I

ALBANIA

/

CONVENTION DN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

NATIONAL REPORT

BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

Sponsor: Glokal Environmental Facility (GEF)

Tll ana November, 1999 Blodlverslty Strategy and Action Plan

Prepared by the Alliance "The Institute of Biological Research & Museum of Natural Sciences"

Editor: Ferdinand Bego & Mynyr Koni Pictures: Ferdinand Bego, Taulant Blno, Mynyr Konl Layout: Altin Allko

Copyright© 1999 by The National Environmental Agency (NEA). Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the permission of The National Environmental Agenc) LIST OF ACRONYMS

AS Academy of Sciences BG Botanical Garden CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCCH Convention on Climate Change CEP Committee for Environmental Protection CITES Convention on the Illegal Trade of the Endangered Species CTD Council of Tourism Development DAP Department of Environmental Protection within the GDFP DCTA District Council of Territorial Adjustment EAP Environmental Action Program EECONET European Ecological Network EIA Environment Impact Assessment EU European Union FPRI Forest and Pasture Research Institute FRI Fishery Researc?_ Institute GDFP General Directorate of Forest and Pastures GEF Global Environmental Facfiity GTZ German Technic;ti Assistance IBA Important Bird Area IBR Institute of Blolo ¢lcal Research INC Institute for NattLre Conservation IUCN World Conservat on Union MAF Ministry of Agric'llture and Food MNS Museum of Natural Sciences NCNB National Councfi for Nature and Biodlversity NCTA National Councfi of Territorial Adjustment NCW National Council of Waters NEA National Environmental Agency NGO Non governmental Organisation NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NSI National Seed In:_titute NUPI National Urban Planning Institute PA Protected Area PEMU Project Environmental Management Unit PESBLD Pan-European Slrategy on Biological and Landscape Diversity RAC / SPA Regional Activity Centre / Specially Protected Areas (Tunis) REA Regional Enviror mental Agency REC Regional Enviro_ mental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe RNPA Representative Network of the Protected Areas SCBD Secretariat of thc Convention on Biological Diversity SNV Netherlands Dev,._lopment Organisatlon UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environmental Program UNO United Nations Organisation USAID United States Ag_ncy for International Development WB World Bank WCTT World Council fo; Travel and Tourism WWF World Wildlife Ft nd Contents

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Executivesummary 8

Part One BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 22

Chapter i CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND 22 BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

INTRODUCTION 22 THE STATE OF BIODIVERSITY 23 ALBANIA AND ITS BIOGEOGRAPHYCAL IMPORTANCE 25 HABITATANDECOSYSTEMDIVERSITY 25 SPECIESDIVERSITY 27 GENETICDIVERSITY 27 SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE 29 AESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES 29 BIODIVERSITYANDTOURISM 29 Special Features of the Biodiversity 30 ENDEMIC / SUBENDEMIC TAXA 30 LINKS BETWEEN ALBANIA'S AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY ECOSYSTEMS 30 THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES 31 THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES 31

CHAPTER 2 THE THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 34 THESOURCEOFTHREATS 34 IMPACTS ON B1ODIVERSITY ' 39

CHAPTER 3 THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN 41 ALBANIA LEGISLATION 41 THEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK 42 THE CONVENTIONSANDINTERNATIONALPROGRAMS 45 THEEXISTINGNATIONALPROGRAMS 48 IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION 49

Part Two IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY ISSUES 54

CHAPTER 4 THE TOPICS AND ISSUES 54 INTRODUCTION 54 STRATEGICPRINCIPLES 54 THECRITERIA 55 ISSUES / pRIORITY TOPICS 55 HABITATANDSPECIESACTIONPLANS 56

Part Three THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN: PRIORITY ACTIVITIES 59 AND ACTIONS

CHAPTER 5 THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION 59 INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY WITH ACTMTIES IN 59 OTHER SECTORS EXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS AND 67 ESTABLISHING THE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED AREAS 70 NEED FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION 70 NEED FOR FURTHERRESEARCH AND MONITORING 70 INFORMATION USE AND MANAGEMENT 71 EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXTENSION SERVICE PROGRAMMES / INCREASING 72 AWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC, POLICY-MAKERS, AND DECISION-MAKERS CHAPTER 6 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION 75 PLAN

REFORM AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 75 LEGISLATION 75 INSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING 75 DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-SECTOR CO-ORDINATION MECHANISMS 76 DECENTRALIZATION 76 THE NEEDS AND THE ROLE OF THE NGOs AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES 77 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 77 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 77 STRATEGY FOR BSAP IMPLEMENTATION 79

List of Figures

Figure i. Physical Map of Albania 24 Figure 2. Organograrn on the interrelations and links between 44 Institutions/structures in correlation with the biodiversity issues in the republic of Albar_ta Figure 3. Organogram of structures related with Biodlversity study and 46 Monitoring Figure 4. Map of the Existing Protected Areas of Albania 52 Figure 5. Map of the Proposed Network of Protected Area of Albania 69 Figure 6. Functional Scheme for the Implementation of the CBD and BSAP 74 in Albania

Boxes Box 1. Habitat Types in Albania 26 Box 2, The Number of Species in Albania 28 Box 3. What is biological diversity?. 32 Box 4. Why we should protect the blodlverslty? 33 Box 5. The Management Categories of Protected Areas 50 Box 6. National Environmental Agency Projects for Nature Conservation 53 Financed by International Organizations Box 7. The Working Groups for BSAP Implementation 57 Box 8. What should be the Content of the Action Plans for Species and 58 Habitats? Box 9. The EC Agro-Environment Regulation {EEC 2078/92) 60 Box 10. Main Elements of a National Energy Strategy 61 Box 11. The Principles of Sustainable Forestry Policy 62 Box 12. Main Principles for Responsible Fisheries 63 Box 13. Main Elements of a Sustainable Policy for Transport 64 Box 14. Environmental Guidelines for Tourism Adopted by the World Travel 65 and Tourism Council (WTTC) Box 15. Protected Areas and Sustainabillty 68

