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Удк 005.745:551.7:56 Cтратиграфия И УДК 005.745:551.7:56 О. Л. КОССОВАЯ, Т. Ю. ТОЛМАЧЕВА (ВСЕГЕИ) CТРАТИГРАФИЯ И ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЯ В НАУЧНОЙ ПРОГРАММЕ 34-й СЕССИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КОНГРЕССА (2012 г., Брисбен, Австралия) Рассматриваются сообщения, связанные с созданием Международной хроностратиграфической шкалы, выбором точек глобальных стратотипов границ (GSSP), обоснованием региональных зо- нальных последовательностей, комплексированием биостратиграфических и хемостратиграфических методов и др. Как показало сравнение с итогами предыдущей 33-й сессии Международного геологи- ческого конгресса (МГК), главным отличием современных палеонтолого-стратиграфических иссле- дований является их направленность на реконструкцию климатических особенностей геологического прошлого, оценку влияния палеоклиматов на биоту и характер осадконакопления. Обобщены доклады на секциях и заседаниях комиссий по системам, в которых авторы принимали непосредственное участие, а также дан аналитический обзор тезисов докладов 34-й сессии МГК. Ключевые слова: стратиграфия, палеонтология, 34-я сессия МГК. The main tendencies in modern stratigraphy and paleontology were discussed in the specialized sessions and meetings of the Stratigraphic Subcommissions, as well as in presentations of related sciences. Present review includes presentations connected with the creation of the International Stratigraphic Scale, proposition of the Global Stratigraphic Sections and Points (GSSP), compiling of the regional zonal successions, integration of methods of biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy and many others. In comparison with previous 33th IGC, 2008, the modern paleontological and stratigraphic studies are different in intensification of investigations targeting the reconstruction of climatic features of the past, influence of paleoclimates to biota and sedimentation. The review is based both on synthesis of sessions and Subcommission meetings presentations where the authors took part and analytic review of the Abstract volume of 34th IGC. Key words: stratigraphy, paleontology, 34th IGC. Тематика заседаний конгресса * четко отражает плении председателя Международной стратиграфи- тенденции современных исследований в области ческой комиссии (МСК) Стена Финни (S. C. Finney, стратиграфии и палеонтологии. Создание хроно- США) отмечено, что современное состояние хро- стратиграфической шкалы фанерозоя, обоснование ностратиграфической шкалы – результат более и выбор разрезов – точек глобального стратотипа чем 40-летних исследований по созданию единой границ (ТГСГ, GSSP) ярусных подразделений – «линейки» для оценки геологического возраста по- одно из приоритетных направлений стратиграфии. род и повышению точности корреляции осадочных Эти работы напрямую связаны с необходимостью образований на разных континентах. Современная активных исследований ископаемых организмов, общепринятая концепция заключается в создании т. е. по-прежнему подчеркивают актуальность про- последовательного ряда хроностратиграфических блемы классической палеонтологии и палеоэколо- подразделений, нижние границы которых опреде- гии. Однако главным отличием современных, в том ляются в разрезах – точках глобального стратотипа числе и палеонтологических исследований по срав- границы (GSSP) по какому-либо биостратиграфи- нению с предыдущей 33-й сессией МГК является их ческому (и/или альтернативному) маркеру или ярко направленность на реконструкцию климатических выраженному абиотическому событию. Сложилось особенностей геологического прошлого, влияние так, что многие ранее выделенные подразделения палеоклиматов на биоту и характер осадконакопле- были определены в регионах, где их границы пло- ния. Активно развиваются новые методы как пря- хо обоснованы фаунистически или совпадают со мого определения палеотемператур и геохимических стратиграфическими перерывами. Хотя сохранение характеристик среды геологического прошлого, так подразделений, обоснованных в традиционных ти- и методы их косвенной оценки, связанные с измене- повых регионах, важно для поддержания стабиль- нием состава фаунистических сообществ, флористи- ности и преемственности хроностратиграфических ческих ассоциаций и особенностей седиментогенеза. шкал, полная приверженность к ним ограничивает Основным достижениям исследований в области развитие корреляции высокого разрешения. стратиграфии было посвящено 53 доклада на пяти Для некоторых систем фанерозоя уже благопо- сессиях. лучно завершилась процедура выбора разрезов – точек глобального стратотипа границ (ТГСГ). Одна- ТГСГ (GSSPs) – точки глобального стратотипа ко из 12 ярусных подразделений меловой системы границы как глобальный геостандарт (35.1). В высту- ратифицировано только три границы, а четвертая находится на голосовании (I. P. Silva, Италия). Ос- * Proceedings