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Protectionof Lives from Sediment Disasters

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Protectionof Lives from Sediment Disasters Protection of Lives from Sediment Disasters About 1,000 sediment disasters occur every year in Japan causing heavy A SABO Supplementary Reader loss of human lives and damage to pruperties. Protection of Lives from Sediment Disasters January 2016 NPO Sediment Disaster Prevention Publicity Center(SPC) URL_http://www.sabopc.or.jp 不許複製・無断転載 Protection of Lives from Sediment Disasters A SABO Supplementary Reader Contents 1 Japan is prone to sediment disasters 4 2 Debris Flow Disasters 8 3 Landslide Disasters 10 4 Slope Failure Disasters 12 5 Volcanic Disasters 14 6 Avalanche Disasters 15 7 River Closure (Natural Dam) 16 Deep Seated Landslide 17 8 Preventive measures against Sediment Disasters 18 9 Disaster Information 22 10 Learn how to Evacuate 24 Check list to protect lives from sediment disasters 26 2 3 LLetet uuss llearnearn mmoreore 1 Japan is prone to sediment disasters ◊“Sediment disaster” is defi ned as the disaster where houses, roads, agricultural lands etc. are buried and human lives are lost, by collapse of land mass of Japan is blessed with abundant nature. On the other hand, however, various sediment (soil, sand, stone etc.) on slopes of mountains natural disasters occur. One of them is the sediment disaster. Various types of and hillsides, or by the flow of the mixture of such sediment with rain water and river water. Sediment sediment disaster disasters include debris fl ow, landslide, slope failure etc. Volcanic disaster page 14 River closure page 16 Debris fl ow Mud fl ow of volcanic ash occurred after eruption (2014/Hiroshima sediment disaster, Hiroshima City, (2000, Miyake Island, Tokyo) Hiroshima Prefecture) Avalanche disaster 映像/長野県建設部砂防課 page 15 Debris fl ow disaster page 8-9 Slope failure disaster Snow avalanche in Hakuba Village page 12-13 Landslide (2000, Hakuba Village, Nagano Prefecture. Photo by (1995/Jitsukeyama landslide, Nagano City, Nagano Nagano Prefecture with supervision by Public Works Prefecture) Research Institute of MLIT) Landslide disaster page 10-11 Slope failure of Shirasu terrace (a mass of River closure(natural dam) accumulated volcanic ash) (2011/Typhoon No.12, Totsukawa Village, Nara Prefecture) (1986/Kagoshima heavy rainfall disaster, Hirano Town, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture) 4 5 <Hazardous heavy rainfall has been increasing.> Why so many sediment disasters in Japan? In recent years, very heavy rainfall concentrated over narrow areas in short period (localized heavy rainfall) has been increasing, and, as a result, sediment disasters are also increasing. (events/year) 230 events in The causes are attributed mainly to the climate and 400 average for The area of green 202 events in 2002-2016 average for the geology/topography of Japanese archipelago. color is surprisingly so 350 1989-2001 356 narrow on the map. 331 175 events in 300 average for 295 282 275 <Heavy rains> 1971-1988 275 256 250 254 251 244 237 237 One of main causes for sediment disasters 238 230 225 North American plate 222 Mt.Rishiri 209 is heavy rains. Japan is a country where Plate boundaries,active volcanos and 200 206 193 > 194 Events of heavy rainfall ( = 50mm/h)par 190 188 186 177 rainfall amount is particularly great in the recent major Earthquakes in Japan. Mt.Shiretoko-Iow 182 173 169 Mt.Rausudake 169 1000 observation stations 158 157 156 北方領土 Mt.Moyorodake Mt.Tencyo 150 156 Mt.Chirippu Source : Sabo Department,MLIT world. Moreover, concentrated heavy rains Atosanupuri 145 Mt.Taisetsu 140 Mt.Odamoi Iwo-Torishima Mt.Tokachidake 131 Mt.Sashiusu Mt.Eniwadake Masyu occur by typhoons, Baiu-front (stationary front Etorofu-Atosanuburi Mt.Oakandake 112 Mt.Etorofu-Yakeyama 100 110 Ruruidake Mt.Yotei Mt.Maru Mt.Meakandake 103 94 in the rainy season) etc. Mt.Berutarube Niseko Mt.Chachadake Mt.Usu Mt.Tarumae Mt.Rausu Kuttara 0 Mt.Tomari Mt.Hokkaido Komagatake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Oshima-Ohshima 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 <Mountainous topography with Mt.Esan S H Mt.Osore fragile geology> Mt.Iwaki Mt.Hakkoda Iriomotejima Northnortheast Submarine Volcano Towada Rainfall distribution during Typhoon No.26 in October 2013 Rainfall distribution during Hiroshima sediment 諸島沖縄 Mt.Akita-Yakeyama Hachimantai (27 hours rainfall during 6:00 on15 October~9:00 on 16 disaster in 2014 Around 70% of Japan is mountainous Mt.Iwate The Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake(2004) Mt.Akita-Komagatake October) (One hour rainfall during 2:00~3:00 on 20 August) areas. Further, most mountains are steep and Nishinoshima Mt.Cyokai Mt.Kurikoma Kaikata Seamount Mt.Naruko The 2011 off the Pacific Hijiori fragile in geology, and collapse easily. Kaitoku Seamount coast of Tohoku Earthquake(2004) 小笠原諸島 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake(2004) Mt.Zao Funka