ANNEXES

A List of the Experts for the Preparation of the BSAP B- 1 Proposed Representative Network of the Protected Areas for Albania B-2 Summary Statistics on the Network of the Protected Areas for Albania C List of endemic/subendemic taxa D List of Globally Threatened Species in Albania E- 1 List of the Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 1-2 years E-2 List of the Species for which thc Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 3-5 years F- 1 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 1-2 years F-2 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 3-5 years EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION combined with steep cliffs creates ideal 1 The Convention on Biological Diversity conditions for maintaining and protecting (CBD), was signed by Albania in ,January a large number of ancient species, which 1994. Although faced with the difficulties are both endemic and subendemlc. There of a country in transition, Albania has are 27 endemic and 160 subendemic endcavoured to fulfil its obligations under species of vascular plants, which have a the Convention. In 1998, the Albanian special protection importance for the government charged the National country. Environmental Agency (thc former Committee for Environmental Protection) 5 The high diversity of ecosystems and to prepare the Biodivcrslty Strategy and habitats (marine and coastal ecosystems, Action Plan (BSAP) as a step towards wetlands, river deltas, sand dunes, lakes, implementing the Convention. Albania rivers, Mediterranean shrubs, broadleaf, has been, and continues to be, a conifers and mixed forests, alpine and participant In European and regional subalpine pastures and meadows, and initiatives related with the CBD, especially high mountain ecosystems) offers a rich in the PAN-European Strategy on species variety of plants and animals. In Biological and Landscape Diversity Albania, there are around 3,200 species of (PESBLD). vascular plants and 756 vertebrate species. Approximately 30% of all 2 In Albania, the main objectives for European floras occur in Albania. The implementing the CBD and PESBLD are: high Albanian forests maintain the communities of large mammals such as (i) protection and improvement of wolf, bear, lynx, and wild goat, and also biological and landscape diversity; the characteristic bird communities, (ii) incorporation of the principles and which are associated with virgin forests. policies required for sustainable biodiversity use and management; 6 Coastal lagoons and large lakes inside and the country, are important areas -- (iii) promoting sustainable development especially for wintering migratory birds. for present and future generations. There are annually met around 70 waterfowl and waterbird species with a 3 Thc World Balk, through the Global total population of 180,000 individuals in Environment Facility (GEF), provided Albania during the winter. Albania is also financial support to the NEA for preparing an important crossroad for the migration the BSAP. As part of this process, an of birds, bats, and insects. Advisory Board was created and headed by the Chairman of the NEA. 7 There are some 91 globally threatened Supervision, consulting, and co- species found in Albania. These include ordination were the duties of this Board. the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Technical specialists, university slaff, and Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax representatives of central and local pygmeus), and the Sturgeon (Aclpenser governmental and non-governmental sturio) for which Albania is a country of organisations participated in the particularly critical importance. preparation and drafting of the BSAP. 8 The landscape diversity inside the country derives from natural THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY characteristics and Albania's ancient 4 Although a small country, Albania is origins and the associated human distinguished for its rich biological and activity. Traditional agriculture and stock landscape diversity. This diversity is farming have been developed according to attributable to the country's geographic the natural characteristics of the country, position as well as ge)logical, and are the major factors, which hydrological, climatic, and soil mid relief determine the landscape physiognomy in factors. The mountainous terrain those areas, which are characterised by autochthonous species. A number of local · Loss of species or the threat of their & autochthonous livestock and plant extinction; and species have existed In Albania over the · Damage and erosion of genetic I years. They represent very Important resources. heritage values for protecting and improving the quality and productivity of 11 Although a low number of species has agricultural and livestock products, become extinct during this past century, the rate of loss of Albania's blodlversity WHY BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IS during the last 50 years is believed to be IMPORTANT increasingly high. Moreover, insufficient knowledge and studies on a wide range of 9 There are many reasons for the flora and fauna limit an accurate importance of biodlversity protection in historical evaluation of the biodlversity Albania; (i) we live by using the plants status of Albania. Two species of plants and animals found in our surrounding and four species of mammals have environment; {11) it is our duty towards become extinct; and meanwhile 17 bird future generations to ensure a nature as species no longer nest in the country's rich as we inherited it; (iii) any living territory. During the last 25 years, organism has the right to live, those living approximately 122 species of vertebrates and evolving over the past thousands and (27 mammals, 89 birds, and 6 fish) and millions of years may disappear very fast, four species of plants are expected to have but they can not be recreated; (iv) a large lost more than 50% of their population. number of plants axe known for their The number of rare and endangered medicinal values, and their number may species of plants and animals is high and even increase in the future with expected to increase. technological advances; (v) wild plants and animals play an important role in 12 In Albania, the major types of providing the sustenance for cultivated endangered ecosystems and habitats are plants and domestic animals; {vi) natural not only coastal [sand dunes, river deltas, biological processes protect lite and alluvial forests, lagoons, and coastal environment on our planet; (vii) nature lakes) and marine (medium and that offers high diversity also has greater infrallttoral level), but also Inland ones, potential to be appreciated for tourism Including alpine pastures and meadows, development and for its aesthetic and continental and glacier lakes, and recreational values; and (viii) the broadleaf and coniferous forests. country's economic prosperity can only be achieved through the protection and 13 The high rate of population growth sustainable use of its natural and (the population has almost tripled during biological resources, the last 50 years) has been followed by the progressive increase of human RISKS AND ADVERSE IMPACTS ON impacts and disturbances on the BIODIVERISTY country's nature and biodiverslty. These pressures are expected to increase in the 10 Economic development over lhe past future due to the relatively free and 50 years was based upon agri(ultural, uncontrolled movement of the population industrial and tourism devel)pment, from rural to urban areas. Increasing increasing use of transportation and urbanisation will most adversely affect the urbanisation, and exploitation of forest, coastal and littoral ecosystems, which are fishing, and other natural resources. All more ecologically fragile. this development has had its impacts upon biological and landscape div,zrsity in 14 The intensive agricultural practices of Albania. Some of the major adverse the past, combined with the present impacts have been: activities of a free market economy, have damaged and are damaging to the native · Habitat loss and fragmentatlor_; species. These practices have also · Damage and degradation of _tabltats reduced people's interest in protecting and ecosystems; and improving the autoehthonous variety · Disturbance and maltreatment of of plants and animals. wildlife; 15 it is observed that agriculture is Meanwhile, individnals and the private returning back to the traditional extensive sector are focusing on maximislng practices due to the lack of inveshnents earnings and short-term profits, so the after the privatisation of land. This combined effects have negative impacts phenomenon has reduced the impact on on biodiversity, There have been efforts to biodiversity, but it is believed that the Improve the legislation and administrative agriculture sector will use more intensive structure, but illegal wood cutting, and practices in the future, which will have illegal and uncontrolled fishing and increasingly adverse impaels on hunting persist. biodiversity - especially in the western coastal plains. IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION

16 Although a large part of the industrial 21 In-situ conservation of nature and sector is not functioning at the moment, it biodiversity began only in the second half is expected that this will not be She case of this century in Albania. Protected areas as economic development and growth were established, and followed by the increase in the future. The effects of approval of laws and regulations for the industrialisation will adversely impact the protection of endangered species of plants biodiversity of the country, particularly in and animals. Although progress has been the coastal areas, which will have a made, there are still problems which need higher number of urban centres, to be addressed such as:

17 Tourism and transportation are two · Lack of a national strategy for the other factors, which will soon have an protection of nature; adverse impact on biodiversity, on,'_eagain · Existing gaps in legislation and particularly in the coastal areas, institutional weaknesses; · Limited number of Protected Areas 18 The exploitation of forests was (5.8% of the country's territory); common in the past due to the absence of · Lack of management plans for the alternative fuel resources for cooking and major part of the existing Protecting heating. These practices have had adverse Areas; effects upon forest biodiverslty, which * Lack of means and financial resources have been further exacerbated by existing for effective administration of the forestry practices and the lack of a clear Protected Areas; national strategy for the protecton and * Insufficient number of personnel and sustainable development of forei ts. The their lack of training: and populations of large mammals have · Lack of practices for protecting particularly suffered in the forest areas of endangered species of plants and Albania. animals outside the Protected Areas.

