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In Ghur Province of Afghanistan and Overview of Jam-Minaret
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2020 American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) e-ISSN: 2378-703X Volume-4, Issue-4-pp-238-243 www.ajhssr.com Research Paper Open Access Danger of falling “Minaret of Jam” in Ghur Province of Afghanistan and Overview of Jam-Minaret Mosa Lali1, Reza Arefi2 1(China Studies, Political Science and Public Administration, Shandong University, China) 2(History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Islamic Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Iran) ABSTRACT: Ghur is one of the most important parts of the historically places in Afghanistan, the Minaret of Jam is absolutely increased to the significant and magnificence of this province, the Harirud-River flows from east to west, the Jam-River flows from south to north, at the confluence of these Rivers being an incredible adobe of minaret, its remarkable! How can this minaret stand against to erosion of Rivers and spring floods around more than 8th century without any fundamental protection? The main aim of this research paper is focused on “danger of falling Minaret of Jam”, here are many threats being for destroying of Jam-Minaret. antiquities of these historically places trafficked by smugglers, but these threats also being against to Jam-Minaret, the Minaret of Jam almost falling by floods in spring of 2019, but fortunately this threat just temporarily resolved by local people. One of the goals of this research topic is to call to government of Afghanistan and organizations of responsible to rescue the minaret of Jam from destruction, therefore if they don’t pay attention, this historical minaret will demolish like other historical heritage in Afghanistan and we will be missing one of the “Seven Wonders of the World”. -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. -
WISDOM (Tlwma) and Pffllosophy (FALSAFA)
WISDOM (tLWMA) AND PfflLOSOPHY (FALSAFA) IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT (as a framework for inquiry) By: Mehmet ONAL This thcsis is submitted ror the Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Wales - Lampeter 1998 b"9tr In this study the following two hypothesisare researched: 1. "WisdotW' is the fundamental aspect of Islamic thought on which Islamic civilisation was established through Islamic law (,Sharfa), theology (Ldi-M), philosophy (falsafq) and mysticism (Surism). 2. "Due to the first hypothesis Islamic philosophy is not only a commentary on the Greek philosophy or a new form of Ncoplatonism but a native Islamic wisdom understandingon the form of theoretical study". The present thesis consists of ten chaptersdealing with the concept of practical wisdom (Pikmq) and theoretical wisdom (philosophy or falsafa). At the end there arc a gcncral conclusion,glossary and bibliography. In the introduction (Chapter One) the definition of wisdom and philosophy is establishedas a conceptualground for the above two hypothesis. In the following chapter (Chapter Two) I focused on the historical background of these two concepts by giving a brief history of ancient wisdom and Greek philosophy as sourcesof Islamic thought. In the following two chapters (Chapter Three and Four) I tried to bring out a possibledefinition of Islamic wisdom in the Qur'5n and Sunna on which Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), theology (A-alim), philosophy (falsafq) and mysticism (Sufism) consistedof. As a result of the above conceptual approaching,I tried to reach a new definition for wisdom (PiLma) as a method that helps in the establishmentof a new Islamic way of life and civilisation for our life. -
Afghan War Rugs
The Modern Art of Central Asia The Modern Art of Central Asia August 21 - October 16, Organized and curated by Enrico Mascelloni and Annemarie Sawkins, Ph.D. PREFACE Afghan War Rugs: The Modern Art of Central Asia is an important international exhibition that brings to the United States, for the first time, one of the most distinct collections of Afghan war rugs in the world. The mostly women artists who wove the rugs abandoned their traditional nonfigurative styles to produce rich pictorial images that recount a broader story. In knotted rugs with maps, portraits of kings, khans, and military leaders, and in rugs with weapons, the weavers revolutionized an ancient craft. Purchased throughout Central Asia and in Europe, the over 40 rugs in this collection were selected for their exceptional quality, rarity, and surprising content. They represent an encounter of timeless aesthetic tradition with the violent, roiling reality of contemporary Central Asia. Wardak Province, central Afghanistan. Image courtesy of Cultural Section of the Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, D.C. 1 Left rug: Rug with Map of Afghanistan, knotted wool, Western Afghanistan, acquired in Peshawar (Pakistan), 2006, 77 × 44 ⁄2 inches 1 1 Right rug: War Rug, knotted wool, Western Afghanistan, acquired in Peshawar (Pakistan), 2012, 34 ⁄2 × 157 ⁄2 inches 1/20 Afghan War Rugs: The Modern Art of Central Asia 2/20 AFGHANISTAN: A TIMELINE 1839–1842 1953 1986 1999 1st Anglo-Afghan War General Mohammed Daud, as prime Mohammed Najibullah takes over Kamal; United Nations sanctions -
