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Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan

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Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Watershed Assessment and Action Plan N W E S Umpqua Basin Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Prepared by Matt DeVore and Nancy A. Geyer for the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council August, 2003 Umpqua Basin Watershed Council 1758 NE Airport Road Roseburg, Oregon 97470 541 673-5756 www.ubwc.org Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Prepared by Matt B. DeVore Nancy A. Geyer Umpqua Basin Watershed Council Contributors Jeanne Lum David Williams Barnes and Associates, Inc. Oregon Water Resources Department Kristin Anderson BioSystems Consulting Reviewers Umpqua Basin Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Watershed Council Assessment Group Board of Directors Publication citation This document should be referenced as DeVore, Matt B. and Geyer, Nancy A. 2003. Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan. July, 2003. Prepared for the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council, Roseburg, Oregon. This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement CO- 000451-02 to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. UBWC Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Table of Contents List of Photographs, Maps, Figures, and Tables ....................................... 4 Acronym List................................................................................................. 6 Forward ......................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 8 1.1 Purpose and development of the Watershed Assessment................................... 8 1.1.1 The Umpqua Basin Watershed Council...................................................... 8 1.1.2 The Watershed Assessment and Action Plans............................................ 8 1.1.3 Assessment development............................................................................ 9 1.2 Watershed description....................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Location, size and major features ............................................................. 10 1.2.2 Ecoregions................................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Slope, elevation, and topography.............................................................. 14 1.2.4 Climate...................................................................................................... 19 1.2.5 The Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed stream network............................. 23 1.2.6 Vegetation................................................................................................. 25 1.3 Land use, ownership, and population ............................................................... 26 1.3.1 Land use and ownership............................................................................ 26 1.3.2 Population and demographics................................................................... 29 2 Past Conditions..................................................................................... 33 2.1 Pre-settlement: Early 1800s .............................................................................. 33 2.1.1 Native American lands.............................................................................. 33 2.1.2 European explorers ................................................................................... 35 2.2 Settlement period: Late 1840s to the 1890s..................................................... 36 2.2.1 Early settlement ........................................................................................ 36 2.2.2 Gold mining .............................................................................................. 37 2.2.3 Mercury mining ........................................................................................ 38 2.2.4 Nickel mining............................................................................................ 38 2.2.5 Agriculture ................................................................................................ 38 2.2.6 Commercial fishing................................................................................... 38 2.2.7 Logging..................................................................................................... 39 2.2.8 Transportation........................................................................................... 39 2.3 Onset of the modern era: Early 1900s to the 1960s.......................................... 40 2.3.1 Transportation........................................................................................... 40 2.3.2 Logging..................................................................................................... 41 2.3.3 Mercury mining ........................................................................................ 42 2.3.4 Nickel mining / copper and zinc mining................................................... 43 2.3.5 Hatcheries ................................................................................................. 43 2.3.6 Agriculture ................................................................................................ 43 2.4 Modern era: 1970s to the present...................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Logging..................................................................................................... 44 2.4.2 Mining....................................................................................................... 45 2.4.3 Dam construction...................................................................................... 46 2.4.4 Tourism..................................................................................................... 46 1 UBWC Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Assessment and Action Plan 2.4.5 Settlement patterns and urbanization........................................................ 46 2.5 History of the Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed............................................... 47 2.5.1 Olalla / Lookingglass historical timeline .................................................. 47 2.5.2 Population ................................................................................................. 52 2.5.3 1900 forest conditions............................................................................... 53 2.5.4 Historical fish use ..................................................................................... 54 2.5.5 Grange halls .............................................................................................. 55 2.6 Historical references ......................................................................................... 55 3 Current Conditions.............................................................................. 58 3.1 Stream function................................................................................................. 58 3.1.1 Stream morphology................................................................................... 58 3.1.2 Stream connectivity .................................................................................. 68 3.1.3 Channel modification................................................................................ 71 3.1.4 Stream function key findings and action recommendations..................... 72 3.2 Riparian zones and wetlands............................................................................. 74 3.2.1 Riparian zones........................................................................................... 74 3.2.2 Wetlands ................................................................................................... 81 3.2.3 Riparian and wetlands key findings and action recommendations........... 89 3.3 Water quality..................................................................................................... 91 3.3.1 Stream beneficial uses and water quality impairments............................. 91 3.3.2 Temperature .............................................................................................. 92 3.3.3 Surface water pH....................................................................................... 99 3.3.4 Dissolved oxygen.................................................................................... 100 3.3.5 Nutrients.................................................................................................. 101 3.3.6 Bacteria ................................................................................................... 103 3.3.7 Sedimentation and turbidity.................................................................... 104 3.3.8 Toxics...................................................................................................... 117 3.3.9 Water quality key findings and action recommendations....................... 117 3.4 Water quantity................................................................................................. 120 3.4.1 Water availability.................................................................................... 120 3.4.2 Water rights by use ................................................................................. 122 3.4.3
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