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Student Recital/Accompanist Request Form
POMONA COLLEGE MUSIC DEPARTMENT STUDENT RECITAL FORM & ACCOMPANIST REQUEST Performers MUST be taking Level II lessons in order to perform on a student recital. Forms due no later than THREE WEEKS before the recital to the Concert Production Manager Incomplete forms will be returned. PRINT LEGIBLY OR TYPE Performer’s Name:__________________________________________________________________________________ Your Instrument(s)/Voice Part: Recital Date: _________________________ STUDENT’S SIGNATURE _________________________________________________________________________ With your signature, you are agreeing to let the Music Department live-stream your performance. Email _____________________________________________________ Phone ______________________________ Do you need an accompanist? •No •Yes [If yes, music for accompanist must be submitted with this form.] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Instructor’s Area & Approval: Print Name: ____________________________________________________ Will you attend the recital? •Yes •No SIGNATURE ____________________________________________________________________________________ PIECES TO BE PERFORMED Please type or write clearly, this information will be used for the program. #1. Title of first piece — with opus #, or BWV, or year composed or other such notation (See guide on last page): ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Composer’s full name: _________________________________________ Years (born–died): ______________ -
Jonathan Leif Thomas, Countertenor Dr
The University of North Carolina at Pembroke Department of Music Presents Graduate Lecture Recital Jonathan Leif Thomas, countertenor Dr. Seung-Ah Kim, piano Presentation of Research Findings Jonathan Thomas INTERMISSION Dove sei, amato bene? (from Rodelinda).. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) Ch'io mai vi possa (from Siroe) fl fervido desiderio .Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) Ma rendi pur contento Now sleeps the crimson petal.. .. Roger Quilter (1877-1953) Blow, blow, thou winter wind Pie Jesu (from Requiem) .. Andrew Lloyd Webber Dr. Jaeyoon Kim, tenor (b.1948) THESIS COMMITTEE Dr. Valerie Austin Thesis Advisor Dr. Jaeyoon Kim Studio Professor Dr. Jose Rivera Dr. Katie White This recital is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in Music Education. Jonathan Thomas is a graduate student of Dr. Valerie Austin and studies voice with Dr. Jaeyoon Kim. As a courtesy to the performers and audience, please adjust all mobile devices for no sound and no light. Please enter and exit during applause only. March 27,2014 7:30 PM Moore Hall Auditorium This publication is available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact Disability Support Services, OF Lowry Building, 521.6695. Effective Instructional Strategies for Middle School Choral Teachers: Teaching Middle School Boys to Sing During Vocal Transition UNCP Graduate Lecture Recital Jonathan L. Thomas / Abstract Teaching vocal skills to male students whose voices are transitioning is an undertaking that many middle school choral teachers find challenging. Research suggests that one reason why challenges exist is because of teachers' limited knowledge about the transitioning male voice. The development of self-identity, peer pressure, and the understanding of social norms, which will be associated with psychological transitions for this study, is another factor that creates instructional challenges for choral teachers. -
Siroe Fondazione Teatro La Fenice Di Venezia
GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄNDEL SIROE FONDAZIONE TEATRO LA FENICE DI VENEZIA SIROE Georg Friedrich Händel in un ritratto di Thomas Hudson. (Londra, National Portrait Gallery). 2 FONDAZIONE TEATRO LA FENICE DI VENEZIA SIROE musica di GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄNDEL VENEZIA - SCUOLA GRANDE S. GIOVANNI EVANG E LI STA Giovedì 28 dicembre 2000, ore 20.00 Sabato 30 dicembre 2000, ore 15.30 Martedì 2 gennaio 2001, ore 20.00 Giovedì 4 gennaio 2001, ore 20.00 3 —————— Edizioni dell’Ufficio Stampa del TEATRO LA FENICE Responsabile Cristiano Chiarot Hanno collaborato Pierangelo Conte, Giorgio Tommasi Ricerca iconografica Maria Teresa Muraro Copertina Tapiro Pubblicità AP srl Torino 4 SOMMARIO 7 LA LOCANDINA 11 I LIBRETTI 90 SIROE IN BREVE 92 ARGOMENTO - ARGUMENT - SYNOPSIS - HANDLUNG - 97 LORENZO BIANCONI L’“INTOLLERANTE” SIROE DA VENEZIA A HAYMARKET 102 HÄNDEL E METASTASIO 103 JORGE LAVELLI SIROE, RE DI PERSIA ALLA SCUOLA GRANDE S. GIOVANNI EVANGELISTA 104 GIORGIO GUALERZI UNA CITTÀ HÄNDELIANA 112 BIOGRAFIE 5 Lauro Crisman, modellino per Siroe. Venezia, Scuola Grande S. Giovanni Evangelista, dicembre 2000. 6 LA LOCANDINA SIROE musica di GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄNDEL libretto di NICOLA FRANCESCO HAYM da PIETRO METASTASIO prima rappresentazione in Italia personaggi ed interpreti Cosroe LORENZO REGAZZO Siroe VALENTINA KUTZAROVA Medarse ROBERTO BALCONI Emira PATR IZIA CIOFI Laodice JAHO ERMONELA Arasse DARIO GIORGELÉ maestro concertatore e direttore ANDREA MARCON regia JORGE LAVELLI scene LAURO CRISMAN costumi FRANCESCO ZITO assistente regia CARLO BELLAMIO effetti sonori JEAN MARIE BOURDAT light designer FABIO BARETTIN VENICE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA nuovo allestimento in coproduzione con APOLLONESQUE e in collaborazione con il Comitato Nazionale per le celebrazioni del Terzo Centenario della nascita di Pietro Metastasio Si ringraziano l’Università di Birmingham – Centre of Early Music Performance and Research e la Dott.ssa Mary O’Neill per aver gentilmente fornito copia dei manoscritti originali del Siroe. -
Countertenor Curriculum Vitae [email protected] +44 (0)7722 330160
Joseph Bolger – Countertenor Curriculum Vitae [email protected] +44 (0)7722 330160 Opera Ormonte Elpidia/Handel Opera Settecento, London Handel Festival 2016 Edward The Masque of Alfred/Arne Doha Baroque Ensemble, Qatar 2016 Prince Arthur Early Morning/Bowler Size Zero Opera/Royal Opera House workshops 2015 Edward The Masque of Alfred/Arne Linden Baroque 2015 Various Excerpts of new opera by Elena Langer Welsh National Opera, The Vale Festival 2014 Guest (c) The Killing Flower/Sciarrino Music Theatre Wales 2013 Andronico Tamerlano/Handel New Chamber Opera 2013 Refugee Flight/Dove Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama 2013 Othniel (c) Joshua/Handel Opera North 2013 Spirit (c) Dido & Aeneas/Purcell Opera North 2013 Soloist Baroque Around the Block Armonico Consort Tour 2012 Soloist Too Hot to Handel Armonico Consort Tour 2012-2014 The Sandman The Sandman/Bowler Size Zero Opera, Tête à Tête Festival 2012 Turio Cajo Fabricio/Hasse Ensemble Serse, London Handel Festival 2012 Soloist Exposure/Laura Bowler The Royal Opera House, Linbury Theatre 2011 Emira Siroe/Hasse Ensemble Serse, London Handel Festival 2011 Concert Soloist Appearances Solomon/Handel Bristol University Baroque Ensemble 2015 Lute Song Recital Duo Seraphim, Brighton Early Music Festival 2015 Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne/Handel Amadé Players, London Handel Festival 2015 Messiah/Handel Lincoln Cathedral Choir 2014 St. Matthew Passion/Bach Armonico Consort 2014 The Fifth Continent/Patterson Portsmouth Choral Union 2014 Messiah/Handel Guildford -
Il Complesso Barocco Edition