of the 34th International Geological Congress, новная причина – сложность сопоставления разно- 5–10 August 2012. Brisbane, Australia. – 1492 р. фациальных отложений при использовании только Региональная геология и металлогения, № 53, 2013 © О. Л. Коссовая, Т. Ю. Толмачева, 2013 56 биостратиграфических методов. В первую очередь низов верхнего плейстоцена является палеомагнит- это касается корреляции пелагических последова- ная граница Матуяма-Брунес (Matuyama-Brunhes), тельностей современных океанов, доступных благо- близкая по возрасту к основному гляциальному даря проектам глубинного океанического бурения событию – Морскому изотопному ярусу (Marine (DSDP-ODP) и классических карбонатных разрезов Isotope Stage – MIS 22). Граница Матуяма-Брунес типовых регионов. Выбор нижних границ подразде- легко распознается как в континентальных обста- лений требует интеграции всех доступных методов новках (например, верхняя часть лесского горизон- корреляции, прежде всего методов магнито- и хе- та L9 Лесского плато, Loess Plateau, в Китае), так мостратиграфии. Наиболее перспективна изотопия и в морских обстановках (MIS 19). Три разреза рас- углерода (δ13C), однако такого рода исследования сматриваются как кандидаты в стратотипы (GSSP) занимают значительное время, что замедляет со- нижней границы среднего плейстоцена: разрезы здание хроностратиграфической шкалы системы. Монталбано Юнико (Montalbano Jonico), Вале ди Среди еще не ратифицированных границ верх- Манче (Valle di Manche), Южная Италия, и разрез него триаса находится нижняя граница норийско- Чиба (Chiba), Япония. го яруса (M. Balini et al., Италия). После 10-летних В качестве кандидата в стратотипы (GSSP) исследований наилучшими кандидатами для точки нижней границы верхнего плейстоцена предложен глобального стратотипа границы (GSSP) карния – разрез в верхней части берегового обрыва Фронте нория признаны два разреза – Блэк Биа Ридж (Black (Fronte) около г. Таренто, Италия (G. Battista et al., Bear Ridge) в Британской Колумбии (Канада) и Пиз- Италия). В этом разрезе, сложенном морскими зо Монделло (Pizzo Mondello) в Сицилии (Италия). мергелями и известняками, хорошо распознается Они хорошо обнажены, насыщены фауной (коно- уровень Termination II, принятый в качестве обо- донтами, пелагическими двустворками, аммонита- снования нижней границы тарентийского яруса, со- ми и радиоляриями), доступны для исследователей впадающего с нижней границей верхнего плейсто- и фациально стабильны. В них изучены вариации цена. Интергляциальное событие MIS 5.5 в разрезе изотопов углерода, получены данные по магнит- определено по урановому датированию кораллов ной полярности. В обоих разрезах наблюдается Cladocora. Богатая фауна с Strombus и другими первое появление двустворчатого моллюска Halobia тепловодными «сенегалезскими» моллюсками дает austriaca, который был предложен в качестве био- возможность корреляции с отложениями типовой стратиграфического маркера границы. Следующий местности исторических турхенских отложений шаг к выбору ТГСГ норийского яруса (верхний три- (верхний плейстоцен). ас) – детальная корреляция и уточнение биострати- В бассейне р. По Северной Италии обнаружен графического распространения основных видов в мощный (около 100 м) непрерывный разрез отло- двух вышеупомянутых разрезах-кандидатах в ТГСГ. жений тарентийского яруса (MIS 5.5–2) позднего Достигнуты успехи в определении абсолютного плейстоцена (A. Amorosi, G. B. Vai, Италия). Этот возраста плинсбахской – тоарской границы (верх- разрез, детально изученный при интенсивных бу- няя часть ранней юры) (A. C. Riccardi, S. L. Kamo, ровых работах, – уникальный природный объект, Аргентина). Впервые на этом стратиграфическом так как подобные полные последовательности этого уровне в Аргентине в пепловых прослоях свиты интервала в мире исключительно редки. Споровые чакай мелеху (Chacay Melehue) провинции Неуку- комплексы и секвенс-стратиграфическая модель ен обнаружены цирконы, U-Pb возраст которых позволяют проводить детальную корреляцию этих 183,6 ± 1,7/–1,1 млн лет (метод ID-TIMS). Это отложений с разрезом – кандидатом в стратотипы немного моложе ранее полученного возраста, рас- ТГСГ тарентийского яруса. считанного статистическими методами по общей сумме U-Pb датировок в регионе, и сопоставимо с Международная подкомиссия по стратиграфии возрастом в 183,0 млн лет, принятым сегодня для неопротерозоя: хроностратиграфия неопротерозоя, нижней границы тоарского яруса согласно данным эволюция и увеличение разнообразия многоклеточ- по свинцу. ных, эволюция экосистемы Земли (35.2). В качестве Положение и обоснование нижней границы одного из важнейших и перспективных направле- приабонского яруса верхнего эоцена (палеоген) – ний в современных исследованиях этого самого в настоящее время предмет активных дискуссий. древнего этапа жизни на Земле рассматриваются Наибольшим корреляционным
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