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ON XH/XX] TS:OT NOW 20. 90/ZT G ON XH/XX] TS:OT NOW 20. 90/ZT g E a i 3.i Sd Wb6t7:60 ZQBZ 9t78 9SS T6 6 8£00 : 'ON 3N0Hd 1. OVERLOOK ON NATURAL ENERGETIC RESOURCES IN in coasta' areas and 20-35 rn/iee ;n the other regions. This is another important scarce of n .ranewabie energy. a. ALBANIA In Albania there are aiso many ihermai water springs and weils of tow enthalpy, witb a temperature of up to 65.5°C> which indicates that ii is possible dircci use of the eeothefsnal Albania is a mountainous Mediterranean country with numerous Ram raj energetic in in resources- Albania has a tcta! surface 28 748 km: , where 70-75% of the territory i» composed energy. en of mountains, hills, Jakes and rivers. There are many rivers flowing from the mountains. The total hydrographic chacchment area surface of Albania is about 40 000 km." The average level 2. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ALBANIA O of the hydrographic network is 700 m. Albania is a country with relatively high precipitation. (3 &t its hydrographic area fail in average 1 400 mm rain p>er year. Its snows in ihe levels over 1 XI Geological Features . X m '300 m in mountain areas. 70% of the river water flows observed during the winter and spring. During a year from at) Albanian Rivers flows in sea about 39 biiiion m! water. The average The Aibanides form an integral part of the southern branch of the Mediterranean Alpine perennial total inflow of Albanian'Rivers is about I 245 urVsec. of One of main Albanian orogen. They are subdivided ia two zones: the Internal and fee External Albantdes. The rivers, Drini River in Northern Albania, has an average inflow about 340 nr/sec. geology of Aibanides creates the premises for the research and exploitation of natural According to Preliminary Feasibility Studies result that the hydro-energetic potential of geochetmal energetic resources. Albania for the exploitation reach about 16 000 G\Vh per year. The results of the geothennal studies carried out in Albania are presented in maps and Hydroenergelic resources represent most important energetic resources of Albania. Seven geothermal sections. Temperature maps have been drowsing for different levels of up to 5000m depth. Geothennal gradient, hear, flow density and geothermal resources maps have hydro-power plants have been built, with an installed power of 1446 MW. Fierza, Komani and o CD Van Gejes Hydroelecoro power plants have been constructed irs Drini River, with an installed also been drawn. The natural springs with thermal waters and the geological strucmres with UD power, 500 MW, 600 MW and 250 MW. respectively. Electric energy production is 5 000 high water temperature have also- been mapped- The water basins with higher average (M GWh in 1999. From 5& small hydroelectric power plants were produced only 0.23% of ihe temperature than that of yearly average in one of the regions has been studied as well. The study of the possibility of exploitation of abandoned deep oil wells as "Vertical Earth Heat •tH energy of hydroatectric energetic system of Albania. cn Probes'* has already begun. o Until now it is utilized about 30% of the hydro-energetic potential of Albania. 2 en There are about 20 oil and gas reservoirs under exploitation in Albania, producing about The greatest heal flow density with a value of 42 mW'ia" is found in She center of the CD 2.4 Mt oi\ ir. 1974, but within the last years the production is decreased and in 1999 only about Preadriatic Depression (Fig. J). In the east of the ophiolhic belt heat flow density reaches values of up to 60 mW-m":. 340 Kt of oil were extracted. C There are tens of coalmines in Albania, with an output of over 2.2 Mt coal in 1989 and The temperature varies from a minimum of 12°C at a depth of 100m up to 1O5.S C at a depth of 6000m. In the centra! part of the Freadriatk Depression, there are many <ieep oil 420 Kt of coal in 1595. in 1999 ihe production is under 50 Kt of coai. C Thermoelectric power plants have an installed power about 213 MW, and production has welSs where'the temperature reaches up to 68 C at a depth of 3000m. The isoiherm runs in a " been 182 million kWh during 1999. Fieri Thermoelectric Power Plant is most important, with direction that fits thai of the strike of the Aibanides.