Asane Numazawa Mt.Kusatsu-Shirane <Steep rivers> Eurasian plate Mt.Myoko Mt.Agatsuma Niigata-Yakeyama Mt.Adatara Iow-jima Mt.Hiuchigatake Mt.Bandai Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line Mountains in Japan are generally high Kita Fukutokutai Mt.Nasudake Fukutokuokanoba Midagahara Mt.Takaharayama Mt.Yakedake Mt.Nikko-Shirane and steep, therefore, rivers originating in Minami-Hiyoshi Seamount Mt.Akandana Mt.Akagi Mt.Hakusan Mt.Haruna Nikko Seamount Mt.Sanbe Mt.Norikuradake Mt.Asama such mountains are “rapids”. The more rapid Mt.Ontake Yokodake Source: A quick report Mt.Fuji Mt.Hakone on heavy rainfall by the current is, the stronger is the erosion in Abu Volcanoes The Southern Hyogo prefecture Izu Tobu Kazangun earthquake(1995) The rainfall in Oshima front during 15~16 Izu-Oshima upstream mountain areas, resulting in much Toshima Niijima (Motomachi) of Izu Islands August 2014 (JMA) kozushima Tsurumidake and Garandake Miyakejima Line sediment discharge to downstream areas. Yufudake nic Pacific plate recorded 122.5mm/one hour cto Mikurajima Te Mt.Kuju ian Fukue Volcanoes ed M and 824.0mm/24 hours (about Mt.Aso Hachijojima Mt.Unzen-Fugendake 2.5 times more than the average <Frequent earthquakes and In the case of Hiroshima sediment disaster in August Mt.Kirishima Yonemaru and Sumiyoshiike Aogashima rainfall of October), exceeding the many volcanos> Wakamiko past maximum rainfall recorded 2014, the rainfall ceased for some time and resumed Mt.Kaimondake Sakurajima Beyonnaise Rocks intensively, The sediment disaster occurred in only two Satsuma-Ioujima Ikeda and Yamagawa Philippine sea plate in 2012. Debris fl ows (mud fl ows) Earthquakes occur frequently in Japan. Sumisujima Kuchinoerabujima caused by the heavy rainfalls hours thereafter. The disaster caused extensive damage Izu-Torishima claiming 74 casualties. They trigger slope failures, landslides etc. Nakanoshima claimed 39 persons, dead and SuwanosejimaSuwanosejSuwanoseejejiji Sofugan missing. Further, there are as manyy as 110 active Debris flow (mm/h) (mm) volcanoes in Japan. Source : JMA 100 3:00-3:30 300 90 Hourly rainfall Accumulated rainfall 250 Source: A quick report on 2013 80 I now know that Sediment Disaster Warning Typhoon No.26 (Tokyo Meteorological 70 earthquakes occur along information at 200 Observatory) 1:15 on 20 August boundary of plates. 60 50 150 Rainfall at Takasestation 40 Maximum rainfall inteusity 87.0mm/h accumulate rainfall 247.0mm 100 Soil Water Index at the time of Kanto-Tohoku Heavy Rainfall 30 Source : Sabo Department,MLIT LLetet uuss llearnearn mmoreore 20 Disaster in September 2015 50 (The fi gure shows the rainfall amount infi ltrated into the soil) 10 ◊“Active Volcano” means a volcano which erupted in recent 0 0 Soil Water Index 10,000 years. There are about 1,500 active volcanos in the 0:00 6:00 9:00 10:30 on 10 Sept. Water in the soil 12:00 18:00 world. Japan’s land area is only 0.1% of the world, but the 8/19 8/20 extremely number of the active volcano is as many as 7%. abundant As a result of the combined effect of the wind towards the depression ◊It is thought that earthquakes occur by the movement very abundant originated in Typhoon No.18, and the wind from Typhoon No.17 in the of the plates. The plates are hard base rocks covering Pacific off Japan, the cumulonimbus clouds were generated one after the earth by about ten blocks (There are several different abundant another in a long line, and brought about heavy rainfall. In the upstream Earthquakes(M>6)and plate boundaries in the world areas of Kinu River, sediment disasters occurred at many places, while opinions about the number of the plates). Four of them are Sourse:Disaster Prevention White Paper,2013,Cabinet Offi ce in the downstream areas, Joso City of Ibaraki Prefecture was affected located in the vicinity of the Japan archipelago. severely by fl oods due to breach of river embankment. Source : weather map 6 7 2 Debris Flow Disaster Omens(presage)for debris fl ows Most debris fl ows are caused by heavy rainfalls. If such phenomena as shown below are perceived in rivers or Debris flow is a phenomenon that torrents, they may be omens of debris fl ows. Let us evacuate immediately. sediment produced by heavy rainfalls collapse in mountains in mountains and valleys becomes >>>Rumbling sounds like “Goro Goro” are >>>Current of rivers and torrents becomes muddy with water and runs down Erosion of riverbeds and banks heard and sparklings are seen in rivers turbid and muddy, and trees drift with the and torrents. current. rapidly towards downstream areas. It Flow down wards containing grows on the way by eroding valleys This suggests that slope collapses have occurred in This suggests that slope collapses have occurred in more stones and woody debris upstream mountain areas and large stones are fl owing upstream mountain areas, and sediment and trees are and taking in rocks and large woods, Extend widely from the down thence.
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