19 There are no discernible effects on 22 Until recently, there were no practices marine and wetlands biodiversity due to for ex-situ conservation of endangered past fishing and aquaculture practices, plants and animals. However, a seed However, the consequences are expected bank for crops was recently established to increase in the future due to recent near the National Institute of Seeds (NIS). changes in fishing practices (e.g., increased fishing with dynamite) a_nd the EXISTING NATIONAL PROGRAMS foreseen development of the fishery sector in the future. 23 The process of preparing the Strategy and Action Plan on Biodiversity {BSAP) 20 The transition period that began in built on previous acnvities such as the 1991 has been marked by political National Environment Action Plan instability - especially during the last 2-3 (Committee for Environmental Protection years. Some of the factors influencing - CEP, 1993), Environmental Strategy of this destabilisation have been thc lack of Albania (World Bank - WB, 1993)., appropriate legislation, lack of Ecological Survey of High Forests in implementation of existing la_ rs and Albania (1995), Coastal Zone Management regulations, and the ineffectiveness of the Plan (CZMP, 1996), Specially Protected existing institutional str_ctures. Areas (UNEP, RAC/SPA, 1995), and NGO Nature Conservation Strategy in Albania existing protection measures; priority (REC. IUCN, MilieuKontakt, 1997). Their problems which require solutions to findings and recommendations were enhance biodlversity protection, species incorporated into the BSAP. distribution and habitat size; and a list of measures which need to be undertaken. IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITIES 28 Although it Is the government's 24 The following criteria were used for responsibility to prepare and implement identifying the priorities for action plans the action plans on species and habitats, and solutions relevant to species and it Is proposed that a partnership led by their habitats: various co-ordinators for each species and habitats be responsible. Responsibilities · Endangered species and habitats with would include facilitating, co-ordinating, global, regional, and national and promoting the submission and importance; Implementationof action plans. · Habitats containing endemic species or high levels of biodlversity; THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION · Species or habitats risking total extinction: 29 The implementation of the Biodlverslty · Species or habitats which would yield Convention can be achieved only through local or national economic benet'_ts; acceptance and reference to the objectives · Species or habitats with local or and principles for protection. This will national education benefits; include engaging in practices, which · Endangered species or habitats which promote sustainable development In all could be better protected through sectors impacting on biodlversity such as more suitable policies and use; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, · Actions which could yield viable urban planning, transport, and tourism. economic, ecological, and social In the meantime, the "polluter pays" benefits, principle and the appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 25 These criteria, together with the procedures should be enforced In all present level of knowledge on national sectors. biodlversity status and the opinion and consensus of the country's leading Protected30 The Areasprotectionshould ofbe naconsideredture withinas zoologists and botanists, were used to select the plant species, animal species, an important instrument for in-situ and habitat types which need to be conservation of blodlverslty. It Is Included as priorities In the action plans, recommended as a short-term objective that 14% of the country's territory be 26 The selected species and habitats are divided into different categories of presented in two lists based on their Protected Areas. with 25% as the long- importance and the level of danger: (i) term objective for the year 2020. This species/habitats action plans which process will require greater support for should be undertaken within 1-2 years; environmental protection inside the and (ii) species/habitats action plans General Directorate of Forestry and which should be undertaken within 3-5 Pastures (GDFP). years. The first list of short-term priorities includes 80 species/taxa - 42 31 Another Important aspect of vertebrates. 26 invertebrates, and 12 blodlverslty management is its protection plant species, while the longer-term and sustainable development outside of priorities include 143 species/taxa - 95 Protected Areas. This is especially vertebrates, 31 invertebrates, and 17 Important in Albania because of the plant species, limited number of present and proposed protected areas. Without the appropriate 27 The action plans for species and measures, a large percentage of fauna, habitats should include: the present especially birds and mammals, will situation of species or habitats; the major struggle to survive. factors influencing the loss or decrease of populations; a short description of 32 Ex-sltu conservation of blodiversity is are another priority for Albania. and all also a priority because of increasing public institutions, NGOs, and the private anthropogenic pressures upon nature, sector should be involved in them where which threaten to increase the number of possible. Advisory services on biodiversity endangered and extinct species. The should be developed to help land users establishment of genetic banks is required understand the benefits of Improved for ex-situ conservation, first through the biodiversity protection and management. establishment of a Gene Bank for plants. The Regional Environment Agencies (REAs) under the National Environmental 33 The further elaboration of scientific Agency [NEA) may well be the most research is also a high priority for appropriate vehicle for providing these Albania. Currently, there is a lack of advisory services. studies for different groups of fauna (especially marine groups) and flora IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION (especially low plants such as algae, PLAN lichens, and moss). The lack of financial support continues to be an obstacle for 38 Institutional reform and strengthening conducting the necessary research. In are an important step for implementing the future, improved co-ordination among the BSAP, and this should be scientific institutions will be necessary, as complemented with an improved legal well as collaboration with foreign system and commensurate law institutions and the active involvement of enforcement efforts. NGOs. 39 Two important actions need to be 34 Improving information use and taken in the legal field in order to management is a high priority for harmonise existing and future legislation. improving blodlversity management in First, the draft law on Nature Protection Albania. To improve the collection and and Blodiverslty should be approved as management of data and information it soon as possible by the parliament. will be necessary to: Second, relevant bylaws and implementing regulations should follow · Use existing data and information to this new law to speed up implementation the maximum extent possible; and harmonlsatlon. · Improve and standardlse existing data collection and reporting; 40 Another priority is the strengthening of · Set up a national database for governmental institutions responsible for biodiversity; and biodiversity inventories, management, · Develop an information network with and monitoring. Better support should be open access for all locally interested provided for the NEA and the REAs, as persons, well as for the Environmental Project Management Unit responsible for the 35 The recent establishment of the Albania Forestry Project. In this way they Ministry of Information should be used as will be able to fulfil their responsibilities an opportunity to offer more possibilities on environmental protection in general, for developing information programs on and biodiversity in particular. As part of biodiversity, the institutional reform process, it will be necessary to establish as soon as possible 36 Because the role of the public in the Institute of Nature Conservation (INC) biodiversity protection and management which would provide qualified help in the is critical, environmental education and area of nature conservation and public awareness should be improved, protection as well as sustainable Public participation, particularly at the development of biodiversity. local level, should be encouraged through various projects and programs aimed at 41 The process of local autonomy and improving biodiversity planning and deeentralisation is part of the democratic management, process. The governmental authorities at the local level should be responsible for 37 Training and qualification programs sustainable management of nature and for biodiversity study and management biological resources in their areas, and for establishing the methods for avoiding long-term uneconomic practices implementing the CBD and BSAP at the and policies. These analyses must be regional and local levels, included as a basis for future conservation practices and policies. 42 Co-ordination across sectors also needs to be improved. It is recommended THE STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTING as a first step to establish a National BSAP Council on Biodiversity with representatives from the central and local 45 The following will be part of the government, university staff, and NGOs Implementation process of the BSAP: operating in the area of environment protection. The Secretariat on Biodiversity · Dialogue and co-ordination process; (SB) should be established within the · Identification and mobfiisation of NEA. Its responsibilities will include financlalresources; program co-ordination, identification and · Identifying economic barriers to mobillsation of financial resources for biodiversityprotection; implementing the CBD and BSAP, and · Finding and Implementing the other administrative duties, appropriate mechanisms to realise the benefits of protection; and 43 NGO and local communities' · Technical support for projects. participation in biodiversity planning, management, legal issues, and monitoring 46 The agencies and institutions should be encouraged as part of the responsible for implementing and process of implementing the CBD and monitoring the CBD and BSAP are the BSAP in Albania. NEA, REAs, National Council for Nature Biodiversity (NCNB), and the country 44 Biodiversity protection has its costs, Secretary for the Convention on but at the same time there are benefits to Blodiversity (SCB) within the NEA. be derived. Cost/benefit analysis should be used as an effective mechanism for Matrix table of the Biodiversit_ and Action Plan of Albania

