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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 ISSN: 2215-2075 Universidad de Costa Rica Barquero-González, José Pablo; Stice, Tracie L.; Gómez, Gianfranco; Monge-Nájera, Julián Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 68, no. 1, 2020, January-March, pp. 336-343 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/RBT.V68I1.38555 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44965893025 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment José Pablo Barquero-González1*, Tracie L. Stice1, Gianfranco Gómez1 & Julián Monge-Nájera2 1. Laboratorio de Sistemática, Genética y Evolución (LabSGE), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8343-6050, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-1690, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9301-2136 2. Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), 2050 San José, Costa Rica; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2966 * Correspondence Received 05-VIII-2019. Corrected 06-II-2020. Accepted 07-II-2020. ABSTRACT. Introduction: Even though snake declines seem to be a reality in many parts of the world, some reports are based on anecdotal evidence and there is a need of prolonged and intensive studies, especially in the tropics, for corroboration. Objective: To investigate if snake populations in Drake Bay are decreasing, and if there is a relationship with prey, time, temperature, rain and moonlight. Methods: We counted snakes seen per hour when walking along a single trail in the coastal forest of Drake Bay, Costa Rica. We walked the trail at night for a total of 842 nights (over 4 000 hours of observations), from 2012 through 2017 and recorded all the individual snakes we could see with head flashlights. We used ANOVA tests to check correlations among counts per hour with moonlight and rain; and graphic analysis for associations with diet, temperature, month and year. Results: We recorded 25 species (five families); which feed mostly on terrestrial vertebrates. Counts per hour have fallen over the years, especially for species that prey on amphibians and reptiles; Mastigodryas melanolomus has remained in similar numbers; and Siphlophis compressus has not been seen since May 2016. Temperature is relatively constant along the year in Drake, but month strongly affected the counts, which increased from August to September. Most species were seen more often in rainy nights (0.11 per hour versus only 0.03 per hour in nights without rain, ANOVA P < 0.05); we saw less Leptodeira septentrionalis on bright nights (0.12 per hour, versus 0.21 per hour in dark nights; ANOVA, P = 0.01), but all other species were unaf- fected by moonlight (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Night field counts of snakes in Drake Bay, Costa Rica, are not strongly affected by light or temperature, but are lower when there is no rain and show a strong decline from 2012 through 2017, particularly for species that feed on amphibians and reptiles. We have no reason to believe that the decline is an erroneous interpretation or that the snakes moved elsewhere, the decline of snakes in Drake seems to be real and needs attention from the conservation authorities. Key words: snake demography, climate change, Drake Bay, reptile population, trópico. Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., & Monge-Nájera, J. (2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(1), 336-343. On the one hand, snakes are good ecologi- early in life (Scott & Seigel, 1992; Shetty & cal indicators because they reflect prey fluc- Shine, 2002). On the other hand, assessments tuations (Moore et al., 2003; Madsen, Ujvari, of snake populations are difficult because of Shine, & Olsson, 2006) and thanks to their long their cryptic lifestyle and sporadic activity life span, late sexual maturity, low reproductive (Gibbons et al., 2000); but despite method- frequency, site fidelity and significant mortality ological difficulties, in the last 45 years there 336 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(1): 336-343, March 2020 have been population decline reports from to corroborate identification, we did not touch temperate regions, and more recently, from the animals. tropical regions. Outside the tropics, the reports include Europe (Reading et al., 2010) and Snake counts: We walked the trail at night the United States of America (Mount, 1975; for a total of 842 nights (over 4 000 hours of Rudolph & Burgdorf, 1997; Conant & Col- field observations), using head flashlights to lins, 1998; Hallam, Wheaton, & Fischer, 1998; count all the snakes that we could see along