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Diplôme D'etudes Approfondies UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales ETUDE BIOLOGIQUE ET ECOLOGIQUE DE LA COMMUNAUTE HERPETOFAUNIQUE DE BEMANEVIKA, NORD-OUEST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Mlle Dina Lydie RAMAMONJISOA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA Professeur d’ESR Examinateur(s) : Madame Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA Maître de conférences Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO Maître de conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 28 octobre 2014 REMERCIEMENTS Tout d’abord, je remercie Dieu pour m’avoir donnée la santé et la force pour l’accomplissement de ce mémoire. L’occasion m’est ici offerte pour adresser également mes sincères remerciements pour les personnes et entités qui ont contribué à la réalisation de ce mémoire de fin d’études. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier particulièrement mon encadreur, Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Enseignant-chercheur au sein du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et Président de l’Association VAHATRA pour les conseils et l’aide précieuse qu’il m’a apportée pour la réalisation de cet ouvrage, depuis les travaux sur le terrain et en laboratoire jusqu’à la rédaction du mémoire lui-même. Mes remerciements les plus sincères vont aussi à : - Madame Noromalala RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA qui m’a fait l’honneur de présider le jury pour la soutenance de ce mémoire ; - Madame Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA qui a aimablement accepté de faire partie de la commission de lecture et de siéger parmi les membres du jury ; - Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO qui m’a fait aussi honneur en acceptant de faire partie de la commission de lecture et des membres du jury. Je suis reconnaissante envers le Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences et le Chef du Département de Biologie Animale de l’Université d’Antananarivo de m’avoir autorisée à soutenir ce mémoire. J’exprime mes profondes gratitudes à : - L’Association VAHATRA pour l’encadrement scientifique et le soutien qu’elle m’a apporté pour la réalisation des travaux de recherches ; - Leona B. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust pour le financement du projet ; - The Peregrine Fund qui m’a autorisée à effectuer mes travaux de recherches au sein de la Nouvelle Aire Protégée de Bemanevika et toute son équipe dont l’aide exceptionnelle m’a permis de finir à terme les recherches sur le terrain ; - Le personnel enseignant et administratif de la Faculté des Sciences et du Département de Biologie Animale de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour avoir contribué à ma formation tout au long de mes années d’études à l’Université. i J’adresse mes chaleureux remerciements à toute ma famille et à mes amis pour l’intérêt, la compréhension et le soutien moral dont ils ont fait preuve à mon égard. A RABE Narisoa Dina Mahefa qui m’a toujours soutenue par son affection et ses encouragements. A toutes les personnes qui ont participé de près ou de loin à l’aboutissement de ce mémoire. « Andriamanitra manan-karem-pahasoavana anie hamaly avo zato heny izay vitanareo tamiko » ii RESUME L’herpétofaune de la Nouvelle Aire Protégée de Bemanevika, Nord-ouest de Madagascar a été inventoriée du 19 octobre au 9 décembre 2013. L’objectif est de collecter des données et de compiler les informations sur cette communauté biologique afin d’appuyer la conception d’un plan de gestion et de conservation du site. Trois techniques complémentaires dont l’observation directe, la fouille systématique des refuges potentiels et le système de trous- pièges ont été utilisées. Auparavant, 69 espèces herpétofauniques sont connues du site et lors de la présente étude, un total de 50 espèces, avec 28 amphibiens et 22 reptiles ont été recensées. Parmi ces espèces, 27 sont nouvelles pour le site, conduisant ainsi la richesse en herpétofaune de Bemanevika à 94 espèces. La richesse spécifique est influencée par le gradient écologique. Elle diminue au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne d’un point d’eau. La diversité spécifique varie en fonction du type d’habitat et de la distance avec le point d’eau. Bemanevika représente un refuge et un couloir d’échange pour l’herpétofaune. Elle héberge plusieurs espèces rares et menacées ainsi que des espèces considérées endémiques du Nord de Madagascar comme Marojejy, Tsaratanana et Montagne d’Ambre. Elle a cependant plus d’affinités avec Tsaratanana du point de vue communauté herpétofaunique. Les feux de pâturage et les défrichements sont les principales causes de pressions et de menaces. Le renforcement de l’implication des populations riveraines dans la gestion et l’attribution d’un statut permanent d’aire protégée à Bemanevika sont cruciaux pour la conservation à long terme de la biodiversité de ce site. Mots clés : Herpétofaune, diversité spécifique, gradient écologique, refuge, couloir d’échange, conservation iii ABSTRACT Biological inventories of reptiles and amphibians were conducted in October to December 2013 in the recently named Protected Area of Bemanevika, northwest of Madagascar. The principal objectives were to collect data and compile information about the local herpetofaunal community, which in turn would help with the management design and conservation of the site. Three complementary methods were used: direct observations, systematic search of potential refuges and pitfalls traps. In total, 50 species were identified, including 28 amphibians and 22 reptiles, 27 of these had not been previously recorded at Bemanevika. Combining our results with that of previous herpetological surveys, 94 species are known from the site. Species richness is influenced by an ecological gradient, and decreases with distance to water sources and associated habitat shifts. Bemanevika represents a refuge and a corridor of exchange for the herpetofaunal communities of northwester Madagascar. It is a refuge for several uncommon and endangered species, as well as previously thought to be microendemics to other areas of northern Madagascar such as Marojejy, Tsaratanana and Montagne d’Ambre. The reptile and amphibian community of Bemanevika shows biogeographical affinities with Tsaratanana. Fires associated with pasturelands and deforestation are the main pressures and threats to the natural habitats of the area. Intensifying the involvement of local populations in the management and naming of the site as a permanent protected area are crucial for its long-term conservation. Key words: herpetofauna, species richness, ecological gradient, refuge, corridor of exchange, conservation iv SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 I. PRESENTATION DU SITE D’ETUDE : BEMANEVIKA .................................................. 5 I.1. Situation géographique..................................................................................................... 5 I.2. Climatologie ..................................................................................................................... 6 I.2.1. Température ............................................................................................................... 7 I.2.2. Pluviométrie .............................................................................................................. 7 I.3. Hydrologie ....................................................................................................................... 7 I.4. Géologie et géomorphologie ............................................................................................ 8 I.5. Végétation ........................................................................................................................ 9 I.6. Connaissances antérieures sur la faune de Bemanevika .................................................. 9 II. METHODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................. 10 II.1. Choix des sites et de la période d’échantillonnage ....................................................... 10 II.2. Techniques d’inventaire de l’herpétofaune................................................................... 11 II.2.1. Observation directe sur itinéraire d’échantillonnage ............................................. 11 II.2.2. Fouille systématique des lieux de refuge ............................................................... 12 II.2.3. Piégeage par le système de trous-pièges ................................................................ 12 II.3. Stade de développement des individus recensés........................................................... 13 II.4. Spécimens de référence ................................................................................................ 13 II.5. Traitement et analyse des données................................................................................ 14 II.5.1. Analyse de la richesse spécifique et de l’abondance relative ................................ 14 II.5.2. Analyse de la diversité spécifique et de l’équitabilité des communautés .............. 14 II.6. Caractérisation des sites d’échantillonnage .................................................................. 15 II.6.1. Relevé écologique par placeau ............................................................................... 16 II.6.2.
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