Legislatio Finalization of the Draft Law on Approval of laws on Biodiversity and Implementation of regulations Developing legal framework n Biodiversity [ Protected Areas by Parliament i for Biodiversity Law and for decentralization of i i ProtectedAreas Law biodiversitymanagement Finalization of thc Draft Law on [ Prepare Draft Law on Coastal Zone i Protected Areas Management, and approve in Parliament ! Preparation and Continued implementation I implementation of regulations and enforcement of Harmonization of existing laws Prepare Draft Law on Administration of i on Coastal Zone Management regulations with the Law on Biodiversity Watershed Basins, and approve in i Parliament ! Preparation and I implementation of regulations Preparation of implementing regulations for i on administration of biodiverslty law, and protected areas law - watershed basins including those related to Environmental Impact Assessment

Ratification of International Biodiversity Convention and related international environmental treaties (e.g. Bonn and Berne Conventions) Institutio Creation of the National Councfi Integration of work and objectives of NCNB i Develop more sophisticated Decentralization of ns for Nature and Biodiversity with work and objectives o£ interministerial institutional arrangements in institutional responsibilities (NCNB) Structures (National Council for Territorial ! line with progress made in through strengthening of Adjustment, National Water Authority, , development of institutions local capacity for biodiversity Creation of the implementing National Councfi for Energy, National and biodiversity management protection and management board for the Biodiversity Action Committee of Tourism) in the first five years (e.g., Plan, and appointment of the creation of Ministry of Secretariat for thc Biodiversity Building capacity of national and regional Environment) Convention (NEA) environmental agencies to improve biodiversity management Setting up Working Groups (WG) for implementing the Creation of environmental units in other Biodiversity Action Plan (14 WG) ministries to incorporate biodiversity issues into sector planning (e.g., based on the Support to the Project experience of PEMU in Ministry of Environmental Management Agriculture and Food) Unit (PEMU) in the Mtniatry of Agriculture Food (MAF) Establish a National Institute for Nature Conservation Agricultur Develop national policy to Begin taking measures to reduce Implementing appropriate Implementing measures to e reduce degradation and erosion degradaUon and erosion of agricultural incentives to maintain ensure ecologically sound of agricultural lands lands (e.g., improved irrigation practices) ecological integrity of land use and use of agricultural land agricultural chemicals Develop national policy to Implement measures to protect ! protect autochthonic breeds autochthonic breeds and varieties (e.g., Develop quarantine Extension of Protected Areas and varieties financial incentives for farmers and regulations and enforcement by including agricultural breeders) throughout the country at the land next to Protected Areas Support for strengthening of local level (Buffer Zones) National Seed Institute Develop national policy for agricultural land , next to and inside Protected Areas (e.g., i Implement measures for Full-scale program for buffer zones) i agricultural land next to and habitat restoration through inside Protected Areas {e.g., converting unproductive and Incorporation of Environmental Impact buffer zones) unused land into wetlands Assessment procedures into projects, planning, and implementation (e.g., Conversion of abandoned Widespread implementation rehabfiitation, irrigation, drainage) lands to alternative uses (e.g., of improved technologies for agroforestry) plowing and tilling of land Develop quarantine regulations and enforcement hl customs at the national Pfiot projects for habitat Full-scale development of level restoration through converting biocorridors on agricultural unproductive and unused land land for the ecological Develop policies for creating biocorridors on into wetlands network (ECONET) agricultural land to establish the ecological network (ECONET) Develop policies to encourage ecologically sound land use and use of agricultural chemicals (e.g., integrated pest management)

Adopting improved technologies for plowing and tilling of land

...... Develop.pilot_rojects for Issue lmmeciiate Aetions Sbort-Term Actions rl-5 Yearsl Mid-Term Aciions [5-10 Long-Term Actions Yearsl (10+Years) j - ...... biocorridorson agricultural land to establish thc ecological network ECONET} ......

Energy Develop nahonal policy for Begin implementing measures for Pilot projects wtthin the sector mid integranng ecological integrating ecological considerations into -which enhance environmental [ndustrv considerations into energy and the sector le.g. new technologms to reduce protection [e.g., recycling, indusirv operauons as part of mr and water pollutionl taking mto energy efficiency, and waste privatization and resrrucrurmg consideration the industrial and energy mix mmintization process before industrial which is likely to evolve in Albania capamty picks up significantly Incorporation of Envxronlnental Impact Assessment procedures into project plannina

Developing economic policies within the sector which enhance environmental protection (e.g., recycling, energy efficiency, andwasteminimizationl ------Forestry Develop national policy for Begin implementing measures for Implementing measures within _Reforestation of areas found integrating ecological mtegrating ecological considerations into the sector which enhance not to be regenerating forest considerations to ensure forestry operations environmental protection le.g., resources on their own [e.g., multiple uses of forest resources standards for allowable cut. oak land degraded areas) (e.g., based on a sustainable Implement new technologies to reduce cuttmg cycles, and harvesting yield concept/policy) enwronmcntal damage from forest roads techniquesl and harvesting Take measures to control illegal Implementing measures for forest harvesting in the most Incorporation of Environmental Impact creating biocenters and sensitive areas EAssessment procedures into forest biocorridors on forest land to management and operations establish the ecological network {ECONET) Harmonization and coordination of forest and pasture policy with nature and Implement full-scale program landscape conservation policies to reduce and control illegal harvesting of forest resources Developing policies within the sector which (especially in Protected Areas) enhance environmental protection {e.g., standards for allowable cut, cutting cycles, and harvesting techniques)

Develop policies for creating biocenters and biocorridors on forest land to establish the ecological network (ECONET)