Handel: ADMETO (1726) Full score and piano-vocal Vivaldi: ERCOLE SUL TERMODONTE (1723) Full score and piano-vocal ISMN 979-0-2025-3382-6 Alan Curtis’ 1977 performance in Amsterdam‘s Concertgebouw, This important opera, performed in Rome a year earlier than DVD recorded by EMI with René Jacobs singing the title role, has now itself Il Giustino, was long thought to be lost. Nearly all the arias have Stains / Nesi / Cherici / become historical. Curtis has gone over the work and its sources again however been found, some missing their orchestral accompaniments, Dordolo / Bartoli / Scotting / and come up with new conclusions. Although the opera is published in various locations, and the lost recitatives and other missing parts Il Complesso Barocco / complete, he suggests ways to emend, cut, or compensate for the have been composed by Alessandro Ciccolini. Alan Curtis / directed by weaknesses of the outmoded libretto and restore Admeto to the John Pascoe (Spoleto position it deserves, as musically one of Handel’s greatest operas. Festival, 2006) Dynamic (2007) D. Scarlatti: TOLOMEO E ALESSANDRO (1711) Full score and piano-vocal Universally admired for his keyboard music, the vocal music of CD Domenico Scarlatti has until very recently been largely ignored. Hallenberg / Ek / Tolomeo e Alessandro was known only from a manuscript of Act I Invernizzi / Baka / Milanesi / in a private collection in Milan. Recently the entire opera turned up Nesi / Il Complesso Traetta: BUOVO D’ANTONA (1758) Full score and piano-vocal NEW in England and surprisingly revealed that Domenico was after all Barocco / Alan Curtis A charmingly light-hearted libretto by the well-known Venetian CD a very fi ne dramatic composer, perhaps even more appealingly so Universal Music Spain / playwright Carlo Goldoni, was set to music by the as-yet- Trogu-Röhrich / Russo- than his father Alessandro. -
New Production / First Ever Performance in Frankfurt
New production / First ever performance in Frankfurt RODELINDA, REGINA DE’ LONGOBARDI Dramma per musica in three acts by George Frideric Handel Libretto by Nicola Francesco Haym based on Pierre Corneille's Pertharite, roi des Lombards (1652) Sung in Italian with German and English surtitles Conductor: Andrea Marcon Director: Claus Guth Rehearsed by: Axel Weidauer Set and Costume Designer: Christian Schmidt Lighting Designer: Joachim Klein Video: Andi A. Müller Choreography: Ramses Sigl Dramaturge: Konrad Kuhn Rodelinda: Lucy Crowe Bertarido: Andreas Scholl Grimoaldo: Martin Mitterrutzner Eduige: Katharina Magiera Unulfu: Jakub Józef Orliński Garibaldo: Božidar Smiljanić Flavio: Fabián Augusto Gómez Bohórquez and others Oper Frankfurt's Extras; Frankfurter Opern- und Museumsorchester Co-production with the Teatro Real, Madrid, Opéra de Lyon and Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona The King’s Theatre, Haymarket, London was the venue for the World Premiere on February 13 1725 of Rodelinda by George Frideric Handel (1685-1759). This masterpiece, intended for the Royal Academy of Music, was a huge success for this very successful opera and oratorio composer at the height of his career in London. The libretto was written by the experienced theatre man and adapter of texts, Nicola Francesco Haym. It was based on Pierre Corneille's tragedy Pertharite, roi des Lombards (1652). After being seen in Lyon and Barcelona this celebrated Claus Guth production, first seen in Madrid in 2017, now comes to Frankfurt, with an almost entirely new cast, before going on to Amsterdam in 2020. Bertarido, King of the Langobards, kills his brother in a fight over the throne. He flees and spreads rumours of his death. -
Rodelinda Regina De’Longobardi
