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Diode Circuits Rectifier Circuits Chapter 2: Diode Circuits Rectifier Circuits 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 1 Preview • In the last chapter, we discussed some of the properties of semiconductor materials and introduced the diode. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 2 Preview • We presented the ideal current–voltage relationship of the diode and considered the piecewise linear model, which simplifies the dc analysis of diode circuits. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 3 Preview • In this chapter, the techniques and concepts developed in Chapter 1 are used to analyze and design electronic circuits containing diodes. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 4 Goals • A general goal of this chapter is: • To develop the ability to use the piecewise linear model and approximation techniques in the hand analysis and design of various diode circuits. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 5 Preview • Each circuit to be considered accepts an input signal at a set of input terminals and produces an output signal at a set of output terminals. • This process is called signal processing: The circuit “processes” the input signal and produces an output signal that is a different shape or a different function compared to the input signal. • We will see in this chapter how diodes are used to perform these various signal processing functions. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 6 In chapter 2 of the book, we will: 1. Determine the operation and characteristics of diode rectifier circuits, which, in general, form the first stage of the process of converting an ac signal into a dc signal in the electronic power supply. 2. Apply the characteristics of the Zener diode to a Zener diode voltage regulator circuit. 3. Apply the nonlinear characteristics of diodes to create wave shaping circuits known as clippers and clampers. 4. Examine the techniques used to analyze circuits that contain more than one diode. 5. Understand the operation and characteristics of specialized photodiode and light-emitting diode circuits. 6. Design a basic dc power supply incorporating a filtered rectifier circuit and a Zener diode. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 7 2.1 Rectifier Circuit Objective: • Determine the operation and characteristics of diode rectifier circuits, which form the first stage in the process of: Converting an ac signal into a dc signal in the electronic power supply. Electronic Power Supply 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 8 2.1 Rectifier Circuit • One application of diodes is in the design of rectifier circuits: A diode rectifier forms the first stage of a dc power supply. • A dc voltage is required to power essentially every electronic device, including: • personal computers, • televisions, and • stereo systems. • An electrical cord that is plugged into a wall socket and attached to a television, for example, is connected to a rectifier circuit inside the TV. • In addition, battery chargers for portable electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers contain rectifier circuits. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 9 2.1 Rectifier Circuit • Figure 2.1 is a diagram of a dc power supply. The output voltage is usually in the range of [3~24] depending on the particular electronics application. • Throughout the first part of this chapter, we will analyze and design various stages in the power supply circuit. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 10 2.1 Rectifier Circuit • Rectification: is the process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage into one that is limited to one polarity. • The diode is useful for this function because of its nonlinear characteristics, that is, current exists for one voltage polarity, but is essentially zero for the opposite polarity. • Rectification is classified as: • half‐wave or • full‐wave, • With half‐wave being the simpler and full‐wave being more efficient. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 11 2.1.1 Half‐Wave Rectification • Figure 2.2(a) shows: • A power transformer with • Adiodeand • Aresistor • All connected to the secondary of the transformer. • We will use the piecewise linear approach in analyzing this circuit, assuming the diode forward resistance is 0when the diode is “on.” 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 12 2.1.1 Half‐Wave Rectification • The input signal, , is, in general: • 120 V (rms), 60 Hz ac signal [American]. • 220 V (rms), 50 Hz ac signal [European]. • Recall that the secondary voltage, ,and primary voltage, ,ofanideal transformer are related by: • Where and : are the number of primary and secondary turns, respectively. Q. Why not ? • The ratio is called the transformer turns A. there may be an ac ripple voltage ratio. superimposed on a dc value. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 13 Problem‐Solving Technique: Diode Circuits • In using the piecewise linear model of the diode, the first objective is to determine the linear region (conducting or not conducting)inwhichthediode is operating. • To do this, we can: 1. Determine the input voltage condition such that a diode is conducting (on) Then find the output signal for this condition. 2. Determine the input voltage condition such that a diode is not conducting (off) Then find the output signal for this condition. • [Note: Item 2 can be performed before item 1 if desired.] 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 14 Problem‐Solving Technique: Diode Circuits • Figure 2.2(b) shows the voltage transfer characteristics, versus , for the circuit. 1. For 0, the diode is reverse biased,which means that the current is zero and the output (1) (2) (3) voltage is zero. 2. As long as ,thediodewillbenon‐ conducting, so the output voltage will remain zero. 3. When , the diode becomes forward Figure 2.2 biased and a current is induced in the circuit. In this case, we can write: and 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 15 Problem‐Solving Technique: Diode Circuits • For , the slope of the transfer curve is 1. 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 16 Problem‐Solving Technique: Diode Circuits • If is a sinusoidal signal, as shown in Figure 2.3(a), the output voltage can be found using the voltage transfer curve in Figure 2.2(b). • For the output voltage is zero; • For the output is given by Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 17 Signals of the half‐wave rectifier circuit (a) sinusoidal input voltage (c) Diode voltage (b) Rectified output voltage 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 18 Half‐wave rectifier circuit • When the diode is cut off and nonconducting, no voltage drop occurs across the resistor ; therefore, the entire input signal voltage appears across the diode Reverse (Figure 2.3(c)). Cut off • Consequently, the diode must be capable of: • Handling the peak current in the forward direction and (c) Diode voltage • sustaining the largest peak inverse voltage (PIV) without breakdown. • For the circuit shown in Figure 2.2(a), the PIV = 11/12/2015value of PIV is equal to theJUEE peak – Electronics value I –Dr. Hani of Jamleh . 19 Half‐wave rectifier circuit • We can see that while the input signal alternates polarity and has a time‐average value of zero the output voltage is unidirectional and has an average value that is not zero The input signal is therefore rectified. • Also, since the output voltage appears only during the positive cycle of the input signal the circuit is called a half‐wave rectifier. 11/12/2015 (a) sinusoidal input voltageJUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh (b) Rectified output voltage 20 Example 2.1 • Objective: Determine the currents and voltages in a half‐wave rectifier circuit. • Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2.4. • Assume =12V, = 100 , and =0.6V. • Also assume 24 sin . • Determine : 1. The peak diode current, 2. Maximum reverse‐bias diode voltage, and 3. The fraction of the cycle over which the diode is conducting (ON). 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 21 Example 2.1 (Answers) =12V, = 100 , and =0.6V. 24 sin . A1. The peak diode current: sin / 24 sin 0.6 12 /100 11.4 sin 100 114 sin mA 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 22 Example 2.1 (Answers) =12V, = 100 , and =0.6V. 24 sin . A2. Maximum reverse‐bias diode voltage: • This is when the diode is OFF • No current passing through 24 12 36 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 23 Example 2.1 (Answers) =12V, = 100 , and =0.6V. 24 sin . A3. The fraction of the cycle over which the diode is conducting (ON): • starts conducting when 12.6 • That is when 24sin 12.6 12.6 sin 31.7 24 • By symmetry: 180 148.3 • Therefore, percent time : 148.3 31.7 32.4% 360 OFF ON OFF 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 24 Chapter 2: Diode Circuits Full wave Rectifier 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 25 Recall: Electronic Power Supply 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 26 2.1.2 Full‐Wave Rectification • The full‐wave rectifier inverts the negative portions of the sine wave so that a unipolar output signal is generated during both halves of the input sinusoid. • One example of a full‐wave rectifier circuit appears in Figure 2.5(a). Full‐wave rectifier Circuit 11/12/2015 JUEE – Electronics I –Dr. Hani Jamleh 27 Input power transformer • The input to the rectifier consists of a power transformer, in which: • The input voltage is normally a 220 V (rms), 50 Hz ac LARGE signal, and • The two outputs are from a center‐tapped secondary winding that provides equal voltages .
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