Continued enforcement to reduce and control illegal harvesting Fisheries Develop national policy for Begin implementing measures for Integration of landscape and Full-scale national network and integrating ecological integrating ecological considerations into biodiversity management with of fish hatcheries in fresh Hunting considerations into fisheries the sector fisheries practices and coastal waters management Imorove control of overfishin_ and Develop !oflot proiects and Measures to control inappropriate fishing techniques such as policies for establishing and inappropriate exploitation of dynamite developing fish hatcheries in benthic living forms such as I fresh and coastal waters Corallurn rubrum and Lithofaga Improve control of illegal hunting which lithofaga threatens important taxa

Developing economic policies and pilot projects within the sector which enhance __environmenta!_ protection Territorial Develop national policy for Begin implementing measures for Training and development to Planning integrating ecological integrating ecological considerations urban strengthen capacity to develop and considerations into urban and and regional planning urban planning agencies at Urbanizati landscape planning the local level (i.e., outside of on Incorporation of Environmental Impact Tirana) Assessment procedures into project planning and implementation

Developing and implementing urban and landscape planning policies and practices which enhance environmental protection (e.g., through pilot projects in coastal areas and in selected cities with the largest i po_oulation apdm____jgLa[ion pressures) , [Transport Develop national policy for i Begin im_olementing measures for With increased economic Decentralization of xviii

IILIssue ILI ...... Immediate Actions integrating ecological integrating ecological considerations into i development more transportation management considerations into the the sector [e.g., promotion of cleaner i sophisticated measures for transport planning transport fuels and vehiclesl i traffic management and transport infrastructure Incorporation of Environmental Impact development will be needed Assessment procedures into project ...... P!_13nmg ...... Tourism Develop national policy for Begin implementing measures for Ensuring that Environmental Reducing the adverse integrating ecological integrating ecological considerations into Impact Assessment impacts of tourism and considerations into tourism the sector le.g. ensuring that tourism procedures are enforced with leisure activities on thc planning and promotion in development does not compromise nature respect to project environment assuming that order to ensure the protection of conservalion objectives) implementation for medium- tourism will become an the environmental and natural scale and lard!e-scale tourism increasingly important sector resource base which will attract incorporation of Environmental Impact development of the economy tourists Assessment procedures into project planning for medinm-scale and large-scale Implementation of projects for Improve coordination between tourism developmenT, and development of ecologically sound tourism Committee for Tourism associated infrastructure Development and National Environmental Agency and Development of pilot projects for other government bodies ecologically sound tourism development __d_x)ro_te_c_tJPq...... Water Develop national poi]cy-for Begin implementing measures for Develop and implement ...... Managem integrating ecological integrating ecological considerations into policies to reduce and control ent considerations into the water the sector (e.g., new technologies to reduce the effects of point-source sector through integrated inefficient and inappropriate use of water) water pollution on biodiversity planning and use of water since these impacts will resources _ Incorporation of Environmental Impact increase with economic i Assessment procedures into project development planning and implementation in the water , sector Improve water canalization , and wastewatertreatment Developing pilot projects for water facilities to reduce management and development of water- environmental impacts of non- related infrastructure which take into I point water pollution account environmental protection and t biodiversityimpacts I xix

' Military Develop national policy for integrating Begin implementing measures ecological considerations into sector for integrating ecological planning considerations into the sector {e.g. site selection of military i facilities, mitigation measures i such as removal of hunkers) i i Incorporation of Environmental Impact i Assessment procedures into

iEproject planning i I ,, Use of military personnel to I i patrol selected sensitive areas I such as coastal and marine Ln_a_t.io_ a!..par_k_s...... In-Situ Approval of Representative Preparation of species and habitat action } Implementation of habitat and Implementation of habitat Conservat Network of Protected Areas plans species action plans and species action plans ion (RNPA) which cover 14% of (Protected national territory Establishment of the administration and Implement full-scale program Enlarge RNPA to cover up to Areas) management authorities for Protected Areas i for preserving and enhancing 25% of national territory Prepare the management plans i biological and landscape for the most sensitive and Development of a national program for i diversity with emphasis on the important Protected Areas (e.g., building up the ecological network - local level of responsibility primary National Parks) bioeenters, biocorridors, rehabilitation areas, and buffer zones

Prepare and develop pilot projects for preserving and enhancing biological and landscal_diversitE Ex-Situ Provide additional support to the National Creation of gene banks for i Creation of necessary Conservat Botanical Garden for ex-situ conservation of autochthonic species of plants I institutions for ex-situ ion endemic and threatened plant species i in the National Seed Institute i conservation of threatened and endangered animal Improving the existing seed bank inside the Creation of gene banks for i species National Seed Institute _domestic animals and wildlife i' _. _ i in the Zootechnic Research [ Creation of gene banks for xx

Issue Immedi ' - ...... II ate Actions Short-Term Actions (1-5 Years) Mid-Term _.i_}'_'_ i_'"'_¥;...... i"'_-'-_4;'...... '..: ...... W,, iL _ II ...... ,_o t-.-_ _ _.vng-ierm Actions _,-- ...... _!_...... -...... __. Years) _ 'lO+Year ' '_ i I .gevelop strategy for creation of gene banks i institute endangered animal species, l i ! for plant and animal species, including _ wildlife, flora, and micro -...... { ...... domesticatedspecies _ i organisms Biodiversi / Prepare and develop an overall Increased training for responsible research Implementation of program for _Further study on the ty _ strategy and plan for !'lstitutions for biodiversity inventory and improving operational presence and distribution of Research biodiversity research and monitoring activities for biodiversity plant and animal species and and I monitoringat the nationallevel. inventory and monitoring taxa, focusing on marine Moniiorin including specification of Developmen! of a long-terln slramgy and groups and low plants which g institutional roles, program lor improving biodiversity Preparation of Corine Biotopes have been poorly studied so responsibfiities, and inventory and monitoring through the map depicting the most far coordination establishment of fixed stations aensitive areas rich in i biodiversity (for the entire Continued implementation of PreDaranon of Corine Biotones mal_ i country) operational activities for depicting the mOST sensitive areas rich in biodiversity inventory, and biodiversity (emphasis on protected areas, I monitoring sea meadows, and benthic communities i !.!!ps_:..aJ_ftycte_d..t)yhumanactivities! lnformatio Develop policy for data Inmrove_ standardization and collection of Establishment of a national L_iImplementation of t n collection and management, data database on biodiversity j information exchange i Managem includingspecificationof i through theinformation ent institutional roles, Establishment of national databases for Develop an open information _network at the national and responsibfiities, and flora and fauna in Protected Areas to be network for interested parties ' local levels coordination used by the responsible institutions {including at the local level) Development of national Develop strategy for assembling a national scholarly journals focusing database on biodiversity on the publicationof environmental research and monitoring findi'ngs Environm Increase use of public television Develop a strategy for environmental Implement programs for Development of local ent and media in providing general education at the primary and secondary environmental education at agencies dedicated to Education announcements on biodiversity levels (including redesign of teaching the primary and secondary increasing public awareness and to increase public awareness programs) i levels Public and sensitivity- focuson non- i i and environmentaleducation

