Short-Form ''Doubling Verbs" in Schwyzerdiitsch Ko . · Fo
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Syntactic Transformations for Swiss German Dialects
Syntactic transformations for Swiss German dialects Yves Scherrer LATL Universite´ de Geneve` Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Abstract These transformations are accomplished by a set of hand-crafted rules, developed and evaluated on While most dialectological research so far fo- the basis of the dependency version of the Standard cuses on phonetic and lexical phenomena, we German TIGER treebank. Ultimately, the rule set use recent fieldwork in the domain of dia- lect syntax to guide the development of mul- can be used either as a tool for treebank transduction tidialectal natural language processing tools. (i.e. deriving Swiss German treebanks from Stan- In particular, we develop a set of rules that dard German ones), or as the syntactic transfer mod- transform Standard German sentence struc- ule of a transfer-based machine translation system. tures into syntactically valid Swiss German After the discussion of related work (Section 2), sentence structures. These rules are sensitive we present the major syntactic differences between to the dialect area, so that the dialects of more Standard German and Swiss German dialects (Sec- than 300 towns are covered. We evaluate the tion 3). We then show how these differences can transformation rules on a Standard German treebank and obtain accuracy figures of 85% be covered by a set of transformation rules that ap- and above for most rules. We analyze the most ply to syntactically annotated Standard German text, frequent errors and discuss the benefit of these such as found in treebanks (Section 4). In Section transformations for various natural language 5, we give some coverage figures and discuss the processing tasks. -
Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization for Swiss German Using Weighted Transducers
Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2016) Morphological analysis and lemmatization for Swiss German using weighted transducers Reto Baumgartner University of Zurich [email protected] Abstract haar and Wyler, 1997, p. 37). Conversely it pos- sesses infinitive particles that are not known to StG. With written Swiss German becoming SwG consists of different local dialects that more popular in everyday use, it has be- mainly differ in phonology and to a lesser extent in come a target for text processing. The ab- vocabulary. There is no standard orthography, but sence of a standard orthography and the there are proposals for sound-character assignment variety of dialects, however, lead to a vast like Dieth-Schreibung (Dieth, 1986) or Bärndüt- variation in different spellings which makes schi Schrybwys (Marti, 1985a) that are, however, this task difficult. We built a system based not known to everyone. This results in a high vari- on weighted transducers that recognizes ability of spellings influenced by both dialects and over 90% of the tokens in certain texts. personal writing preferences. As an example for Weights ensure preferring the best analysis the StG word Jahr “year”, we found in our corpus for most words while at the same time al- Jahr and Jaar, Johr and Joor, even Joh for different lowing for very broad range of spelling pronunciations and spelling preferences. variations. Our morphological tagset that The lack of a standard orthography and the vast- we defined for this purpose and lemmas in ness of variants motivate the choices that have to Standard German open the possibility for be made to process these dialects. -
Gender Differences in the Use of Modal Adverbs As Hedges
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND BUSINESS STUDIES Department of Humanities Gender differences in the use of modal adverbs as hedges Reyyan Ayhan 2020 Student thesis, Bachelor degree, 15 HE English Upper Secondary Teacher Education Programme English 61-90 HE Supervisor: Henrik Kaatari Examiner: Kavita Thomas Table of contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Aim and research questions ......................................................................................... 3 2 Theoretical Background .................................................................................. 3 2.1 Language and gender ................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Women’s language and politeness ....................................................................... 4 2.2 Grammatical background ............................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 Definition of hedges ............................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Modality and modal adverbs ................................................................................ 9 2.2.2.1 Categorisation of modal adverbs .................................................................... 11 2.2.2.2 Placement of modal adverbs ........................................................................... 12 3 Material and method ..................................................................................... -
