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Relationship Between “A Body Shape Index (ABSI)” Gomez-Peralta et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr (2018) 10:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-018-0323-8 Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome RESEARCH Open Access Relationship between “a body shape index (ABSI)” and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes Fernando Gomez‑Peralta1*, Cristina Abreu1, Margarita Cruz‑Bravo1, Elvira Alcarria1, Gala Gutierrez‑Buey1, Nir Y. Krakauer2 and Jesse C. Krakauer3 Abstract Background: Obesity is known to be related to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The most com‑ monly used anthropometric indicator (body mass index [BMI]) presents several limitations such as the lack of possibil‑ ity to distinguish adipose tissue distribution. Thus, this study examines the suitability of a body shape index (ABSI) for prediction of body composition and sarcopenic obesity in obese or overweight T2D subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 199 overweight/obese T2D adults. Anthropometric (BMI, ABSI) and body composi‑ tion (fat mass [FM], fat-free mass [FFM], fat mass index [FMI] and fat-free mass index, and the ratio FM/FFM as an index of sarcopenic obesity) data was collected, as well as metabolic parameters (glycated haemoglobin [HbA­ 1c], mean blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides [TG] levels; the ratio TG/HDL was also calculated as a surrogate marker for insulin resistance). Results: ABSI was signifcantly associated with age and waist circumference. It showed a statistically signifcant corre‑ lation with BMI exclusively in women. Regarding body composition, in men, ABSI was associated with FM (%), while in women it was associated with both FM and FFM. Both males and females groups with high ABSI scores were signif‑ cantly older (men: 59.3 10.8 vs 54.6 10.1, p 0.05; women: 65.1 9.8 vs 58.1 13.3, p 0.005) and showed lower FFM values (men: 62.3 ± 9.0 vs 66.2 ± 9.3, p 0.05;≤ women: 48.7 5.6± vs 54.5 8.9,± p 0.001)≤ compared with low-ABSI groups. Multiple linear± regression revealed± that≤ ABSI independently± predict FMI± and the≤ FM/FFM ratio in women. Sar‑ copenic obesity was identifed in 70 (36.5%) individuals according to the FM/FFM ratio. The AUROC of ABSI was 63.1% 11/6 2/3 (95% CI 54.6–71.6%; p 0.003) and an ABSI value of 0.083 m kg− was the optimal threshold in discriminating patients with sarcopenic= obesity (sensitivity: 48%, specifcity: 73%). Moreover, a signifcant association between ABSI and FPG was found in men. Conclusions: ABSI could be useful to identify visceral and sarcopenic obesity in overweight/obese adults with T2D, adding some relevant clinical information to traditional anthropometric measures. Keywords: A body shape index, Sarcopenic obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Body composition Background related to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and According to the global trends, the prevalence of diabe- cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [3, 4], through the release tes mellitus is expected to increase considerably [1, 2]. of fatty acids and infammatory cytokines into the portal Obesity, and especially visceral obesity, is known to be bloodstream [5]. Some anthropometric measurements considered sur- rogates for visceral obesity have long been used in medi- *Correspondence: [email protected] cal settings for obesity-associated health risk evaluation. 1 Segovia General Hospital, C/Miguel Servet s/n, 40002 Segovia, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article A commonly used measure is the body mass index (BMI). © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Gomez-Peralta et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr (2018) 10:21 Page 2 of 8 However, it does not serve to distinguish between mus- all amendments, and was approved by the correspond- cle and fat accumulation and gives no indication of body ing Independent Research Ethics Committee. All par- shape [6]. An increase in BMI could be attributed to an ticipants provided written informed consent to use their increase in either fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) or data. both, limiting the utility of BMI to estimate adiposity [7, Te study population comprised consecutive Caucasian 2 8]. overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m ) adult subjects with Waist circumference (WC) is widely seen as a measure T2D. A glomerular fltration rate over 60 ml per minute of central adiposity. Its association with insulin resistance per 1.73 m2 of body surface area (modifcation of diet in has been reported to be better than that of BMI [9–11]. renal disease [MDRD] formula [24]) and normal creati- Related indexes, such as waist-height ratio (WHtR), nine levels were used to exclude clinically relevant renal