Awarenes technical and local level Preparation of non-technical materials and Publication and dissemination i s announcements guidelines concerning biodiversity I of a wide array of non- i importance to be made available to the technical materials and I gener.__-public - with crop ha_s.!s on_the 19_9al I_gpidelines concerning. [ xxi

level biodiversityimportance to be made available to the general Design and implement demonstration and public pilot projects together with increased support for NGOs working on public awareness and environmental education at .._a!!__l_e.veJs _of e_uc a_t!0_n ...... Estimated i Resource $1 million 1 $5-10 million 2 i Requirem lents

Specific proposals to be developed 2-3 months after the National Workshop on Biodiversity on the basis of discussions at the workshop - each working group to prepare proposals to be evaluated by the National Councfi on Nature and Biodiversity to select priorities for submission for financing

2 To be developed by the responsible institutions on the basis of donor interest, and on the success at implementing the mediate measures PART ONE BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

CHAPTER 1 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

INTRODUCTION Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 1.1 The Convention on Blodiversity (BSAP) in order to implement the (CBD) was an important part of the Convention. The NEA Is responsible Earth Summit in Rio de daneiro, for Albania's role in the regional and 1992. Albania signed this Convention European 'initiatives and programs in on January 5, 1994. response to the CBD, in particular in the Pan-European Strategy of 1.2 Article 1 explains the objectives of Biological and Landscape Diversity the Convention as follows: (PESBLD).

The objectives of this Convention, 1.5 The goal of the implementation of to be pursued in accordance with the CBD ar/d the PESBLD in Albania its relevant provisions, are the is: conservation .of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its Protection and improvement of the components and the fair and country's biological and landscape equitable sharing of the benefits diversity, and the integration of arising out of the Utlllsation of sustainable use and management genetic resources, including by policies into other sectors, aiming appropriate access to. genetic to achieve sustainable development resources and by appropriate for the future generations. transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over 1.6 With the financial support of the those resources and to World Bank through the Global technologies, and by appropriate Environmental Facility (GEF), a grant funding, was made available to the NEA to prepare the PEBLS. For the 1.3 In accordance with article 6a of preparation of the PEBLS, an Advisory the CBD, Albania must accomplish its Panel chaired by the NEA's Chairman obligations in regard to: was created. The Panel was responsible for the supervision and Develop national strategies, plans co-ordination of the work. Staff from or programmes for the conservation the scientific and academic and sustainable use of biological Institutions, government and local diversity or adapt for this purpose institutions, and NGOs working on existing strategies, plans or nature and the environment issues programmes which shall reflect, was involved in the process of i inter alia, the measures set out in preparation and discussion of the this Convention PEBLS.

1.4 Albania, taking into account the 1.7 This report p_esents the difficulties of the transition period, viewpoints and important issues to be has taken the responsibfiity to considered by the Government as a accomplish the obligations of the basic instrument for developing a Convention. The National long-term program from 2000-2015. Environmental Agency (NEA), which was formerly the Committee for 1.8 In the remainder of Chapter 1, the Environmental Protection (CEP), has state of blodlverslty in Albania ls been asked by the Albanian reviewed, focusing on what is Government to prepare the biodiversity, and why it is important _._ 0 Im _-h _ > for sustainable development. Chapter area. Within Albania there are 2 explains the existing and potential tectonic zones which during their dangers to blodiversity, while chapter geological development changed' to 3 'reviews the state of biodiverslty tectonic and nco-tectonic protection and management in configurations. Albania. Chapter 4 explains the criteria used for the identification of 1.13 The Albanian relief is mostly hilly the important issues and ac:ions to and mountainous. There is a diversity implement the CBD and the PESBLD of morphological formations and in Albania. An important part of this slopes. It has a young age since the chapter is the detailed information on Albanian relief originated during the strategic steps, the content of the Miocene Age. At the beginning of the species and habitat action plans, and Quaternary Age, the Adriatic lowland the identlltcaClon of the target issues and other inland lowlands were and working groups, attached to the continental part of Albania, but thc existing relief shape 1.9 Chapters 5 and 6 explain the was formulated during the Pliocene biodiversity action plan mud the Period. The evolution of the Albanian measures to be taken in order to relief continues to this day. The implement the CBD and PF.BLS in highest point is 2751m above sea level Albania. The annexes illustrate the (Korabi Mountain) and the lowest one importance of biodiverslty in _,lbania. is 8 meters below sea level (the former and the need to take measures to Terbufi Marsh). The medium altitude enhance it. The Represented Wetwork of the country is 708m above the sea of the Protected Areas (RNPA) receives level. The altitude declines moving special attention in Annex B. The list from the east to the west of the of experts and institutions responsible country, and this determines the for the preparation of this r_port is conditions of the climate, land. and presented In A. vegetation. l',q.E STATE OP E_OPIVERSI'I ?. 1.14 The climate of Albania is diverse. It has four major climatic zones and 1.10 Although Albania is a small 13 sub-zones, which contribute to the country, it is very rich in biological country's rich biological diversity. and landscape diversity. This is due to its geographical position, geological 1.15 Albania is well known for its rich factors, hydrology, climate, amd soft and complex hydrographic network conditions, composed of rivers, lakes, wetlands. groundwater, and seas. The main 1.11 Albania Is a Mediterranean rivers are the Drini, Buna, Mati. country on the Balkan Penii.sula in Shkumbini, Semani, Vjosa, Erzeni. the south of Europe. The ,_lbanian Ishmi, Bistrlca, and Pavllo, and their coastline is 476 km long, _md the courses have an important effect on Adriatic and Ionian Seas have a great the country's coastal biodiversity. impact on the climate, fio_ a, and About 247 natural lakes of different fauna in the country, types and dimensions, and a considerable number of artificial 1.12 Albania is part )f the lakes, are located inside the country. Mediterranean Alps in tt,e line Based on their origin, they are divided Dinarido-Albanido-Helenid, _md is into tectonic lakes (4), glacier lakes characterlsed by a diversity of rock (134), carstie lakes (94), and fluvial formations since Palaeozol( time. lakes (15). Among the more important There are more sedimentacy and ones are the transboundary lakes of volcanic formations, while Shkodra, Ohrid, and Prespa- the metamorphic ones are less e_mmon, most important and largest ones in Other formations such as alluvial, the Balkans with European and proluvial, koluvial, and deluvial international significance. In the glaciers, marshes, and lakes, are coastal area of Albania there are younger and from the Quaternary wetlands such as Karavasta, Narta. .24

Patoku, Vilunl, Kune-Vainl, Orikuml, Alluvialforest(Vaine, Lezha) and others, with a total area of 150kin2.