Modal Verbs Can, May and Must and Semi-Modal Ought to in Spoken
Modal verbs can, could, may, might, should and must and semi-modals ought to and have to in spoken Scottish English as compared to spoken English English Suvi Myllyniemi University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies English Language and Literature MA Thesis November 2015 Tampereen yliopisto Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö Englannin kieli ja kirjallisuus MYLLYNIEMI, SUVI: Modal verbs can, could, may, might, should and must and semi-modals ought to and have to in spoken Scottish English as compared to spoken English English Pro gradu -tutkielma, 64 s. Marraskuu 2015 Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tarkastelee modaaliapuverbien can, could, may, might, should ja must sekä semimodaalien ought to ja have to käyttöä puhutussa skotti- ja englanninenglannissa vertaillen näitä keskenään siten että pääpaino on skottienglannissa. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, missä suhteessa kukin modaaliapuverbi tai semimodaali edustaa kutakin kolmesta modaalisuuden tyypistä, joihin kuuluvat episteeminen, deonttinen sekä dynaaminen modaalisuus. Skottienglanti-nimitystä käytetään yläkäsitteenä kattamaan Skotlannissa esiintyvät kielen varieteetit skotista Skotlannin standardienglantiin. Koska sen sisältö on niinkin laaja, on sen tarkka määritteleminen monimutkaista. Skottienglannin modaalijärjestelmän on todettu eroavan melko suurestikin englanninenglannin vastaavasta, ja tämä tutkielma pyrkii osaltaan valaisemaan sitä, onko tilanne todellakin näin. Teoria- ja metodiosuus tarkastellaan ensin tutkielman teoreettista viitekehystä, -
THE SWISS GERMAN LANGUAGE and IDENTITY: STEREOTYPING BETWEEN the AARGAU and the ZÜRICH DIALECTS by Jessica Rohr
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 The wS iss German language and identity: Stereotyping between the Aargau and the Zurich dialects Jessica Rohr Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, and the Language Interpretation and Translation Commons Recommended Citation Rohr, Jessica, "The wS iss German language and identity: Stereotyping between the Aargau and the Zurich dialects" (2016). Open Access Theses. 892. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/892 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THE SWISS GERMAN LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: STEREOTYPING BETWEEN THE AARGAU AND THE ZÜRICH DIALECTS by Jessica Rohr A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Languages and Cultures West Lafayette, Indiana December 2016 ii THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF THESIS APPROVAL Dr. John Sundquist, Chair Department of German and Russian Dr. Daniel J. Olson Department of Spanish Dr. Myrdene Anderson Department of Anthropology Approved by: Dr. Madeleine M Henry Head of the Departmental Graduate Program iii To my Friends and Family iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Sundquist, and my committee members, Dr. Olson, and Dr. Anderson, for their support and guidance during this process. Your guidance kept me motivated and helped me put the entire project together, and that is greatly appreciated. -
Catenative Verbs
Catenative verbs The following lists do not consider marginal, semi- or pure modal auxiliary verbs. Verbs followed by the to-infinitive In nearly all cases, the use of the to-infinitive signals that the event represented by the main verb takes place before that represented by the following verb(s). In other words, the use is prospective rather than retrospective. This is not an absolute rule but is certainly the way to bet. For example, if one says: I agreed to come then the agreeing clearly precedes the coming. This rule of thumb applies even when the following action is unfulfilled as in, e.g.: I declined to go with them because even here, the declining precedes the not going. The following are the most common of these verbs with some notes where necessary. Verb Example Notes advise He advised me to try This verb is almost invariably used with a direct object. Almost invariably with can. This verb takes a noun as a direct object but not a gerund so we allow: afford We can afford to buy the car We can afford a new car but not *We can afford going on holiday In AmE usage, this verb is transitive and that is becoming common in BrE, too so we allow also: agree They agreed to differ We agreed the plan. However, like afford, a gerund as the object is not allowed. This is akin to We aim to take a winter aim We are going to take a winter holiday holiday and is a prospective use. The verb let takes the bare infinitive (see below). -
