton,Tonicella lineata, is one of the few predators of topias jubatus), for example, are relatively huge pinnipeds (males can coralline algae and shares the dramatic pink coloration of the coralline weigh over 1,000 kg) that were critical to subsistence of most prehistoric crust algae (sometimes called coralline paint) it is grazing upon. Aleut: both meat for food and skin for kayak coverings. Steller sea lions throughout the Aleutians are undergoing a relatively mysterious decline, Below: Coralline algae (both crusts and articulated coralline algae) provide camouflage for a Rockweed Isopod (Pentidotea wosnesenskii), attributed to a variety of factors from prey switching to over-fishing to noteworthy for its ability to change its colour over time to match its predation and likely a complex intertwining of several causes of decline. habitat, quite apparent in this example. A suite of other marine mammals are found in the waters around Sanak (and in Sanak middens), such as the culturally important northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and the sea otter (Enhydra lutra). 32 SANAK ISLAND Spawning salmon (both male and female pictured here) have been im- portant to the history of the Sanak archipelago as one of many ecological The Alaska Maritime connections between land and sea (photo courtesy of Sarah Klain). National Wildlife Refuge A great deal of the energy that supports life on Sanak Island comes from the ocean. The North Pacific Ocean is a remarkably productive The Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, which encom- environment, bathing Sanak Island in ocean-currents that are rich in life. passes the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, is 3.4 million acres in The marine ecosystem, consisting of both ocean bottom (benthic) and size and covers over 43,000 miles of Alaskan coastline includ- floating (pelagic) life, supports the fish and marine mammals found in ing most of the Sanak Islands. The Refuge was created in 1980 waters around Sanak Island, as well as much of the life on the island itself. for the conservation of marine mammals and seabirds, and In the same way that the ocean has provided sustenance to people of their habitats. Endangered and threatened mammals such as the Northern Sea Otter inhabit the Refuge, along with several Sanak throughout history, the flora and fauna that make up the terrestrial species that cannot be found anywhere else on Earth. One such ecosystems of Sanak Island are linked to life in the ocean. bird, the Aleutian cackling goose, traditionally nested across the Some species ecologically connect the sea to the land and help trans- Aleutian Islands until the foxes, rats, and other egg-eating an- port energy and nutrients between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. imals were put ashore by humans and devastated the seabird Various fish species play pivotal roles in the ecological network linking populations. The US Fish and Wildlife service has undertaken the marine environment to the land. Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), for ex- efforts to eliminate foxes from Sanak Island and 1 million acres ample, have been well documented as performing an irreplaceable move- of land across the Refuge.
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