1.16 Albania is an important migration route for ,flora anc fauna. The main elements of the ._lbanian flora are Mediterranean (24%), Balkan (22%), European (18%), and Eurastan Castanetum(Oaf_-Molle) ] (14%). I

Corological spectrum of the Flora of Albania

Euroasian European Others Cultivated Cost_opolite Euro_iberiar

Balkani Mixed Beech and Pine Forest Mediterrar can

The Eurasian, l tolartlc, Mediterranean, and Balkan elements dominate the faunistic spectrum of the country. Sub-alpine Meadow (Biz_)

1.17 Albania is well known for its high diversity of ecosystems and Irabttats. Within its territory there are rmritime ecosystems, coastal zones, lakes, rivers, evergreen and bcoadleaf bushes, broadleaf forests, pine forests, alpine and sub-alpine pastu:'es and meadows, and high mountain Land Uae ecosystems.

1.18 Albania is rich in for,_.st and Forests pasture resources. The fores[s cover 1,030,000 ha or 36% of the c_untry's territory, and the pastures about 400,000 ha or 15%. Appro_dmately A_ablola_ 60% (244,000 hal of the pastures are alpine and sub-alpine pastures and meadows. The forests and the pastures have a diversity of types, formations, and plant and animal communities. 25

Box

Habitat Types In Albania

Habitat Type Habitat subtype Number of communltle;

Coastal communities Marine communities 19 Marine Wetlands 19 Coastal sandy 13 Dimes and seaside's Rockycoast 4 Non-maritime water Coastal wetlands Sweet waters 36 Running waters Rivers and springs 7 Bushes Temperate heath grove 53 Bushes 23 GEwriga 16 PseudomakJa 1 Terrain 2 Gorse terrain ? FrLganat 2 G] ass terraln's 17 Termofile forest 2 associations Si:es with Mediterranean grass 5 Mcditerranean -Mount ain grass terrain's 6 DIy grass terrain's 6 Al'sine and sub-alpine gr tss terrain's 48 Forests Br oadleaf forest 141 C( nffer forest 31 Fcrests and bushes 30 Ex ergreen and Temperate broad- leaveforest 6 Pond water vegetation Rush formation 25 Rocky formations Rc,cky slope 15 Rccky gaps 12 Cf.ves

Other habitat types: Crop lands: Fruit-tree plantations; Vineyards; Low forests; Urban parks; Towns, villages or industrial sites; Mines 26

1.19 Along the coastline of the country there are many ecosystems of significance in the Mediterranean region such as lagoons, wetlands, sand dunes, river deltas, hydrophll and hygrophfi forests. Litto::al and infralittoral communities of Mediterranean origin along t?e rocky coast are quite diverse aatd well preserved.

Wetland along the coast

SPECIES D_VERSITY

1.22 Information on biodiversity in Albania is generally lacking. There are stfil flora and fauna taxonomic groups, which are unknown or have not been studied. The information on well-known taxonomic groups is 1.20 The lakes and rivers are also lacking in terms of species. The important for the biological and number of species shown in Box 2 is landscape diversity of the country, larger, and in some groups several times larger, from that known to date. Vegetation along the Shkodra L_lie 1.23 Taking Into account the existing information, Albania has a rich diversity of flora.and fauna with about 3,200 flora species and 756 fauna species, respectively. Approximately 30% of European flora occur in Albania, and the high forests of Albania are the habitat for large game such as the brown bear, wild boar, 1.21 There is a diversity of lanclscapes and others, and also of fowl species, in Albania due to its natural which flourish in virgin forests. The characteristics and long hL, tory of rich marine flora and fauna population and human activities, communities are an Indicator of the Traditional agriculture and high level of preservation and quality stockbreeding developed in the of these communities In Albania. countryside, in accordano; with natural conditions, have bten the GENETIC DIVERSITY major factors determining the Albanian landscape, where indigenous 1.24 A number of autochthonous elements are not missing, breeds of cattle and crops exist in the country. About 30 species of crops Salty land vegetation with Sallconia are native to Albania. There are nine autochthonous breeds of goats and five for sheep. This is an important heritage for the protection and improvement of the production and the quality of the agricultural and animal husbandry. 27

Box

The Number of Species in Albania

Group Species in Species in World Species Alb_mia Europe

Bacteria Un}_own Unknown >4,000 Viruses Unknown, Unknown >5,000 Protozoa Unlqnown Unknown >40,000 Algae 600 Unknown >40,000 Fungi 800 16,000 >70,000 Ferns 45 145 >12,000 Bryophytes 500 10,000 > 14,000 Lichens 400 1200 > 17,000 Flowring plants 320 D 11415 250.000 MoUusca 520 (700) Unknown 80,000 Insects 4,000 (14,000) 40,000 1,0bO,000 Crustaceans 115 150 {Adriatic 8,000 , (Decapoda) sea) Echinodermata 46 94 5,650 (Mediterranean) Dish 313 (350) 618 32,000-40,000 (Mediterranean) Marine Fish 249 Unknown 23,000-30,000 Freshwater Fish 64 Unknown 8,500 Amphibians 15 (16) 62 4.000 Reptiles 36 (38) 123 6.500 Birds 323 (335) 450 9,881 Mammals 70 (34) 200 4,327

lote: The number in parentheses indicates the number of the expected species to )ccur in Albania

Breed "Syska" of Pollsl area Goat Femal Male Tendency breeds e Dragoblja 6500 350 I VellpoJa Unknown I Hasi 15000 377 I Mat! 9500 240 I Capore _22176 479 S Shyta Unknown I Dukat/ 20310 690 I Muzhak/_ 42096 1480 I Llqenas 10000 500 I Sheep breeds Breed "Dhla e Matit" Bardhoke 19740 880 I Shkodran 13450 560 I

Ruda 29400 950 ! i Recka 19409 8100 I 6 Syska 110 5 I (Lara e Pollsit) Note: I=lncreaslng; S=stable 28

SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE beauty of nature increase the appreciation for nature and the 1.25 The medical, industrial, _md feed countryside. value of plants and animals is well known. There are 300 types of Iphlctldes podallrlus medical and aromatic plants, which represent about 10% of the i_lbanian flora. In the future the nu:_ber of plants with medical or aromaiic value will likely increase. Rosa canlna Salvia off clnalis

1.30 The diversity of the shape, colour, function, and behaviour of the plants and animals has extraordinary aesthetic and recreation value. The biological diversity and natural and cultural landscape are also a source of pleasure and culture for present and 1.26 About 40 plant speci_'.s have future generations. forage values, and 35 plant species are tanlferous. The number of well- Penumbasl cave .known plants for honey prodiLcing by bees is about 50, and the number of plants used for feeding is 70.