* The configuration of the isotherm is the LU an insta! led power 160 MW. same down to a depth of 6000m. Going deeper and deeper the 2ones of highest temperature O The Albanian energetic system is mainly based on electricity produced by hydropower move in a direction southeast to northwest, towards the center of the Preaftiatic Depression a. plants. The climate of Albania is a typical Mediterranean one, with a hot and dry summer. and even farther towards the northwestern coast. The geothennal gradient has the highest value about 15.7 jnK-m"1 in the center of the This climate makes ihe electrical syscem (based on the water resources of Albania) very 1 capricioas. Preadriaric Depression. Elsewhere the gradient is mostly 15 mK'm' (Fig. 2). In the south of she country the geothermal gradient has low values 11.5-13 mK-m'1. The lowest gradient value In ihe presenr conditions of a new Albanian market economy, together with the : oansfonnations in the management of existing energetic system, the study of other energetic of 7-11 Mkm" is found in the deep synclinal belts. Towards the northeastern and southeastern sources has began. There are great possibilities to use renewable energies. regions of Albania, over the ophiolitic belt, the geothennal gradient increases, reaching the Solar energy is most important of renewable energies in Albania. Albania is a country' valueof23.5mK-m-'. with great sunshine period during the year, front 2731 o'clock/year in Che Southern Albania, 2 560 o'efoefc/year in the Tirana region and 2046 o'clock/year in Northern Albanian regions 2.2. Gcotherma] Areas sad Reservoir* (Climate of Albania, 1978). Solar heat in Albania has an average value about 129.3 Real-cm" '-year'. The use of the so'ar panels for the direct solar energy exploitation will have a great In Albania there are many thermal springs and welis of low enthalpy. Their water has CO importance in Albania. temperatures that reach values of up u> 60°C (Fig. 3). Q Wind energy exploitation in Albania is important, too. 1ft the coastal areas the average Table 1 presents some data on the water temperature for such springs. wind speed is about 2.8-3.8 m-sec'1 (Climate of Albania, 1978). There are many regions where the wind speed is several times greater than thai in the above-mentioned regions, 35-45 m/sec 268 269 Table !. THE THERMAL WATER SPRINGS IN ALBANIA if ii-Ejeceasary that hy^rogeoiogicai and geoptivsicai investigafiofts EC- cirried CUT i-d rev' be driiied in order so capture the wztcr deeper where rhe Kmperactire'is hi !«* of Springs Location TeiRperature Salt in Artesian Spring ia?C vjeldiai-s-l 2J. Directioas far the expioitaCiou of geothsrmal eaerQ- of low enthalpy ia Albania in in in Llixha Elbasan 60 0.3 2 Peshkopi 5-4J 9 10 Tne geoiharmai situation of low enthaJpy in Albania offers two direciioris for cSie Q expioitalion of geothermai energy, which is unused usicii now. 2 3 Krane-Sarande 34 <10 o * Fiisi, thenr.a! sources of iow enthaipy ar=d of majtimai temperajure up to &Q~C. Trtest Langareci-Permei 6-31 >10 + are natural sources or wells in a wide temioiy of Aibania, from the Soulh near 200 5 ShBja^-Tiraiia 29.5 •••• • iO- . • • 7 • Atbanian-Greek boundary to Mbrth-east dis^rtcu i'n'Di'ber Region. 6 Sarandoporo- 26.7 >10 Thenisa! waters of springs and welis in Aibania may be used in severai vvavs: 1 Leskovik . 7 un Tervoli-Gramsh 24 ! >10 1. For SPA dircics for treatment of different diseases and hoieU tor devefopmerii of Ecc- •-> ,8 Mamurras-Tirane 21 |26 >10 Eourism. in Stich centers may aiirscx a lot of client not only from Albania, because no; only the o These thermal water springs are roainly near zones of regional tectonic fractures. good curative propenies of these waters but also because the)' are situated in nice Generally the water circulates through carbonanc rocks of the structures and evaporitic beds ai places near sea s ide, moumains or Ohrid lake. OD seme kilometers of depih. The water of these springs conleins salt, absorbed gas and organic 2. The hot water of SPA may be used also for heating of hotels, SPA and tourisi centers, i U3 matter. They are sulfide: methane, iodine-bromtum and suffate types. CM as well as for the preparaiion of hot water used there. CM la many deep oil and gas wells there are thermal water fountain outputs with a Near these SPA it is possible !o built: greenhouses for flowers and vegetables & temperature thai varies from 32 EO OS-S^C (labk 2). scqua-culture installations. CD en 3. from thermal waters it is possibie to extract very useful chemical microelements as O en Table 2. THE OIL AND GAS WELLS THAT HAVE SELF-DISCHARGE OF THE jo-dium. bromiuro, chlor etc. and other naterai sahs, so necessary for preparation of THERMAL WATER pomades for ihe ireatmen; of many ikin diseases as well as for beauty treatments. From these waters it is possible to exiract sulphidric and carbonic ga», the former Js N°...:.
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