Developing Strategies for University, Industry and Government Partnership
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Developing Strategies for University, Industry, and Government Partnership in Indonesia Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership (ACDP) Developing Strategies for University, Industry, and Government Partnership in Indonesia Published by: Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership (ACDP) Agency for Research and Developments (Balitbang), Ministry of Education and Culture Building E 19th Floor Jl. Jendral Sudirman, Senayan, Jakarta 10270 Tel: +62-21-578-511000, Fax: +62-21-578-51101 Website: www.acdp-indonesia.org Secretariat Email: [email protected] Printed in October 2013 The Government of Indonesia (represented by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Religious Affairs, and the Ministry of National Development Planning / BAPPENAS), the Government of Australia, through Australian Aid, the European Union (EU) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have established the Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership (ACDP). ACDP is a facility to promote policy dialogue and facilitate institutional and organizational reform to underpin policy implementation and to help reduce disparities in education performance. The facility is an integral part of the Education Sector Support Program (ESSP). EU’s support to the ESSP also includes a sector budget support along with a Minimum Service Standards capacity development program. Australia’s support is through Australia’s Education Partnership with Indonesia. This report has been prepared with grant support provided by AusAID and the EU through ACDP. KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN KEMENTERIAN EUROPEAN UNION DAN KEBUDAYAAN AGAMA The institutions responsible for implementation of the study were PT. TRANS INTRA ASIA in cooperation with the Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC). The members of the study team who prepared this report were: 1. Bagyo Y. Moeliodihardjo, Team Leader / Higher Education Development Expert 2. Biemo W. Soemardi, Higher Education Governance and Management Expert 3. Satryo S. Brodjonegoro, Research and Innovation Expert 4. Sachi Hatakenaka, University – Industry Partnership Expert The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Government of Indonesia, the Government of Australia, the European Union or the Asian Development Bank. Developing Strategies for University, Industry, and Government Partnership in Indonesia Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Content ii List of Abbreviation iv Executive Summary ix Chapter 1. Framework of the Study 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 University role in the innovation space 2 1.3 Mission differentiation 4 1.4 Objective of the study 6 1.5 Methodology Chapter 2. Economic Context and Needs for UIG Partnerships 9 2.1 Economic context and industrial structure 9 2.1.1 Promoting higher value added in natural resource-based industries 10 2.1.2 Future industrial development needs 12 2.2 Skills as an emerging constraint 13 2.3 Employer/employee views about universities. 14 2.3.1 Nature of skills mismatch. 14 2.3.2 R&D needs 16 2.4 Industrial needs on the role of government 17 Chapter 3. Higher Education Sector 19 3.1 Size, differentiation, and distribution 19 3.1.1 Practically oriented institutions (Quadrant IV) 20 3.1.2 Research-oriented institutions (candidates for Quadrant I and II) 23 3.1.3 Unclassified 26 3.2 Quality of undergraduate education 27 3.3 Innovation-oriented initiatives 30 3.3.1 Patenting 30 3.3.2 Incubator / spin off 31 3.3.3 Entrepreneurial training 32 3.3.4 Science parks 33 3.3.5 Small and medium enterprises support 34 3.3.6 Developing support infrastructures 34 3.4 Funding 34 3.4.1 Government funding 34 3.4.2 Self generated revenue 36 3.5 The road toward institutional autonomy in Indonesia 37 Chapter 4. R & D Capacity in Indonesia 41 4.1 National Council on Innovation 41 4.2 Government policy 43 4.2.1 Coordination and synergy 43 4.2.2 Government budget 44 4.2.3 R&D personnel 45 4.3 Funding mechanism 46 4.4 R&D activities in universities 47 4.5 R&D activities in government institutions 50 4.5.1 Non-ministerial R&D Institutions 51 ii Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership Table of Contents 4.5.2 Ministerial R&D Institutions 51 4.5.3 Local Government R&D institutes (LitBangDa) 52 4.6 R&D activities in industries 53 Chapter 5. Issues in UIG Partnership 55 5.1 Lack of understanding and mutual trust 55 5.1.1 Lack of shared vision about the autonomy process 60 5.1.2 Impact of uncertainty in autonomy policy 61 5.2 Financial management 62 5.3 Balancing individual with institutional interest 62 5.4 Incentives to promote R&D culture in industry 63 5.5 Agricultural based