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Seabird Observations Off Western Mexico

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Seabird Observations Off Western Mexico SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS OFF WESTERN MEXICO STEVE N. G. HOWELL, Point ReyesBird Observatory,4990 ShorelineHighway, StinsonBeach, California94970 STEVEN J. ENGEL, 1324 SecondStreet, Bismarck,North Dakota 58501 Southern Mexico's offshore Pacific avifauna has been rather little studied. Murphy (1958) and Jehl (1974) reportedobservations from cruisesthat passedthrough Mexican waters in Novemberand December1956 and in April 19.73, respectively.Pitman (1986) mappedthe relativeabundance of 57 speciesof seabirdsin the easterntropical Pacific on the basison 4333 hoursof observationbetween 1974 and 1984; only a small number of these4333 hours(81 noon positions,55 of which were off Baja Califor- nia), however,pertain to Mexicanwaters (i.e., within 200 nauticalmiles of Mexican territow), and 74% of the 81 noon positionswere between Octoberand March (R. L. Pitmanpers. comm.).Pitman's atlas provides an excellentlarge-scale picture but lacks data on seasonalstatus of species,and the scale employeddoes not enable one to interpret local distributions. Other recordsof seabirdsoff western Mexico are widely scatteredand mostlyderive from nearshoreland-based trips of a day or less(e.g., Binford 1970, 1989). The Middle AmericanTrench runs from the vicinityof the IslasTres Marias,Mexico, to the CocosRidge, south of CostaRica. The trenchlies some 55-110 km (mean distance 75 km) offshore between Jalisco and Guerreroand is 15-50 km (mostly20-30 km) wide. The trenchis at least 3600 m deep, mostly4300-4650 m deep from centralJalisco south, and increasesto 5000-5200 m deep off central Guerrero;submarine moun- tains in the trench off Colima (Manzanillo)and Guerrero (Zihuatanejo) reduce depths to 3600 m. On either side of the trench waters quickly shallowto 2700-3200 m, and inshorethe 1000-fathom (1800-m) contour line lies 20-55 km (mostly35-55 km) off the coast. From 28 April to 6 May 1992 we observedseabirds off westernMexico out to 100 km from shore,that is, from just offshoreof to well inshoreof the Middle American Trench, between the vicinityof Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco,and Acapulco, Guerrero. Here we describethe birds observed duringour visit. ITINERARY AND METHODS We beganobservations at dawn on 28 April at 19ø51' N, 106ø28' W, about 110 km west-southwestof Cabo Corrientesand just offshoreof the northernend of the trench. Figure 1 showsthe routesof our daylight transits off western Mexico relative to the Middle American Trench. Other than 29 April and 4 May, when we made stopsfor supplies,daily transits were 85-145 km, with variationdue to time spentobserving feeding flocks and the effectof currentson our cruisingspeed. On 3 May we circledLas RocasPotosi (17ø32 ' N, 101ø31' W), 13 km southeastof Zihuatanejo,and on 4 May we checkedvarious islets 10-18 km west of Zihuatanejo (includingLas IslasBlancas and Isla Grande). Western Birds 24:167-181, 1993 167 SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS We madeobservations with 8 x 30 binocularsthroughout the day from the deckof the 14.5-m ketchEnchantress. Our eye levelwas about3 m abovesea level,giving a visiblehorizon of 5.5-7 km. For 30 continuous minutesof everyhour of transitwe countedall birdswithin 200 m of the vesselwithin a 90 ø sector(ahead to eitherport or starboard,depending on light, wind, and/or sailconditions). The radiusof 200 m was chosensince beyondthat distance,in windsof more than 10-15 km/h, we often were unableto identifyto speciessmaller birds such as storm-petrelsor phala- ropes.Our speedover the groundaveraged 11 km/h andwas rarely below 9 or above 13 km/h. We frequentlychanged course to observefeeding flocks within 5 km of our coursemore closely,and we notedthe compositionand behaviorof speciesin each flock (from 5 to 45 minuteswere spentat each feeding flock).We discontinuedany 30-minuteobservation period interrupted by suchcourse changes since it no longerrepresented a randomtransit. One or bothof uswere on deckduring all daylighthours and maintained a nonstandardizedwatch for seabirds(i.e., anythingwe couldsee from the vesselregardless of distanceand direction)when not making30-minute censusesor observingfeeding flocks. We took the surfacewater temperatureat the start of each 30-minute observationperiod and at the locationof eachfeeding flock. Positions were determinedby meansof a MagellanGlobal Positioning System; depths were interpolatedto the nearest50 m from DefenseMapping Agency chart numbers21017 and 21020. The warmestwaters were consistentlythose inshoreof the trench (in depthsof 900-3000 m), which averaged0.5- 1.0øCwarmer than waters from the inshoreedge of the trenchto offshore of the trench.Monthly mean sea-surface temperatures for thesewaters are 1.0-2.5øC coolerin April and 0.5-2.0øC coolerin May than the tempera- tureswe recorded(Robinson 1976). The relativelywarm watersof our cruiseprobably reflect a well-developedE1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Windswere generallylight (1-10 km/h), althoughfor briefperiods on 29 and 30 April they increasedto 20-25 km/h. Wind directionwas mostly from southto west off Jalisco,Colima, and Michoacan,and mostlynorth- west to west off Guerrero. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table1 presentsthe resultsof our standardizeddaily censuses as birds per hour (totalindividuals recorded per day duringcensus periods divided by total daily hoursof census).The followingspecies accounts describe the abundanceand distributionof the 30 speciesof seabirdsrecorded more than 3 km from shoreand other speciesof note. Commoncoastal species suchas the Brown Pelican(Pelecanus occidentalis) and LaughingGull (Larus atticilia) are thus omitted from the accounts. Whileterms such as "rare,""common," etc., willalways be subjective,we considerthem useful;data for each speciesindicate the basisfor our assessmentsof abundance.The numbersgiven in parenthesesafter each species'name indicatethe total numberobserved (including standardized and nonstandardizedobservations and feedingflocks, but not individualsat 168 SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS inshorerocks and islets), maximum number recorded per day, and number of daysrecorded. An asteriskafter the daily maximumindicates that the hightotal wasrecorded on two days.Water temperatureranges are givenat the end of each speciesaccount. SpeciesAccounts LaysanAlbatross, Diomedea immutabilis (1; 1/1). Rare. We saw one on 28 Apr associatingwith a feedingflock over the northernend of the trench;29.4øC. This specieshas colonizedislands off westernMexico in recentyears (Howell and Webb 1992); Isla San Benedictois the breedingsite nearestour observation. Pink-lootedShearwater, Puffinus creatopus (481; 160/8). Common to fairly common; lesscommon in the southernhalf of our studyarea (Table 1). We recorded Pink-looted Shearwaters to within 20 km of shore but most were more than 25 km offshoreover watersmore than 1000 m deep. This speciesoften was a common memberof feedingflocks over midshore and offshorewaters. 25.6-29.4øC. Wedge-tailedShearwater, P. pacificus(124; 75/5). Fairlycommon to uncommon in southernwaters warmer than 27.5øC, with only one seen north of Michoacan. Wedge-tailedShearwaters occurred to within 3.5 km of shorebut mostwere 20-75 22• Figure1. Routesof seabirdobservations off westernMexico (solid lines with arrows), 28 April-6 May 1992. Dashedline indicatesbottom of the MiddleAmerican Trench. A, Islas Tres Marias; B, Isla Isabel; C, Islas Tres Marietas; Ac, Acapulco; Mz, Manzanillo;Zh, Zihuatanejo. 169 Table 1 SeabirdsObserved (to Nearest0.1) per Hour During30-Minute Countsof 90 ø Sectorsoff WesternMexico, 28 April-6 May 1992 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 Apr Apr Apr May May May May May May Pink-looted Shearwater 3.0 2.0 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.1 -- 1.7 2.2 Wedge-tailed Shearwater *a __ -- 0.3 0.9 1.4 -- 0.2 -- SootyShearwater + -- 0.2 + + 0.6 -- 0.5 0.2 Christmas Shearwater -- -- -- 0.5 + 0.6 Townsend's Shearwater 0.3 0.5 + -- 0.6 2.9 -- 0.5 8.7 Audubon's Shearwater -- -- -- -- + 2.0 1.0 -- 0.2 Leach's Storm-Petrel 2.9 0.5 + -- -- 0.3 -- 0.8 9.1 Galapagos Storm-Petrel 4.8 0.5 0.4 1.3 3.4 1.4 2.0 0.2 5.5 Black Storm-Petrel 6.1 5.0 1.6 1.3 2.8 4.0 6.0 2.0 3.5 Least Storm-Petrel -- 1.0 -- -- 1.5 0.3 11.0 * 0.5 Red-billed Tropicbird -- + -- + 0.2 MaskedBooby -- -- 0.2 0.5 0.3 -- * BrownBooby 5.6 2.0 6.2 8.0 3.1 19.7 5.0 0.7 12.5 Red-lootedBooby -- -- 0.7 2.0 + + -- 0.2 + Magnificent Frigatebird + + 0.2 * + -- ß * Red-necked Phalarope 3.8 1.0 0.4 1.0 5.2 6.6 -- 1.2 0.7 Red Phalarope 1.3 2.5 0.2 0.7 6.2 2.0 2.0 1.5 5.6 Phalaropesp. 1.3 1.0 0.2 4.0 1.9 0.9 3.0 3.7 6.2 PomarineJaeger 0.2 1.5 0.4 + 0.3 0.3 + 0.3 0.5 , * ParasiticJaeger 0.6 -- + + + -- Long-tailedJaeger -- * + * * 0.9 + + * Jaegersp. 0.2 -- Sabine's Gull 0.2 1.0 -- 0.5 0.9 1.1 + + + Common Tern + + ß , + -- 0.4 Arctic Tern * 1.0 + 1.0 + -- -- 0.2 -- Common/ Arctic Tern 0.3 + Least Tern -- * + 0.4 Bridled Tern -- + -- + -- 13.1 24.0 -- + Black Tern 0.8 6.0 0.4 1.5 10.8 4.0 1.0 0.3 6.5 * BrownNoddy -- -- -- -- -- 3.1 + Hours of observation 6.25 2.0 5.5 4.0 3.25 3.5 1.0 6.0 5.5 Sea surface temperature 25.6- 27.5- 27.0- 27.7- 28.• 28.• 28.4 27.7- 27.2- (rangein øC) 28.5 27.6 28.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 30.2 28.8 a+, seenoutside census periods; * seenoutside census periods and only with feedingflocks. 170 SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS km offshoreover waters 900-5000 m deep. We found most birdswith feeding flocks,and exceptfor two or threedark-morph birds on 2 May we sawonly the light morph,agreeing with the resultsof Pitman(1986). 27.7-29.5øC. SootyShearwater, P. griseus(29; 5*/7). Uncommon,seen mostly as singlebirds flying northwest,but a few birdsassociated loosely with feedingflocks. Sooty Shearwatersoccurred 18-95 km (mostlybeyond 35 km)offshore over waters greater than 1000 m deep.
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