Modal Verbs in English Grammar
Modal Verbs in English Grammar Adapted from https://english.lingolia.com/ What is a modal verb? The modal verbs in English grammar are: can, could, may, might, must, need not, shall/will, should/ought to. They express things like ability, permission, possibility, obligation etc. Modal verbs only have one form. They do not take -s in the simple present and they do not have a past simple or past participle form. However, some modal verbs have alternative forms that allow us to express the same ideas in different tenses. Example Max’s father is a mechanic. He might retire soon, so he thinks Max should work in the garage more often. Max can already change tires, but he has to learn a lot more about cars. Max must do what he is told and must not touch any dangerous equipment. Conjugation of English Modal Verbs There are a few points to consider when using modal verbs in a sentence: Modal verbs are generally only used in the present tense in English but we don’t add an -s in the third person singular. Example: He must do what he is told. (not: He musts …) Modal verbs do not take an auxiliary verb in negative sentences and questions. Example: Max need not worry about his future. Max must not touch any dangerous equipment. Can Max change a tire? We always use modal verbs with a main verb (except for short answers and question tags). The main verb is used in the infinitive without to. Example: Max can change tires. (not: Max can to change tires.) Usage We use modal verbs to express ability, to give advice, to ask for and give permission, to express obligation, to express possibility, to deduce and to make predictions. -
Searching for the Bilingual Advantage in Executive Functions in Speakers of Hunsrückisch and Other Minority Languages: a Literature Review
Searching for the bilingual advantage in executive functions in speakers of Hunsrückisch and other minority languages: a literature review Elisabeth Abreu and Bernardo Limberger (Rio Grande do Sul) Abstract The issue of a bilingual advantage on executive functions has been a hotbed for research and debate. Brazilian studies with the minority language Hunsrückisch have failed to replicate the finding of a bilingual advantage found in international studies with majority languages. This raises the question of whether the reasons behind the discrepant results are related to the lan- guage’s minority status. The goal of this paper was to investigate the bilingual advantage on executive functions in studies with minority languages. This is a literature review focusing on state of the art literature on bilingualism and executive functions; as well as a qualitative anal- ysis of the selected corpus in order to tackle the following questions: (1) is there evidence of a bilingual advantage in empirical studies involving minority languages? (2) are there common underlying causes for the presence or absence of the bilingual advantage? (3) can factors per- taining to the language’s minority status be linked to the presence or absence of a bilingual advantage? The analysis revealed that studies form a highly variable group, with mixed results regarding the bilingual advantage, as well as inconsistent controlling of social, cognitive and linguistic factors, as well as different sample sizes. As such, it was not possible to isolate which factors are responsible for the inconsistent results across studies. It is hoped this study will provide an overview that can serve as common ground for future studies involving the issue of a bilingual advantage with speakers of minority languages. -
Kashubian INDO-IRANIAN IRANIAN INDO-ARYAN WESTERN
2/27/2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg INDO-EUROPEAN ANATOLIAN Luwian Hittite Carian Lydian Lycian Palaic Pisidian HELLENIC INDO-IRANIAN DORIAN Mycenaean AEOLIC INDO-ARYAN Doric Attic ACHAEAN Aegean Northwest Greek Ionic Beotian Vedic Sanskrit Classical Greek Arcado Thessalian Tsakonian Koine Greek Epic Greek Cypriot Sanskrit Prakrit Greek Maharashtri Gandhari Shauraseni Magadhi Niya ITALIC INSULAR INDIC Konkani Paisaci Oriya Assamese BIHARI CELTIC Pali Bengali LATINO-FALISCAN SABELLIC Dhivehi Marathi Halbi Chittagonian Bhojpuri CONTINENTAL Sinhalese CENTRAL INDIC Magahi Faliscan Oscan Vedda Maithili Latin Umbrian Celtiberian WESTERN INDIC HINDUSTANI PAHARI INSULAR Galatian Classical Latin Aequian Gaulish NORTH Bhil DARDIC Hindi Urdu CENTRAL EASTERN Vulgar Latin Marsian GOIDELIC BRYTHONIC Lepontic Domari Ecclesiastical Latin Volscian Noric Dogri Gujarati Kashmiri Haryanvi Dakhini Garhwali Nepali Irish Common Brittonic Lahnda Rajasthani Nuristani Rekhta Kumaoni Palpa Manx Ivernic Potwari Romani Pashayi Scottish Gaelic Pictish Breton Punjabi Shina Cornish Sindhi IRANIAN ROMANCE Cumbric ITALO-WESTERN Welsh EASTERN Avestan WESTERN Sardinian EASTERN ITALO-DALMATIAN Corsican NORTH SOUTH NORTH Logudorese Aromanian Dalmatian Scythian Sogdian Campidanese Istro-Romanian Istriot Bactrian CASPIAN Megleno-Romanian Italian Khotanese Romanian GALLO-IBERIAN Neapolitan Ossetian Khwarezmian Yaghnobi Deilami Sassarese Saka Gilaki IBERIAN Sicilian Sarmatian Old Persian Mazanderani GALLIC SOUTH Shahmirzadi Alanic -