George Frideric Handel Rodelinda Regina de’Longobardi CONDUCTOR Opera in three acts Harry Bicket Libretto by Nicola Francesco Haym, adapted from PRODUCTION Antonio Salvi’s work of the same name Stephen Wadsworth Saturday, December 3, 2011, 12:30–4:35 pm SET DESIGNER Thomas Lynch COSTUME DESIGNER Martin Pakledinaz LIGHTING DESIGNER The production of Rodelinda was made possible Peter Kaczorowski by a generous gift of John Van Meter. Additional funding was received from Mercedes and Sid Bass, and the Hermione Foundation. GENERAL MANAGER Peter Gelb MUSIC DIRECTOR James Levine PRINCIPAL CONDUCTOR Fabio Luisi 2011–12 Season The 20th Metropolitan Opera performance of George Frideric Handel’s Rodelinda Regina de’Longobardi This performance conductor is being Harry Bicket broadcast live over The cast in order of appearance Toll Brothers– Metropolitan Rodelinda, Queen of Milan, wife of Bertarido Opera Renée Fleming International Radio Network, Grimoaldo, usurper of Milan, betrothed to Eduige sponsored by Joseph Kaiser Toll Brothers, America’s luxury Garibaldo, counselor to Grimoaldo homebuilder®, Shenyang * with generous long-term Eduige, Bertarido’s sister, bethrothed to Grimoaldo support from Stephanie Blythe * The Annenberg Bertarido, King of Milan, believed to be dead Foundation, the Andreas Scholl Vincent A. Stabile Endowment for Unulfo, counselor to Grimoaldo, secretly loyal Broadcast Media, to Bertarido and contributions Iestyn Davies from listeners worldwide. Flavio, son of Rodelinda and Bertarido Moritz Linn This performance is also being continuo: broadcast live on Harry Bicket, harpsichord recitative Metropolitan Opera Bradley Brookshire, harpsichord ripieno Radio on SiriusXM David Heiss, cello , theorbo and baroque guitar channel 74. Daniel Swenberg Saturday, December 3, 2011, 12:30–4:35 pm This afternoon’s performance is being transmitted live in high definition to movie theaters worldwide. -
Rodelinda Rodelinda Regina De’ Longobardi
RODELINDA RODELINDA REGINA DE’ LONGOBARDI GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄNDEL DYREKTOR NACZELNY FILHARMONII ŁÓDZKIEJ TOMASZ BĘBEN DYREKTOR ARTYSTYCZNY FILHARMONII ŁÓDZKIEJ LECH DZIERŻANOWSKI DYRYGENT I SZEF ORKIESTRY FILHARMONII ŁÓDZKIEJ DANIEL RAISKIN CHÓRMISTRZ I SZEF CHÓRU FILHARMONII ŁÓDZKIEJ DAWID BER DYREKTOR GENERALNY MET PETER GELB DYREKTOR MUZYCZNY MET JAMES LEVINE GEORG FRIEDRICH HÄNDEL (1685–1759) RODELINDA RODELINDA, REGINA DE’LONGOBARDI DRAMMA PER MUSICA W TRZECH AKTACH LIBRETTO: NICOLA FRANCESCO HAYM WEDŁUG ANTONIA SALVIEGO, NA PODSTAWIE TRAGEDII PIERRE’A CORNEILLE’A PERTHARITE, ROI DES LOMBARDS OSOBY REALIZATORZY RODELINDA SOPRAN REŻYSERIA STEPHEN WADSWORTH królowa Longobardów, żona Bertarida DEKORACJE THOMAS LYNCH BERTARIDO KONTRALT KOSTIUMY MARTIN PAKLEDINAZ król Longobardów, pozbawiony tronu przez Grimoalda REŻYSERIA ŚWIATŁA PETER KACZOROWSKI FLAVIO rola niema syn Rodelindy i Bertarida OBSADA GRIMOALDO TENOR RENÉE FLEMING uzurpator roszczący sobie prawa do tronu Bertarida, RODELINDA książę Benewentu, narzeczony Eduige BERTARIDO ANDREAS SCHOLL FLAVIO MORITZ LINN EDUIGE MEZZOSOPRAN JOSEPH KAISER siostra Bertarida GRIMOALDO EDUIGE STEPHANIE BLYTHE UNULFO KONTRALT IESTYN DAVIES szlachcic, doradca Grimoalda, potajemny przyjaciel Bertarida UNULFO GARIBALDO SHENYANG GARIBALDO BAS książę Turynu, zbuntowany wobec Bertarida, przyjaciel Grimoalda ORKIESTRA THE METROPOLITAN OPERA AKCJA ROZGRYWA SIĘ W MEDIOLANIE W NOWYM JORKU W PAŁACU KRÓLEWSKIM DYRYGENT HARRY BICKET CZAS AKCJI: POCZĄTEK XVIII WIEKU (W ORYGINALE – VII WIEK) TRANSMISJA PRZEDSTAWIENIA Z THE METROPOLITAN OPERA W NOWYM JORKU – 3 GRUDNIA 2011 ROKU PRAPREMIERA W KING’S THEATRE W LONDYNIE PRZEDSTAWIENIE TRWA OKOŁO CZTERECH GODZIN 13 LUTEGO 1725 ROKU I PIĘTNASTU MINUT (Z DWIEMA PRZERWAMI) PREMIERA W THE METROPOLITAN OPERA W NOWYM JORKU PRZEDSTAWIENIE W JĘZYKU WŁOSKIM Z NAPISAMI 2 GRUDNIA 2004 ROKU W JĘZYKACH POLSKIM I ANGIELSKIM STRESZCZENIE LIBRETTA Bertarido, król Lombardii i Mediolanu, obalony przez Obaj z ukrycia obserwują przybyłych Rodelindę i Flavia. -