Restoration of Al-Abbas Mosque Asnaf, Yemen
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture Restoration of Al-Abbas Mosque Asnaf, Yemen Conservator: French Center for Yemeni Studies, Marylène Barret, Abdullah Hadrami Paris, France Client: General Organization of Antiquities, Museum and Manuscripts Sanaa, Yemen Date of Completion: 1996 1831.YEM Table of Contents 2004 Technical Review Summary (22 pages) 2001 Technical Review Summary (28 pages) 2004 Architect’s Record (6 pages) Nomination Forms (2 pages) Architect’s Presentation Panels (18 panels on 9 pages) Thumbnail Images of Scanned Slides (11 pages) List of Visual Materials (6 pages) List of Additional Materials (1 page) On Site Review Reports 1831.YEM by Reha Günay (2004) and Ayşl Yavuz (2001) Restoration of Al-Abbas Mosque Asnaf, Yemen Conservator French Centre for Yemeni Studies Marylène Barret Abdullah Hadrami Client General Organization of Antiquities, Museum and Manuscripts Design 1987 Completed 1996 Restoration of Al-Abbas Mosque Asnaf, Yemen 2004 Report: Reha Günay I. Introduction Al-Abbas Mosque is situated 40 kilometres south-east of Sana’a and 2 kilometres from the village of Asnaf. Dating back to the twelfth century, the mosque is cubic in form, and measures only 100 square metres in area. Besides its value as an ancient monument, the mosque has particular historical significance since we know its exact date of construction, its founder and its builder. In addition, it stands out among Yemen’s cubic-shaped mosques because of its exceptional ceiling, which has survived intact more than eight hundred years. Of particular interest is that fact that the roots of this type of cubic mosque go back to pre- Islamic temples in the Arabian Peninsula, such as the Ka’bah (in Mecca). -
Saving Minarets at Risk in Afghanistan
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - Modena, Lourenço & Roca (eds) © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 15363799 Saving minarets at risk in Afghanistan G. Macchi Deparlmenl ofSiruclural Mechanics, University of Pavia, Ifa/y ABSTRACT: The minaret of Jam is now included in the World Heritage List. Such an outstanding tower built in the 12th century A.D., 65 m high and isolated in the mountains at the altitude of 1900 m, has exceptional value from the architectural and historical points of view. The author, on behalf ofUNESCO, undertook investigations intended to assess the structural stability of the tower, including static and dynamic verifications. The study ofthe seismic hazard of Iam was the occasion to reconsider a catalogue of 1300 seismic events which reconfirm the high seismic risk of the city of Herat, where another set of important archaeological remains is also under the highest attention of UNESCO. fNTRODUCTION The reasons of the dramatic loss of the architectural heritage in Afghanistan are not only earthquakes, but also destructions due to war. The minarets to be saved are a fundamental testi mony of the ancient roots of such unhappy people. Adding the minaret of Iam to the World Heritage List UNESCO is working for the preservation of such memories and for the civic and cultural reconstruc tion ofthe Country. The safeguard ofthe five minarets remained in Herat is part ofthe same project. The knowledge of the Afghan civilization dates back to the end of the second millennium B.C. when Figure I. Herat. The 9 minareIs oflhe Musallah in lhe year the Aryan people had their capital in Herat, called Aria 1915 . -
Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List
July 2002 WHC.2002/15 Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List UNESCO 1972 CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE Additional copies of the Brief Descriptions, and other information concerning World Heritage, in English and French, are available from the Secretariat: UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: +33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: +33(0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unesco.org/whc/ http://www.unesco.org/whc/brief.htm (Brief Descriptions in English) http://www.unesco.org/whc/fr/breves.htm (Brèves descriptions en français) BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 730 SITES INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, July 2002 STATE PARTY the Kbor er Roumia, the great royal mausoleum of Mauritania. Site Name Year of inscription Timgad 1982 [C: cultural; N: natural; N/C: mixed] (C ii, iii, iv) Timgad lies on the northern slopes of the Aurès mountains and was created ex nihilo as a military colony by the Emperor Trajan in A.D. 100. With its square enclosure and orthogonal design based on the cardo and decumanus, the two AFGHANISTAN perpendicular routes running through the city, it is an excellent example of Roman town planning. Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam 2002 (C ii, iii, iv) Kasbah of Algiers 1992 The 65m-tall Minaret of Jam is a graceful, soaring structure, dating back to the (C ii, v) 12th century. Covered in elaborate brickwork with a blue tile inscription at the The Kasbah is a unique kind of medina, or Islamic city. -
Newsletter-2012-Q1 0.791 MB
Social Fund for Development Newsletter – Edition No. 57, January – March 2012 Social Fund for Launching broad campaigns to raise waste from the areas affected by the events of 2011 Development Broad campaigns were launched in the Capital City and Taiz to remove 12 Pages Newsletter – Edition No. 57, January – March 2012 piles of solid waste under the motto "Environment protection is everyone's responsibility". The SFD Cash-for-Work Program ran the campaign along with forestation campaign. The Secretary General of Editorial BoD reviewed 2011 performance and approved 2012 action plan the Local Council in the Capital City, Mr. Amin Juma'an and the The Social Fund for Development Governor of Taiz, Mr. Shawqi Anam participated in the campaigns in The SFD Board of Directors (BoD) held on March 11, 2012 a meeting under the (SFD) launched, at the beginning chairmanship of Mr. Mohammed Salem Basendwah, Prime Minister and Chairman of a number of areas affected by the accumulation of waste. of 2012, the second year of the the BoD. The meeting approved the SFD 2012 Action Plan that included fourth phase of its operations The SFD is carrying out the campaigns in coordination and cooperation implementation of 1495 projects costing USD$267.6 million. The planned projects with local councils in the target areas that were affected by the 2011 (2011–2015). cover 4 main programs allover governorates; the Community Development Program events, in addition to community outreach program to improve the In 2011, the SFD faced challenges (853 projects for US$180.6 million), Labor-intensive Works Program (199 projects for appearance of the two cities. -
Ghiyath Al-Din Minar—The Minaret Of
E NCOUNTERS Ghiyath al-din Minar— Does the fate threatening the Minaret of JamThe mirror Minaret the imminent fate ofof Afghanistan? Jam TEXT AND PHOTOS BY STEPHEN A. SHUCART t was a little past noon on the 23rd of August 2006 when our bat- tered cargo jeep rounded the last hairpin turn on what had been one of the hairiest, most white-knuckled rides in a long career of hairy, white-knuckled journeys, and we caught our first glimpse of a sight I’d Ibeen waiting for almost my entire life. An almost electric feeling of elation and relief filled me, and my grin was so wide it hurt. We stared down the At a corner between cliffs, narrow river valley, and between the steep cliffs towered the fabled Min- “ the minaret was there, aret of Jam. As was ever the case in Afghanistan, the reality of the actual straight and tapering as experience exponentially exceeded any fantasy that could possibly be en- a candle or a beautifully tertained. rolled umbrella, etched from top to bottom with patterns, ribands and bands I’d first heard of the lost minaret in 1972 when I’d crossed the border and medallions, cut in the from Iran and was staying in Herat, the first major city on the Afghan hard-baked brick whose side of the border, but I was too new and inexperienced in the ways of biscuit colour showed Afghan culture to attempt it then. During my year’s residence and subse- light against the mountain quent stays in Afghanistan in the 1970s I tried several times to organize walls.” expeditions, but the Central Route through Afghanistan was the Ultima Thule of adventure travel and the timing was never right. -
Title: Fudging Maps at Jam
