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Citizen Science: Knowledge, Networks and the Boundaries of Participation

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Citizen Science: Knowledge, Networks and the Boundaries of Participation Citizen science: Knowledge, networks and the boundaries of participation Patrick Bonney Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Science, Psychology and Sport Federation University Australia PO Box 663 University Drive, Mount Helen Ballarat, Victoria, 3353 Australia Submitted August 2020 Abstract The water-related challenges facing humanity are complex and urgent. Although solutions are not always clear, involving the public in localised knowledge production and policy development is widely recognised as a critical part of this larger effort. Such public engagement is increasingly achieved through “citizen science”—a practice that involves non-professionals in scientific research and monitoring. Academic literature has recognised that, while citizen science is both important and necessary to strengthen environmental policy, its acceptance and successful implementation is a difficult governance challenge. Researchers agree that overcoming this challenge depends on the ability of volunteers, coordinators, scientists and decision-makers to work together to convert the potential of citizen science into practice. However, little is known about the collaborative relationships or the broader social contexts that shape and define the practice. To address these shortfalls, this thesis advances a conceptual framework for the relational analysis of citizen science that illustrates social networks and the boundaries between expert and community-based knowledge as critical sites of investigation. Through its multi-phase and mixed-methods research design, the findings of this thesis shed light on the contributions of citizen science to key waterway governance objectives, including the social, political and cultural factors that influence its acceptance and uptake in governance contexts. By unpacking the relational dimensions of citizen science, this thesis provides both theoretical and practice-based insights into how actors within and outside citizen science programs work together to achieve collective aims to engender stronger connections between science, society and policy. This thesis will benefit practitioners, policymakers and participatory advocates interested in achieving practical social change in efforts to understand and manage natural resources. ii Acknowledgements This PhD was an incredible experience that was made possible with help, encouragement and inspiration of many people. First, to my supervisors, Angela Murphy, Birgita Hansen and Claudia Baldwin, who trusted in my ideas and ability to complete this research. Working in such a diverse team—and blurring our own disciplinary boundaries—has been a rewarding experience. I would like to thank Claudia for the insightful discussions and supporting many aspects of this research— it was a pleasure! To Birgita, I am thankful for your pragmatic approach to supervision. You helped keep my mind and work on track and challenged me to clearly articulate the real- world impact of this research. Finally, to Angela, for walking with me through ‘the labyrinth’ and helping me a construct my ideas into a coherent whole. Your support has been foundational in shaping how I see the world—for this I am forever grateful. To the wonderful folk of Waterwatch and other freshwater citizen science programs across Australia, it was a privilege to have heard and written your stories. Special thanks to Woo, Deb, Bruno, Antia, Martin, Richard, Yvonne and Tiana for being so welcoming and supportive of this research. You play such an important role in the community and I look forward to continuing this conversation. I was fortunate to undertake this PhD at the Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation (CeRDI). I would like to those that offered their advice, technical expertise (thanks Paul!) and friendly conversation. Particular thanks to Helen Thompson for her generous support of this research and my career development, more broadly. To the fellow HDR students, what a bunch! Although I was a long drive away, coming into see you all was a highlight of this PhD. A special mention to my friend and colleague, the late David Ebbs, who cheerfully showed us how to just get on with it and anchored my thoughts when things were challenging or uncertain. Many thanks also to Jessica Reeves and Amie Sexton who read through early drafts of my chapters and offered useful, practical advice. iii To my family, these last few years have been transformative. Mark, Kelly, Lachlan and Lauren—and now little Bobby—it was always comforting and refreshing to come back home to see you all; even if I was at times all-consumed with my ‘general and useless knowledge.’ To my parents, Colin and Virginia, what can I say? You have been a constant source of support and encouragement long before I started this thesis. It would simply not have been possible to complete this thesis without your love, sacrifices and belief in me. Thank you. Finally, to Jackson, Jasmin, Sammy, Chris and Daisy—it’s been a time! Thank you for your encouragement, understanding and indulging me in many welcome wine- fuelled distractions. Your friendship has kept things from going awry and given me the motivation to bring on a new chapter. … This thesis was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Fee-Offset Scholarship through Federation University Australia. iv Statement of authorship and originality Except where explicit reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other person’s work has been relied upon or used without due acknowledgement in the main text and the list of references of the thesis. No editorial assistance has been received in the production of the thesis without due acknowledgement. Except where duly referred to, the thesis does not include material with copyright provisions or requiring copyright approval. Signed: Signed: Date: 25/8/2020 Dated: 25/8/2020 Name: Patrick Bonney Name: Dr. Angela Murphy Candidate Principal Supervisor v It seems to me to be urgent for the planet and for all its creatures that we discover ways of living in more collaborative relation with each other and the wider ecology. I see…participatory approaches to inquiry and the worldview they foster as part of this quest. Peter Reason (1994, p.325) ii Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Statement of authorship and originality v Contents iii List of articles vii Statement of contribution vii List of tables viii List of figures ix List of appendices xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The rise of citizen science 2 1.2 Citizen science and environmental governance 4 1.3 Studying citizen science through a relational perspective 5 1.4 Thesis aims and overview 7 1.5 Research questions and contributions 7 1.6 Structure of thesis 9 2 Citizen science for sustainable water futures: towards a relational framework 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Freshwater ecosystems: monitoring threats and managing change 11 2.3 The (re)emergence of freshwater citizen science 13 2.3.1 Characterising contemporary practice 15 2.3.2 Research trends 16 2.4 How can citizen science benefit waterway governance? 17 2.4.1 Citizen science for ‘effective’ waterway governance 19 2.4.2 Citizen science for ‘equitable’ waterway governance 20 2.4.3 Citizen science for ‘responsive’ waterway governance 21 2.4.4 Citizen science for ‘robust’ waterway governance 21 2.4.5 The role of social science 22 2.5 A relational perspective for citizen science research and practice 24 2.5.1 Implications for citizen science practice 27 2.5.2 A framework for relational analysis 27 2.6 Synthesis and future directions 31 iii 2.7 Conclusion 33 3 Methodology 34 3.1 Adopting a relational worldview 34 3.2 The research setting 35 3.3 Research design 37 3.4 Research phases 38 3.4.1 Phase 1 – Exploring 40 3.4.2 Phase 2 – Contextualising 43 3.4.3 Phase 3 – Synthesising 54 3.4.4 Phase 4 – Theorising 55 3.5 The role of the researcher 55 3.6 Ethical considerations 56 3.7 Conclusion 57 4 Articles and findings 59 4.1 Article I: Citizen science in Australia’s waterways: investigating linkages with catchment decision-making 60 4.2 Article II: Advancing citizen science practice through social network research 62 4.3 Article III: Exploring the citizen science-policy interface: a social network perspective 63 4.4 Article IV: Citizen science in the making: boundary work, participation and linking knowledge with action 65 5 Citizen science in Australia’s waterways: investigating linkages with catchment decision-making 68 5.1 Abstract 68 5.2 Introduction 69 5.3 The historical context of freshwater and estuarine citizen science in Australia 71 5.4 Methods 74 5.4.1 Program activity analysis 74 5.4.2 Survey 75 5.5 Results 77 5.5.1 Program activity 77 5.5.2 Survey 78 5.6 Discussion 88 5.6.1 Enhancing linkages between citizen science and decision-making 90 5.7 Conclusion 93 6 Advancing citizen science practice through social network research 95 6.1 Abstract 95 6.2 Introduction 96 6.3 Citizen science and social networks 98 6.3.1 Review process 98 6.3.2 Review findings 99 6.4 Key principles and concepts of social network analysis 102 iv 6.4.1 Principles of a social network perspective 102 6.4.2 Social network analysis 104 6.5 Potential applications of social network analysis 106 6.5.1 Linking knowledge with action 106 6.5.2 Promoting social learning 109 6.5.3 Building community empowerment 111 6.6 Conclusion
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