the Tuberville, Bodie, Jensen, LaClaire, & Gib- transect without disturbing the vegetation to bons, 2000; Winne, Willson, Todd, Andrews, look for them; identified species in situ using & Gibbons, 2007). Accounts from warmer the guides by Savage (2002) and Solórzano regions include the extinction of the Round (2004); and photographed them for taxonom- Island Burrowing Boa, endemic to Mauritius ic corroboration (representative photographs (Bullock, 1986; Greene, 2000), and popula- for all species seen are presented in Digital tion decreases of snakes in Nigeria (Reading Appendix 2). We worked mostly from 1 930 to et al., 2010) and parts of Australia (Lukoschek, 2 200 hours, but a few counts started at 1 730 Beger, Ceccarelli, Richards, & Pratchett, 2013; and ended at 2 245 hours (full details of sam- Lukoschek, 2018). pling hours and dates are presented in Digital Even though snake declines seem to be a Appendix 2). reality in many parts of the world, some reports are based on anecdotal evidence (Krysko, Snake diet: Prey type preference was 2001; Böhm et al., 2013; Urban, 2015); pro- taken from Savage (2002) and Solórzano longed and intensive studies are recommended (2004); categories are not mutually exclusive, to detect actual declines (Kery, 2002; Sewell, and full details are presented in Table 1. Guillera-Arroita, Griffiths, & Beebee, 2012; Annual and monthly data for rain and Hileman et al., 2018), but such studies are rare, temperature: Rain and temperature data were especially in the tropics (Böhm et al., 2013; kindly provided by the Instituto Meteorológico Urban, 2015). Nacional de Costa Rica from the nearest mete- Here we compare nighttime snake sight- orological station at Rancho Quemado, partial- ings with prey, rain, moonlight and tempera- ly covering the period 2012-2017. The institute ture; along a six year period, in an intensively reported that no rain records were available sampled tropical coastal rainforest trail. from January 2012 to July 2012, December 2016 to March 2017 and September 2017 to MATERIALS AND METHODS December 2017. No temperature records were available from January 2012 to July 2012 and We counted snakes seen per hour while from September 2017 to December 2017, so walking at night along a trail (our “transect”), these periods were not included when calculat- repeatedly over a six year period (2012-2017), ing the mean monthly values that appear in Fig. in lowland tropical rainforest, 12-38 m above 5 (Digital Appendix 1). sea level, near the Agujas River (Location and Note: Rancho Quemado, where the meteo- trail map in Fig. 1, Digital Appendix 1); the rological station is located, has an altitude of site is in Drake Bay, South Pacific of Costa 240 m above sea level while the survey site in Rica (N 08.69420 - 08.69490 & W 083.67421 - Drake Bay has an altitude of 12 to 38 m, so we 083.67495). All counts and data recording were expected a difference in temperature between made by Stice and Gómez as part of their work the study site and the meteorological station. as field guides, while accompanied by small To assess this difference, we made temperature groups of tourists, who did not participate measurements directly in Drake Bay for seven directly in the study. Except when necessary months, from February 2017 to August 2017, Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(1): 336-343, March 2020 337 and compared them with Rancho Quemado for RESULTS that same time period. We found that average temperatures in Drake Bay are 2 to 3 °C higher Species observed: We recorded a total of than temperatures in Rancho Quemado, but 25 snake species along the six years (Table 1), that the trends along the timeline are the same. representing five families: Boidae, Colubridae, We did not have the funds to do this compari- Dipsadidae, Elapidae, and Viperidae. son in other years, but have no reason to doubt that the difference existed along the six years Effect of prey: Most species at Drake because lower sites are warmer that higher sites feed on terrestrial vertebrates (Table 1) and, in a predictable value (Salter, Hobbs, Wheeler, over the years, the number of species with each Kostbade, & Trenton, 2005). prey type remained relatively constant (Fig. 2 in Digital Appendix 1). However, the numbers Rain: We used both official rain records of individuals seen per hour fell continuously, by Instituto Meteorológico Nacional de Costa from 2012 through 2017, for snake species Rica (i.e. government data), and our own clas- that feed on amphibians and reptiles (Fig. 3 in sification of rain condition during fieldwork as Digital Appendix 1).
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