Partenope Cast Biographies
Partenope Cast Biographies English soprano Louise Alder makes her San Francisco Opera debut as the title role in Partenope. Louise won best Young Singer at International Opera Awards 2017 and represented England in BBC Cardiff Singer of the World Competition 2017, winning the third round of the competition and the Dame Joan Sutherland Audience Prize. Recent opera engagements include Gretel (Hänsel und Gretel) at Bayerische Staatsoper, Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier) with Glyndebourne Festival Opera and Welsh National Opera, Pamina (Die Zauberflöte) and Ilia (Idomeneo) for Garsington Opera, Eurydice in Rossi's Orpheus at the Wanamaker Globe for The Royal Opera, Zerlina (Don Giovanni) with Glyndebourne, Gilda (Rigoletto), Vixen Sharp Ears (Cunning Little Vixen), Sophie (Werther), Gretel (Hänsel und Gretel), Cleopatra (Giulio Cesare in Egitto), Atalanta (Xerxes), Susanna (Le Nozze di Figaro), Pamina (Die Zauberflöte), Despina (Cosi fan Tutte), Frasquita (Carmen) with Oper Frankfurt. Her concert performances include Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier) at the BBC Proms, Zélide (Rameau’s Zaïs, UK premiere) with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment and appearances in Edinburgh, Munich, Budapest and Moscow, among others. She has sung in recital at the Brighton Festival and in venues including the Musikverein Graz, Frankfurt Opera, the Barber Institute, Birmingham, and the Southbank Centre. Her awards include the 2014 John Christie Award, and in 2017 she was named Young Singer of the Year at the International Opera Awards. Future engagements include the title role in Semele with John Eliot Gardiner at La Scala Milan, Philharmonie de Paris and Palau de la Música Barcelona, title role in La Calisto with Ivor Bolton and Teatro Real Madrid, Romilda (Xerxes), Monica (The Medium) with Oper Frankfurt, The Messiah at the New York Philharmonic and further debuts with Canadian Opera Company, English National Opera and returns to the Royal Opera House, Teatro Real Madrid and Glyndebourne Festival Opera. -
Handel Festival Halle 2014 a Phoenix Rises
12 Opera con Brio, LLC June 2014 Opera con Brio Richard B. Beams Handel Festival Halle 2014 A Phoenix Rises In late August 2012, the state of Vermont Semperoper. The opera still performed Handel’s Orlando succumbed to the devastation wrought by a historic that evening, but without changes in scenery, which could hurricane turned tropical cyclone. Major floodwaters and not be moved into the theatre. debris surged through rivers and communities; the infrastructure of towns and villages throughout the state Speculation was immediate and sharp as to why was destroyed; bridges were swept away making travel indeed the entire Festival in Halle had to be cancelled. impossible. One and a half years later, in the late spring Given my experience in Vermont, with rivers slicing of 2013, an unrelated event devastated much of central through towns and then in Germany, having seen scores Germany. Heavy rain followed an exceptionally wet spring, causing floodwaters from the river Saale, a tributary of the Elbe, to devastate Halle an der Saale, the attractive town of Handel’s birth. Some 30,000 inhabitants of the town were told to evacuate; the entire ten-day Handel Festival in Halle was cancelled. My wife and I were witness to both events. In Vermont, the centers of our local village (Proctorsville) and nearby town (Ludlow) were torn apart; in Germany, en route to Halle by car, a friend emailed to tell us of the catastrophe in Halle. We drove to nearby Dresden instead; there riverside restaurants on the Elbe were underwater and sandbags surrounded the famed A flooded street in Halle, spring 2013 Photo: Jan Woitas/EPA 43 Opera con Brio, LLC June 2014 of red cross and rescue vehicles heading to Halle on the career also included four strikingly diverse works. -