Title: Fudging maps at Jam Author name: D.C. Thomas Author Affiliation: Archaeology Program, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The minaret and archaeological remains at Jam, in central Afghanistan, were nominated as Afghanistan's first World Heritage site in 2002. The nomination was successful despite the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)'s reservations about the quality and completeness of the nomination document: in particular, ICOMOS was concerned about the rudimentary mapping and imprecise definition of the site, which has not been surveyed systematically or in detail. The extensive, but largely undocumented, looting of the site over the past two decades has further complicated archaeological investigations there. The key goals of the fieldwork I coordinated at Jam in 2003 and 2005, therefore, included an ‘on the ground’ re-appraisal of the extent of the site and the mapping issues, and an assessment of the looting. In particular, I wanted to determine whether it was possible to utilize the robber holes as a source of information, both of localized sub-surface remains, and as an indication of the broader spatial limits of the site. This was based on the premise that looters only continue to dig in areas where they are finding sufficient artefacts to warrant their efforts. I also hoped to correlate the robber holes we documented on the ground with those visible in the high resolution satellite imagery of the site. This would enable us to study a larger area than it was practical to survey during our short field seasons given the mountainous terrain, and simultaneously to generate a base-line against which any further looting of the site could be monitored. -
Read Book Islamic Tiles (Eastern Art)
ISLAMIC TILES (EASTERN ART) PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Venetia Porter | 128 pages | 02 May 1995 | BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS | 9780714114569 | English | London, United Kingdom Islamic Tiles (Eastern Art) PDF Book Preview — Islamic Tiles by Venetia Porter. Although luster painting could work with multiple colors, we see more monochromatic examples that later spread elsewhere in Western Asia and then further west to North Africa, Europe, and America. Haft rang tile was a good choice for economic reasons it was both cheaper and quicker to produce , and the seven colors gave more artistic freedom to artisans. These wood-framed decorative windows are distinctive features of the palace's architecture. This architecture is characterised by its monumental scale, its relative simplicity of form and a somewhat sombre tone. Al Arte Magazine. Two physicists, Peter J. Muqarnas decoration, Unknown, Turkey, Bursa, 15th century, Ceramics, Earthenware, cuerda seca technique, Specifically associated with Islamic architecture, the muqarnas is a three-dimensional decorative element that resembles a honeycomb or stalactite. These are stable in either a contracted or an expanded state, and can switch between the two, which might be useful for surgical stents or for spacecraft components. As a result, many Islamic decorations feature stylized motifs and either interlacing patterns such as geometric designs or arabesques or calligraphy — or a combination. Hadi is currently reading it Dec 30, Image via Wikimedia Commons The Dome of the Rock exterior from the late seventh century features a border of blue tile with white calligraphy. Patterns in the "shabaka" windows include 6-, 8-, and point stars. Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, — The earliest geometrical forms in Islamic art were occasional isolated geometric shapes such as 8-pointed stars and lozenges containing squares. -
Seismic Hazard Assessment of Jam in Afghanistan
13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2314 SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF JAM IN AFGHANISTAN Arun MENON1, Carlo G. LAI2 SUMMARY The world’s second tallest minaret, the Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan built in the XII Century A.D. is on UNESCO’s List of World’s Endangered Monuments. The 60m tall structure sits precariously at the junction of two rivers and is in danger of collapse due to a 3.4° inclination inducing high stresses in its deteriorated brick masonry. These conditions of the monument render it more susceptible to natural geohazards like earthquakes. Consequently, prior to intervention, it is of foremost importance to assess the seismic hazard at the site. Jam lies in close proximity of the Herat fault, a prominent strike-slip lineament in northern Afghanistan. For most of its length the fault has not been associated in recent history with the occurrence of large earthquakes. Although no earthquake epicenters have been reported in catalogues close to Jam, seismically active zones of Kabul, Mazar-i-Sahrif, Bamiyan and the Hindukush subduction zone lie few hundred kilometers away from Jam. This article illustrates the results of a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) performed using the Cornell-McGuire method with a systematic treatment of uncertainties in a logic-tree framework. Uniform hazard spectra have been determined for return periods of 72, 224, 475 and 975 years. The study also includes some results derived from a Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) at the site. INTRODUCTION A refined estimation of the seismic hazard in a region characterized by qualitative and quantitative deficiency of seismic data is certainly an engineering challenge.