downstream industries 64 5.6 Research in biological resources 65 5.7 Regional disparity 67 5.7.1 Institutional capacity 68 5.8.2 Limited human resources 68 Chapter 6. Recommendations 69 6.1 Universities 70 6.1.1 Developing relevant expertise and promoting interdisciplinary works 70 6.1.2 Quality support facilities 70 6.1.3 Rewarding the champions 71 6.1.4 Flexible human resource management practices 71 6.1.5 Leadership, strategic and managerial capacity 72 6.2 Strategies for central government 72 6.2.1 Confidence building through structured encounters 72 6.2.2 Consistent policies 72 6.2.3 Increase R&D funding 73 6.2.4 Channeling government funds effectively 75 6.3 Strategies for DGHE 76 6.3.1 Supporting the development of autonomous universities 76 6.3.2 Supporting the improvement of universities in the Eastern regions 76 6.4 Follow-up actions for creating better information and strategies 79 6.4.1 Improving information base in DGHE on UIG 79 6.4.2 Strategy for promoting high value added industry and industrial innovations 79 6.4.3 Strategy for capacity building in biological research 79 6.5 Proposed funding programs 80 6.5.1 Capacity development grants 80 6.5.2 Institutional arrangements for channelling UIG partnership grants 84 References 85 Appendices Appendix A Projection of self generated revenue in 2012 88 Appendix B Budget channeled as block to be competed internally for research 89 Appendix C List of universities conducting tracer studies in the I-MHERE project 90 Appendix D Government budget for R&D in 2012 (IDR) 90 Appendix E Patents produced and publications by universities 91 Annexes Annex I Paper prepared for the 10th Triple Helix Conference 2012 97 Annex II Measuring Quality of Undergraduate Education 109 Annex III National Committee on Innovation 112 Annex IV Capacity development grant for UIG partnership 113 Annex V UIG support facilities grants 116 Annex VI Report on Study Trips 118 Developing Strategies for University, Industry, and Government Partnership in Indonesia iii Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 1.1 : The economic corridors in the MP3EI 2 Figure 1.2 : Triple helix III innovation space 2 Figure 1.3 : Institutional Characteristics 4 Figure 1.4 : Methodology of the study 6 Figure 2.1 : Increased productivity for competitiveness and excellence 13 Figure 2.2 : Discrepancy between firm’s and employee’s assessment of workers weaknesses 15 Figure 2.3 : Personality characteristics of Managers 15 Figure 4.1 : Main Structure of Innovation System [MoRT, 2010] 43 Figure 4.2 : R&D Spending and science and technology personnel 46 Figure 4.3 : Distribution of research grants [DP2M, 2012] 48 Figure 4.4 : Top Seven DGHE Research Grant Recipients [DP2M, 2012] 48 Figure 6.1 : Institutional spheres and knowledge, consensus, innovation space 69 List of Tables Table 1-2 : List of interviewees 7 Table 3.1 : Unemployment rate 2009-2011 21 Table 3.2 : Distribution of higher education institutions in the MP3EI corridors 27 Table 3.3 : Accreditation result [BAN-PT, 2009] 28 Table 3.4 : Institutional ranking according to THES and QS [THES 2009, QS 2012] 29 Table 3.5 : Qualifi cation of teaching staff [DGHE, 2010] 30 Table 3.6 : Allocated budget for DGHE 2007-2012, in IDR trillion [Dikti, 2012] 35 Table 3.7 : The structure of autonomy and accountability 37 Table 4.1 : Gross Domestic Expenditure ofn R&D (GERD), in billions of US Dollars 45 for Selected Countries Table 4.3 : RAPID grants distribution 2008-2012 [DP2M, 2012] 49 Table 4.4 : Source of R&D budget in Indonesia [LIPI 2009] 53 Table 5-1 : The highest and the lowest per capita GRDP by province (IDR thousand) 68 in 2007 [BPS, 2010] Table 6.1 : Recommended strategy and its possible mitigation actions 77 Table 6.2 : Recommended new funding programs for UIG 81 Table 6.3 : Risk and impact assessment of the recommended funding programs 82 List of Boxes Box 1 : China and India: attracting R&D from Foreign Direct Investors 10 Box 2 : Cocoa Sustainability Partnership 11 Box 3 : A shift from exporting crude to refined palm oil 12 Box 4 : Industrially active academics 16 Box 5 : Three exemplary polytechnics 20 Box 6 : Two examples of entrepreneurial private universities 21 Box 7 : An extreme case: Institut Pertanian STIPER Yogyakarta (INSTIPER) 23 Box 8 : Chinese higher education reform 24 Box 9 : Level of technological requirements and nature of engagement 25 Box 10 : Broadening undergraduate programs 26 Box 11 : Introducing the culture of quality in the US 28 Box 12 : PT Ecomindo Saranacipta 31 Box 13 : Chinese university experience of spinning off 32 Box 14 : Developing Eco-System 33 Box 15 : Higher education reform in Japan [MEXT, 2010] 39 Box 16 : Innovation system - the case of India [Mathew, 2010] 41 iv Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership Table of Contents Box 17 : Center