Toward an Orthography: the Textualization of Swiss German
Toward an Orthography: The Textualization of Swiss German Yiwei Luo This paper discusses the future of Swiss German. Currently Swiss German is considered a variety of the Standard German dialect because it is not a written language. The author argues, however, that Swiss German has a much larger presence currently than being a variety. In a number of examples shown, Swiss German is growing in numbers of speakers and in ways it is used. Because of this, there are more instances of written Swiss German being produced. There are currently a few online sources dedicated to standardizing Swiss German spelling, yet the future of Swiss Ger- man is uncertain. An Introduction A motif of human civilization has been to accord authority com mensurate to age. Writing, however, stands out as an exception: de spite being predated by spoken language by eons, it is writing that commands greater respect. For many centuries, people considered a written form to be the key determiner for language hood, and that forms restricted to the domain of speech were merely “vernac ulars.”1 This particular belief prevailed in the West until about a thousand years ago when vernaculars began to slowly gain prestige and find their way onto paper.2 However, traces of this former bias persist where Alemannic dialects are concerned. Swiss German— though mutually unintelligible with Standard German—is not considered a real language due to its lack of presence in writing. Native speakers of Standard German recognize the Swiss variety as distinct, but in contrasting it with “real German,” “actual German,” and “proper German” (just to name a few monikers for Standard German given by a Berliner), their views on the subject become clear: Swiss German is not a language. -
A Comparison of the Use of Modal Verbs in Research Articles by Professionals and Non-Native Speaking Graduate Students Jenny Marie Hykes Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 A comparison of the use of modal verbs in research articles by professionals and non-native speaking graduate students Jenny Marie Hykes Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, and the First and Second Language Acquisition Commons Recommended Citation Hykes, Jenny Marie, "A comparison of the use of modal verbs in research articles by professionals and non-native speaking graduate students" (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7929. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7929 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A comparison of the use of modal verbs in research articles by professionals and non-native speaking graduate students by Jenny Marie Hykes A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: English (Teaching English as a Second Language/Applied Linguistics) Major Professor: Susan Conrad Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Jenny Marie Hykes has met the thesis requirement of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER 1. -
The Modal Verb Should and the Variety of Its Functions
MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature The modal verb should and the variety of its functions Bachelor thesis Brno 2017 Author: Ing. Helena Budínová Supervisor: Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Abstrakt Název: Modální sloveso should a všechny podoby jeho použití Shrnutí: Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je kompletní analýza informací o modálním slovese shall a should v daném vzorku anglických gramatik za účelem vytvořit ucelený soubor informací a současně identifikovat rozdílné informace uváděné k této problematice. Práce je členěna do kapitol od teoretického úvodu, přes jednotlivé problematiky výskytu modálního slovesa shall a should až k závěru shrnující výsledky analýzy a naplnění či vyvrácení hypotéz. Klíčová slova: shall, should, modální sloveso, modalita Abstract Title: The modal verb should and the variety of its functions Summary: The main objective of this thesis is a complete analysis on the modal verb should in a given sample of English grammar books in order to create a comprehensive set of information and simultaneously identify different information presented on this issue. The work is divided into chapters of theoretical introduction, over various issues of occurence of modal verbs shall and should to a conclusion summarizing the results of the analysis and proving or disproving given hypotheses. Key words: shall, should, modal verb, modality 2 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č . 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů.