DOCSLIB.ORG

Thèse Etude De L'activite Biologique De Juniperus Thurifera Et Fraxinus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thèse Etude De L'activite Biologique De Juniperus Thurifera Et Fraxinus الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي جامعة مصطفى بن بولعيد - باتنة Université Mustapha Ben Boulaid-Batna 2 2 كلية علوم الطبيعة و الحياة Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie DEPARTEMENT DE MICROBIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire N°………………………………………….…………..…….……/SNV/2019 Thèse Présentée par ATHAMENA Souad Pour l’obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences Filière: Sciences Biologiques Spécialité: biochimie appliquée Thème Etude de l’activite biologique de Juniperus thurifera et Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Soutenue publiquement le …..…/……../2020 Devant le Jury Présidente HAMBABA Leila Pr. Université Batna 2 Rapporteur LAROUI Salah Pr. Université Batna 2 Examinateurs ZELLAGUI Ammar Pr. Université Oum El Bouaghi KALLA Ali MCA. Université Tébessa SEGUENI Narimene MCA. Université Constantine 3 DASSAMIOUR Saliha MCA . Université Batna 2 Année universitaire : 2019-2020 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mon Directeur de thèse Mer Laroui Salah, pour tout le temps qu’il a consacré à mon travail, pour m’avoir fait confiance tout au long de ce parcours et m’avoir soutenu dans les démarches que j’ai entrepris. Mes remerciements vont aussi aux membres de jury: Mer Zellagui Ammar de l’université d’Oum El Bouaghi, Mme Hambaba Leila, Mme Dassamiour Saliha de l’université de Batna 2, Mme Segueni Narimene de l’université de Constantine et Mer Kalla Ali de l’université de Tébessa, Recevez mes plus vifs remerciements pour avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Je remercie également Mer Hachemi Messaoud, l’université de Batna 2, Merci pour l’énorme contribution que m’avez apportée afin de mener à bien ce travail. Une pensée particulière pour Mer Belhaddad Slimane, pour son appui fructueux ainsi que Mer Abdallah Boushaba de l’université de Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah - Fes –Maroc. Ma profonde reconnaissance va à Athamena Ouahiba, je n'oublie pas votre soutien moral qui m'a souvent aidé à remonter la pente dans les moments difficiles. Enfin, Je remercie tous ceux qui ont, de près ou de loin, permis la réalisation de ce travail et, en particulier, tous les membres de ma famille pour leur soutien et leur patience tout au long de ce parcours. LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS AINS: Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens ALT: Alanine transaminase AST: Aspartate transaminase BHA: Hydroxyanisol butylé BHT: Butylhydroxytoluène CAT: Catalase COX: Cyclo-oxygénase DPPH: 2, 2-diphényl-1-picryl hydrazyl DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxyde EDm: Extrait dichlorométhanique EHx: Extrait hexanique EMe: Extrait méthanolique ERO: Espèces réactives d’oxygène FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxydant power GC/MS: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry HEJT: Huile essentielle de J. thurifera HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography IL: Interleukine LPS: Lipopolysaccharide NO : Oxyde nitrique PGE: Prostaglandine PNNs: Polynucléaires neutrophiles RMN: Résonance magnétique nucléaire SOD: Superoxyde dismutase TBHQ: Tert-butylhydroquinone TNF-α: facteur alpha de nécrose tumorale TABLES DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION PARTIE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE Chapitre I. PLANTES SELECTIONNEES 1. Juniperus thurifera…………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1. Généralités sur le genre Juniperus………………………………………………. 1 1.2. Description botanique et distribution de J. thurifera……………………………. 1 1.3. Classification botanique..………………………………………………………... 2 1.4. Composition chimique des différentes espèces de Juniperus…………………… 2 1.5. Composition chimique de J. thurifera…………………………………………... 3 1.6. Utilisation médicinale.…………………………………………………………... 3 1.7. Effets biologiques.……………………………………………………………..... 4 2. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides…………………………………………………………… 8 2.1. Généralités sur le genre Fraxinus……………………………………………….. 8 2.2. Description botanique et distribution de F. xanthoxyloides……………………... 8 2.3. Classification botanique.………………………………………………………… 9 2.4. Composition chimique des différentes espèces de Fraxinus……………………. 9 2.5. Composition chimique de F. xanthoxyloides……………………………………. 10 2.6. Utilisation médicinale………………………………………………………….... 10 2.7. Effets biologiques……………………………………………………………...... 11 Chapitre II. POLYPHENOLS 1. Généralités sur les polyphénols……………………………………………………. 15 2. Biosynthèse.……………………………………………………………………....... 15 3. Classification……………………………………………………………………….. 15 3.1. Flavonoïdes.……………………………………………………………………... 16 3.1.1. Généralités sur les flavonoïdes……………………………………………….. 16 3.1.2. Classification.…………………………………………………………………. 16 3.2. Tanins……………………………………………………………………………. 17 3.2.1. Généralités sur les tanins……………………………………………………... 17 3.2.2. Classification.………………………………………………………………… 18 4. Métabolisme et biodisponibilité des polyphénols…………………………………. 19 5. Risques associés à la consommation des polyphénols…………………………...... 20 6. Effets biologiques des polyphénols.……………………………………………….. 20 Chapitre III. HUILES ESSENTIELLES 1. Généralités sur les huiles essentielles…………………………………………........ 23 2. Composition.………………………………………………………………….......... 23 3. Effets biologiques des huiles essentielles.……………………………………......... 24 Chapitre IV. STRESS OXYDANT cellule 1. Définition d’un radical libre.……………………………………………………….. 25 2. Principaux radicaux libres.…………………………………………………………. 25 3. Rôles des radicaux libres…………………………………………………………... 26 4. Définition et origine du stress oxydant.……………………………………………. 26 5. Conséquences du stress oxydant.…………………………………………………... 27 6. Définition d’un antioxydant.……………………………………………………….. 28 7. Principaux antioxydants.…………………………………………………………… 29 8. Stress oxydatif et inflammation……………………………………………………. 29 Chapitre V. INFLAMMATION, DOULEUR ET FIEVRE 1. Inflammation………………………………………………………………………. 31 1.1. Définition de l’inflammation…………………………………………………… 31 1.2. Etiologie de l’inflammation…………………………………………………...... 31 1.3. Types d’inflammations………………………………………………………...... 32 1.3.1. Inflammation aiguë ………………………………………………………….. 32 1.3.2. Inflammation chronique………………………………………………………. 32 1.4. Aspect physiopathologique de la réaction inflammatoire………………………. 32 1.5. Types des anti-inflammatoires………………………………………………....... 33 1.5.1. Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens………………………………………….. 33 1.5.2. Anti-inflammatoires stéroïdiens………………………………………………. 33 2. Douleur…………………………………………………………………………….. 34 2.1. Définition de la douleur…………………………………………………………. 34 2.2. Voies de la douleur……………………………………………………………… 34 2.3. Classification et types de douleur……………………………………………….. 34 2.4. Médicaments antalgiques………………………………………………………... 35 2.5. Sensibilisation centrale et périphérique…………………………………………. 35 2.5.1. Sensibilisation périphérique…………………………………………………... 35 2.5.2. Sensibilisation centrale……………………………………………………….. 35 3. Fièvre………………………………………………………………………………. 37 3.1. Définition de la fièvre…………………………………………………………… 37 3.2. Substances pyrogènes…………………………………………………………… 37 3.3. Thermorégulation……………………………………………………………...... 38 3.4. Médicaments antipyrétiques…………………………………………………….. 39 PARTIE EXPERIMENTALE Chapitre I. MATERIEL ET METHODES 1. Matériel…………………………………………………………………………..... 40 1.1 Réactifs………………………………………………………………………….. 40 1.2. Matériel biologique……………………………………………………………... 40 1.2.1. Matériel végétal……………………………………………………………… 40 1.2.2. Animaux……………………………………………………………………… 40 2. Méthodes…………………………………………………………………………… 41 2.1. Analyse phyto-chimique………………………………………………………... 41 2.1.1. Préparation des extraits……………………………………………………..... 41 2.1.2. Tests préliminaires……………………………………………………………. 42 2.1.3. Dosage des polyphénols……………………………………………………… 43 2.1.4. Dosage des flavonoïdes………………………………………………………. 44 2.1.5. Dosage des tanins condensés…………………………………………………. 44 2.1.6. Analyse chromotographique par HPLC……………………………………… 45 2.1.7. Extraction des huiles essentielles…………………………………………….. 45 2.1.8. Analyse chromatographique (GC / MS)……………………………………… 46 2.2. Activité biologique………………………………………………………………. 47 2.2.1. Activité anti-oxydante………………………………………………………… 47 2.2.1.1. Test au DPPH………………………………………………………………. 47 2.2.1.2. Test de blanchiment du β- Carotène………………………………............. 49 2.2.1.3. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)………………………………... 50 2.2.2. Activité antimicrobienne……………………………………………………… 50 2.2.3. Test de la toxicité……………………………………………………………... 52 2.2.3.1. Test de toxicité aiguë………………………………………………………. 52 2.2.3.2. Test de toxicité subaiguë…………………………………………………… 52 2.2.4. Activité anti-inflammatoire…………………………………………………... 54 2.2.4.1. Pleurésie induite par la carragénine ……………………………………….. 54 2.2.4.1. Œdème de l’oreille induit par le xylène……………………………………. 55 2.2.5. Activité antalgique……………………………………………………………. 56 2.2.5.1. Test du writhing……………………………………………………………. 56 2.2.5.2. Test au formaldéhyde………………………………………………………. 57 2.2.6. Activité antipyrétique……………………………………………………….... 57 3. Etude statistique……………………………………………………………………. 58 Chapitre II. RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION 1. Analyse phyto-chimique…………………………………………………………... 59 1.1. Rendement d’extraction…………………………………………………………. 59 1.2. Criblage phytochimique…………………………………………………………. 61 1.3. Teneurs en polyphénols, flavonoïdes et tanins………………………………….. 63 1.4. Profil chimique par HPLC des extraits de J.thurifera et F. xanthoxyloides…….. 68 1.5. Rendement en huile essentielle de J. thurifera………………………………….. 72 1.6. Profil chimique par GC/SM de l’huile essentielle de J. thurifera……………… 73 2. Evaluation de l’activité biologique………………………………………………… 80 2.1. Activité anti-oxydante…………………………………………………………… 80 2.1.1. Piégeage du radical DPPH……………………………………………………. 81 2.1.1.1. In vitro……………………………………………………………………… 81 2.1.1.2. In vivo………………………………………………………………………. 92 2.1.2. Pouvoir réducteur
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DOCTORAL THESIS the Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick
    DOCTORAL THESIS The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick Award date: 2017 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques By Patrick John Tkaczynski BSc (Hons), MRes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton 2016 1 2 “A personality is the product of a clash between two opposing forces: the urge to create a life of one's own and the insistence by the world around us that we conform.” Hermann Hesse Soul of the Age: Selected Letters, 1891-1962 3 Abstract Personality, that is intra-individual consistency and inter-individual variation in behaviour, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. This challenges traditional evolutionary assumptions that selection should favour behavioural flexibility, and that variation in behavioural strategies reflects stochastic variation around a single optimal behavioural strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials Table S1. Plant Families That Include
    Supplementary Materials Table S1. Plant families that include wild food plants (WFPs) and semi-cultivated species that are known to contribute to food and nutrition security in project countries and in the study cases mentioned in this review. Common Part Plant Family Species Name Range Name Eaten/Commercialized Amaranthus S. America, Amaranthaceae Amaranth Seeds, leaves tortuosus worldwide Chenopodium spp. Goosefoots Seeds Worldwide Ambacam, Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Fruit Southeast Asia Bacang * Foeniculum sp., cf Apiaceae Fennel Bulb, leaves Mediterranean F. vulgare South America— Apocynaceae Hancornia speciosa Mangaba * Fruits Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay S. America—Bolivia, Astrocaryum Fruits, seeds, leaves, Brazil, Trinidad and Arecaceae Tucumã * aculeatum palm heart Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname Wooly Jelly S. America—Southern Butia eriospatha Fruit and seed Palm Brazil Euterpe edulis Jussara * Fruit and palm heart Brazil Euterpe oleracea Açaí palm Fruit and seeds S. America—Brazil Eremurus Asphodelaceae Foxtail lily Leaves Mediterranean spectabilis Scolymus Asteraceae Golden thistle Root, young leaves Mediterranean hispanicus Porophyllum spp. Leaves Mesoamerica Diplazium Athyriaceae Vegetable fern Young leaves Asia, Oceania esculentum Nasturtium Brassicaceae Watercress Leaves Europe, Asia officinale Capparis spinosa Capparaceae Capers Fruits and flowers Mediterranean and C. decidua S. America—Brazil, Vasconcellea Bolivia, Peru, Caricaceae microcarpa (Carica Col de monte * Fruit, leaves Ecuador, Colombia, microcarpa) Venezuela; C. America—Panama Caryocar Caryocaraceae Pequi * Fruit, seeds Brazil brasiliense Worldwide in shallow Caulerpaceae Caulerpa racemosa Sea grapes Leaves temperate and tropical seas Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra Spider plant Leaves Africa Water spinach, Young shoots and Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica water morning Southeast Asia leaves glory Garabato yuyo Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepis hostilis Young shoots Amazonia * Tacca S.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraxinus: a Plant with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities
    Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2017, Article ID 4269868, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4269868 Review Article Fraxinus: A Plant with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities Iqra Sarfraz,1 Azhar Rasul,1 Farhat Jabeen,1 Tahira Younis,1 Muhammad Kashif Zahoor,1 Muhammad Arshad,2 and Muhammad Ali1 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab 38000, Pakistan 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan Correspondence should be addressed to Azhar Rasul; [email protected] Received 31 August 2017; Revised 24 October 2017; Accepted 7 November 2017; Published 27 November 2017 AcademicEditor:RainerW.Bussmann Copyright © 2017 Iqra Sarfraz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fraxinus, a member of the Oleaceae family, commonly known as ash tree is found in northeast Asia, north America, east and western France, China, northern areas of Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. Chemical constituents of Fraxinus plant include various secoiridoids, phenylethanoids, flavonoids, coumarins, and lignans; therefore, it is considered as a plant with versatile biological and pharmacological activities. Its tremendous range of pharmacotherapeutic properties has been well documented including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective. In addition, its bioactive phytochemicals and secondary metabolites can be effectively used in cosmetic industry and as a competent antiaging agent. Fraxinus presents pharmacological effectiveness by targeting the novel targets in several pathological conditions, which provide a spacious therapeutic time window.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red List of Fraxinus
    The Red List of Fraxinus Megan Barstow, Sara Oldfield, Murphy Westwood, Diana Jerome, Emily Beech & Malin Rivers Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. © 2018 Botanic Gardens Conservation International BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is the world’s ISBN-10: 1-905164-67-X largest plant conservation network, comprising more than 500 botanic gardens in over ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-67-7 100 countries, and provides the secretariat to the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Reproduction of any part of the publication for Group. BGCI was established in 1987 and is a registered charity with offices in the UK, educational, conservation and other non-profit US, China and Kenya. purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Recommended citation: Barstow, M., Oldfield, S., Westwood, M., Jerome, D., Beech, E. and THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG) forms part of Rivers, M. (2018) The Red List of Fraxinus . BGCI. Richmond, UK. the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. SSC is the largest of the six Commissions AUTHORS of IUCN – The International Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main Megan Barstow is the Red List Conservation Assistant at BGCI source of advice to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the IUCN/SSC Global and implement global red listing for trees and to act in an advisory capacity to the Tree Specialist Group Global Trees Campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnomedicinal Survey of a Tashelhit-Speaking Community in the High Atlas, Morocco
    An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit- speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco Article Accepted Version Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Teixidor Toneu, I., Martin, G. J., Ouhammou, A., Puri, R. K. and Hawkins, J. A. (2016) An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188. pp. 96-110. ISSN 0378- 8741 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.009 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/65608/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.009 To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.009 Publisher: Elsevier All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Author’s Accepted Manuscript An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco Irene Teixidor-Toneu, Gary J. Martin, Ahmed Ouhammou, Rajindra K. Puri, Julie A. Hawkins www.elsevier.com/locate/jep PII: S0378-8741(16)30271-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.009 Reference: JEP10147 To appear in: Journal of Ethnopharmacology Received date: 12 February 2016 Revised date: 3 May 2016 Accepted date: 4 May 2016 Cite this article as: Irene Teixidor-Toneu, Gary J.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plant Fraxinus Xanthoxyloides
    Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Mohamed Boudiaf-M’sila Faculty of Sciences Department of Chemistry Order N°: Doctoral Thesis in Sciences Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Sciences Specialty: Chemistry Presented By HADROUG Aldjia Theme The phytochemical investigation of the Algerian medicinal Plant Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Board of Examiners Abdallah Merrouche Pr. University of Med Boudiaf – M’sila Chairman Rachid Belhattab Pr. University of Farhat Abbes – Setif I Supervisor Sonia Chabani M.C.A. University of Batna II Member Lotfi Benmekhbi M.C.A. University of Constantine III Member Abdelbaki Reffas M.C.A. University of Med Boudiaf – M’sila Member 2017/2018 Abbreviations and symbols EtOAc Ethyl acetate MeOH Methanol CHCl3 Chloroform CD3OD Deuterated methanol DMSO-D6 Deuterated dimethylsulfoxyde D2O Deuterated water TLC Thin layer chromatography PTLC Preparative thin layer chromatography CC Column chromatography SiO2 Slica gel LPLC Low pressure liquid chromatography HPLC High pressure liquid chromatography Rt Retention time TMS Tetramethylsilane δ Chemical shift in ppm J Coupling constant in Hertz (Hz) s Singlet brs Broad singlet d Doublet dd Doublet doublet ddd Doublet doublet doublet t Triplet dt Doublet triplet q Quartet dq Doublet quartet m Multiplet 1H NMR Proton nuclear magnetique resonance 13C NMR Carbon nuclear magnetique resonance HSQC Heteronuclear single quantum correlation HMBC Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation DEPT Distortionless enhancement polarisation transfer ROESY Rotating-frame
    [Show full text]
  • Morocco's High Atlas Botanical Tour Trip Report 2008 Flower Bird
    Mountains of Morocco An Alpine Garden Society tour by Greentours 13th – 26th March 2008 Led by Ian Green The following tour report covers a longer trip that we ran for the Alpine Garden Society covering the Rif Mountains, the Tazzeka and the High Atlas south of Marrakech. I’ve only retained the latter part of the tour daily reports as they are the one’s relevant to the 2013 Alpine Garden Society tour to Morocco’s High Atlas. However the systematic lists cover the whole trip, so read with caution! Day 11 March 23rd Mischliffen and the journey to the High Atlas Drawing back the curtains we saw the snow scudding across the landscape. It was barely settling but as we had breakfast outside it was turning whiter. In fact there wasn’t so much but there was a capricious wind and it was certainly good timing when we got out as the snow was just starting to drift across the road in a couple of places. The snow turned to rain as we dropped into Azrou but given that we had rain for much of the next three hours we suspect that they did get a bit of a fall in Mischliffen in the end! Needless to say there was little to encourage us to stop other than an off licence in Khenifra. This duly accomplished and a very pleasant cup of tea/coffee in the café of the Hotel de la France next door and we were off again. Nearing Zaouira-ech-Cheikh Christine spotted some Irises and so we came to a halt.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Land Use Practices, Biodiversity and Community Wellbeing in a Mediterranean Cultural Landscape
    Traditional land use practices, biodiversity and community wellbeing in a Mediterranean cultural landscape A case study of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco Moroccan Biodiversity and Livelihoods Association & Global Diversity Foundation February 2020 1 Contents CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 4 ACRONYMS AND NOTES ON TRANSCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS ............................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF BOXES .................................................................................................................................................. 7 I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 8 I.1 HIGH ATLAS CULTURAL LANDSCAPES PROGRAMME ................................................................................................... 9 I.2 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Wild Plants in the South and East Mediterranean Region
    Conserving wild plants in the south and east Mediterranean region Editors: Marcos Valderrábano, Teresa Gil, Vernon Heywood and Bertrand de Montmollin INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE Conserving wild plants in the south and east Mediterranean region Editors: Marcos Valderrábano, Teresa Gil, Vernon Heywood and Bertrand de Montmollin The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from MAVA Foundation. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Málaga, Spain Copyright: © 2018 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Valderrábano, M., Gil, T., Heywood, V., and de Montmollin, B. (eds.) (2018). Conserving wild plants in the south and east Mediterranean region. Gland, Switzerland and Málaga, Spain: IUCN.
    [Show full text]