1.27 Different types of fish in marine and inland waters, and a considerable number of sea animals, are an important food source for tumans, and frogs are also becoming _ source of food. Molluscs are an lnkportant source for the preparat Lon of pharmaceutical products ant other cosmetic products. Their shells serve to produce artistic objects, stamps. parts of musical instrumenLs, and BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISM other objects. Insects are in[portant for pollen, and some also h_ve food 1.31 The recreational values of and industrial values such as the bee biological and landscape diversity are and sfikworm, an asset, which can be used to promote tourism development. It is 1.28 Furs of some animtds like our duty and responsibility to protect martens, fox, squirrel, and others also and develop these values for present have economic value, and future generations. If we are not able and responsible to protect AESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES biological and landscape diversity, there is a risk of losing their 1.29 There are indisputable aesthetic, recreations values to help foster recreational, and spiritua I and tourism as a means to promote physical values associatec, with development and prosperity in biodiversity and landscape. B[ological Albania. life and landscape diversity are an important spiritual sour, ,e for 1.32 Sport hunting, fishing, climbing, humans. The diversity of tlc e living and other activities, which would be organisms and habitats and the attractive for tourism, require that 29

Albania take the necessary measures molluscs and two fish species are to protect thc environment and its endemic. Insects are represented by biodiverslty. 16 species (11 species of Hemiptera and five species of butterflies), Further studies of the country's fauna, in particular biospeleologlcal studies, which just have only just begun in Albania, will help in finding new endemism in the country. [A list of the endemic species of Albania is found in Appendix C of this report). Hypericum haplophylloides

Nymphaea alba

L;r_li ', _E rV,;ZENAI,BANL¥,S ANrv NLIG_iBOURIN£;COUN'IRY ECOSYSrF_MS

1.35 The Albanian inland and marine ecosystems are a part of the S?_;_i.,_: !.,_ Mediterranean and Balkan natural

_l() !', ; : i: _ -'' ¥_,_1( ecosystems.

1.33 The relief of Albania has created Mountain ecosystem I the conditions for the existence and _jllr' protection of a number of endemic and subendemtc species. Ther,; are 27 plant species with 150 sukspecies, which are endemic in Albania, and another 160 plant species, which are subendemic in Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. Among paleoendemics there are types with very old origin like Wulfenia baldaccii, F_rsythia europea. Gymnospermium 1.36 Transboundary lakes like shqipetarum, and from the neo- Shkodra. Ohrid, and Prespa are points endemics Lunaria telekiaoa, Crepis of fioristic and fauna exchange with bertiscea, Petasites doeifleri, L _ucoJum other Balkan countries. valentinum subspecies Vlorense, Aster albanicus subspecies Paparis:ol, and 1.37 Species migrate through the others, rivers and the highest parts of Albanian mountains from their 1.34 In comparison with the flora, the natural habitats outside Albania in Albanian fauna is less kno,_rn and Greece, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia. studied. It has a considerable number of endemic and ancient species. Lake 1.38 The large number of subendemic Ohrid is the most well known species linked with Greece and ecosystem in the country in lerms of Yugoslavia. and the, marine species fauna endemism: over 40 species of endemic to the Adriatic Sea highlight 3O the importance of Albania for the least 72 vertebrate and 18 protection of biodiversity in the invertebrate species with global Balkan and Mediterranean regions, importance have at least part of their habitats and population in Albania. THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA For some of them (Pelecanus crlspus, FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Salmo letnica and Acipenser sturlo), Albania has a 1.39 The coastal wetlands and lakes critical importance. (A list of globally inside the country are particularly threatened species is given in Annex D important sites for the wintering of of this report). migratory species since about 70 waterfowl species with a population of Dalmatian Pelican in Karavasta 180,000 are wintering in these areas. At.least four from them (Karavasta, Narta, Shkodra and Ohrid) can be considered as sites of international Importance for waterfowls known as IBAs (Important Bird Areas), or Ramsar sites, with more than 20,000 waterfowl species at each site. At this time, only Karavasta has Ramsar status.

THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBAMA FOR GLOBALLYTHREATENED SPECIES

1.40 In Albania, there are a number of globally threatened species since at 31

Box 3

WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Article 2 of the Convention on Biodiversity states:

"The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes dlversiiy within species, between species and of ecosystems".

In other words, the term biological diversity is the number and the diversity of living organisms on our planet. Within this term is the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems which are the product of the evolutionary process over billions of years. The presence of human beings depends on this biological diversity, so from this point of view the term blodiversity is a synonym for the term "life on the planet."

There are 1.7 million known species, but the exact number of species on the planet is not known. It is estimated at about 5-100 million. J Biodiversity represents the diversity of the life, which we must protect for future generations and ourselves. If not, our chfidren will pay the price tomorrow.

Species disappearance is a norr:lal part of the evolution process of the living organisms. However, today, because of human activities, species and ecosystems are extremely endangered. The loss of biodlverslty is high and continues. The forecast is that, with today's deforestation process, within the next 25 years 2-8% of the species will disappear. This is in itself an environmental disaster, but the effects of this tragedy will also Impact on the economic and social development throughout the world. At least 40% of the world's economy and 8C% of our needs are realized from the use of biological resources. In addition, new medical research, economic development, and new environmental challenges like climate change are linked closely to the protection of biological diversity.

Blodiverslty is a natural resource "bank" which everyone should "invest" in, in the same way In which blodlversity is lnw sting in us.

Ole _ europaea and Spartium

]ll_Ci°ll_rl

! 32

Box 4

WHY WE SHOULD PROTECT THE BIODIVERSITY

MORAL AND AESTHETIC REASONS The diversity of species and habitats are the basis of the beauty of nature. They increase the love for it, the love for the countryside, and develop the sense of aesthetics, which inspire composers, painters, sculptors, and other artists. The best writers and artists are always pupils before nature; Plants and animals have extraordinary aesthetic, educational, and recreation values; Pleasure and culture; As a steward of nature, man must respect the right of other living organisms to exist; a_cd We do not have the right to leave ·a poorer nature and biological 1 diversity to future generations.

3EING RESPONSIBLE Where man has "klllsd' blodlversity, "the revenge" of nature has been a prompt one -- to be careful for responsible biodiversity management means responsibility for every action taken; The survival of many !_lant and animal species can not be assured ff man does not intervene and takes care for their protection; and Every species plays It:) role in keeping the balance of the nature.

'HE BENEFITS TO SOCIETY Biological diversity forms the life resources of the plant, and It assures ihe diversity of food products for humans and all other living things; The protection of 01odiversity means the protection of the environment on our planet: (1) wetlands are a natural filter for the surface waters, and ky cleansing organic compounds they improve the quality of the water and lower eutrophication -- at the same time they protect us from flooding through their capacity to accumulate and maintain water; (ii) dune vegetation and marshes along the coast reduc; the erosion from the sca; and (iii) vegetation cover in hilly 'and mo antainous areas protect the soil from erosion, and the bushes and forests protect the soil from winds and flooding; Healthy climate and fi'ash air; Rest and recreation m'e enhanced by rich blodiverslty; Many birds and aniraals cat harmful insects, and thus serve to protect the environment; and Many plants are known to have health values and many yet to be discovered health ben'_fits will be found in plants in thc future.

;CONOMI C VALUE Many plant and anita al species represent important industrial and health products (fishes, aromatic and medical plants, animal fur); Many plants and a_limals are cultivated and tame, and thus selection and improw ment of the genetic material of these species has economic benefiL,; Plants and animals and their products are exported; and Tourism and sport hunting can be a source of income for the economy only with high biodiversity values.