Handel Serse
HANDEL SERSE Anna Stéphany . Rosemary Joshua . David Daniels Hilary Summers . Joélle Harvey . Brindley Sherratt . Andreas Wolf Early Opera Company CHANDOS early music CHRISTIAN CURNYN HANDEL SERSE G E O RGE F R ID ER IC HAND E L Marble sculpture, 1738, by Louis-François Roubiliac (c. 1702 – 1762), now at the Victoria & Albert Museum, London / AKG Images, London George Frideric HANdel (1685–1759) Serse, HWV 40 (1737 – 38) Opera in Three Acts On an anonymous revision of the libretto Il Xerse (Rome, 1694) by Silvio Stampiglia (1664 – 1725), in turn based on the libretto Il Xerse (Venice, 1655) by Count Nicolò Minato (c. 1630 – 1698) Performing edition prepared by Peter Jones Serse, King of Persia .................................................. Anna Stéphany mezzo-soprano Arsamene, his brother, in love with Romilda................David Daniels counter-tenor Amastre, heiress to the kingdom of Tagor, betrothed to Serse ........................................................................Hilary Summers contralto Ariodate, a prince, vassal to Serse ..................................................Brindley Sherratt bass Romilda, his daughter, in love with Arsamene ................Rosemary Joshua soprano Atalanta, her sister, secretly in love with Arsamene ...................Joélle Harvey soprano Elviro, servant of Arsamene ....................................................Andreas Wolf bass-baritone Setting: Abydos, Persia in ancient times Early Opera Company Christian Curnyn 5 COMPACT DISC ONE Time Page 1 1 Ouverture. [ ] – Allegro – Adagio – Gigue 5:33 p. 82 Act I 2 2 Accompagnato. Serse: ‘Frondi tenere, e belle’ 0:41 p. 82 3 3 Aria. Serse: ‘Ombra mai fu’. Larghetto 2:21 p. 82 4 4 Recitativo. Arsamene: ‘Siam giunti, Elviro...’ 0:22 p. 83 with Elviro 5 5 Sinfonia e Recitativo. Arsamene: ‘Sento un soave concento’. Larghetto 1:49 p. -
Divining Zoroastro: Masonic Elements in Handel's Orlando
Divining Zoroastro: Masonic Elements in Handel’s Orlando William Gibbons Eighteenth-Century Life, Volume 34, Number 2, Spring 2010, pp. 65-82 (Article) Published by Duke University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/380089 Access provided by Northwestern University Library (22 Aug 2018 23:30 GMT) R Divining Zoroastro: Masonic Elements in Handel’s Orlando William Gibbons University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The magician Zoroastro casts a long shadow over George Frideric Handel’s opera Orlando (1733). He opens the first act with a dramatic monologue, and throughout the work it is only his intervention that keeps the hero Orlando from wreaking too much havoc in his madness. Eventually, it is Zoroastro who brings the opera to a peaceful conclusion, restoring Orlando to reason by means of a magical potion. Despite his central significance in Handel’s work, however, the character Zoroastro is absent from Carlo Sigismondo Capece’s libretto (1711) that forms the basis for Orlando’s text, and the magi- cian appears in only a single fleeting reference in Ludovico Ariosto’s epic Orlando furioso, the literary source of the libretto. In fact, it is difficult to find any simple explanation for Zoroastro’s presence in Orlando. In the words of Handel scholar Winton Dean, Zoroastro’s “commanding figure shifts the whole focus of the plot, introducing elements of magic and spec- tacle and controlling the destiny of the characters by acting as a benevo- lent deus ex machina. Where did he come from, and who brought him into Orlando?”1 Answering these apparently simple questions is a complex task, but one with major implications for how we can interpret the work as a reflection of eighteenth-century London culture.