waist-hip ratio (WHR), and roundness index have been impairment. Additional criteria for inclusion were not extensively studied. However, WC and WC-derived taking pioglitazone, GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2 measures (i.e. WHtR) are highly correlated with BMI inhibitors, and performance of the studies required for [12], limiting, their utility beyond BMI [13]. To overcome this analysis. the limitations of the existing anthropometric measures to efciently estimate both visceral abdominal and gen- Measurements eral adiposities and predict mortality. Anthropometric parameters Krakauer et al. [14] developed a new composite anthro- Height (m) and weight (kg) were measured according to pometric measure. A body shape index (ABSI), based on standard methods, and the BMI was then calculated as normalizing WC to BMI and height. Te advantage of weight/height squared (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) ABSI is that it combines information from WC, height was measured at the uppermost border of the iliac crests and weight. A high ABSI indicates that WC is higher than in standing positions with a non-stretchable tape (cm). expected for a given height and weight, and corresponds ABSI was calculated as WC/(BMI2/3 * height1/2), expressed to a more central concentration of body mass. ABSI pre- in m11/6 kg−2/3. Men and women were each divided into dicts mortality independently from BMI [15, 16]. Of note, two groups by using the median of individual ABSI meas- the DECODE study group found a positive linear rela- urements as the threshold value. Subjects with ABSI lower tionship of all-cause CVD mortality with ABSI, whereas than the median values were assigned to the “lower-ABSI” BMI, WC, and WHR showed J-shaped associations [17]. group and subjects with greater ABSI than the median Additionally, ageing is usually associated with an value were assigned to the “higher-ABSI” group. increase in FM coexisting with a decrease in FFM, lead- ing to sarcopenia [18]. Sarcopenia is characterized by Body composition measurements degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were clinically and correlates with physical disability [19]. In the case of determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis and cal- sarcopenic obesity [20], ABSI may be useful, in addition culated through the software supplied by the manufac- to the traditional anthropometric measures. turers and expressed in kg [25]. Tese measurements Te association of ABSI and body composition meas- were performed in the morning, after an overnight fast. urements has been reported in a geriatric study [21]. Subjects were asked to refrain from a strenuous exercise Overweight/obese subjects with no signifcant clinically from the night before and to void the bladder before the comorbidities [22], and Japanese subjects with T2D [23] examination. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass have also been studied. Te methodology and the results index (FFMI) were then calculated as FM (kg) and FFM difered between studies, but overall, they pointed out a (kg) divided by the squared height in meters (m2), respec- positive relationship between ABSI and visceral and sar- tively. Te ratio between FM and FFM (FM/FFM) was copenic obesity. calculated as an index of sarcopenic obesity. As per Prado Here we assess ABSI in an observational study of et al. [26] we used the following cut-of values for FM/ Caucasian obese or overweight subjects with T2D. Our FFM ratio: < 0.40 for metabolic healthy obese individu- fndings suggest that ABSI is associated with body com- als in whom the increase in FM relatively low compared position and sarcopenic obesity. to FFM; FM/FFM ratios between 0.40 and 0.80 for obese individuals; and FM/FFM > 0.80 for sarcopenic obese Methods subjects, in whom FM predominates FFM. Design and study subjects Tis cross-sectional observational study was carried out Metabolic parameters at the Hospital General de Segovia (Segovia, Spain) in Te collection of metabolic parameters included glycated accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, including haemoglobin (HbA1c), mean blood glucose (MBG), Gomez-Peralta et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr (2018) 10:21 Page 3 of 8 fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high-density lipoprotein BMI only in women (r = -0.301, p = 0.003). Correlations cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between BMI and the body composition parameters (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) lev- were statistically signifcant for both men and women els. Te ratio between TG and HDL (TG/HDL) was also across all measures. Correlations between ABSI and calculated as a surrogate marker for insulin resistance, as body composition measurements in men were not sig- is suggested by Cordero et al.
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