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Technical Report on Dark Energy Camera E Manoj TECHNICAL REPORT ON DARK ENERGY CAMERA E MANOJ (13L228) Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING Branch: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of Anna University June - 2014 i DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institution)COIMBATORE – 641 004 TECHNICAL REPORT ON DARK ENERGY CAMERA Bona fide record of work done by D GOVARDHANAN (13L115) Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING Branch: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of Anna University June 2014 ...……………………… …………..………………. Dr. S.Subha Rani ii Faculty guide Head of the Department \ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. R. RUDHRAMOORTHY, Principal, PSG College of Technology, for his kind patronage. I am indebted to Dr. S. SUBHA RANI, Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for her continued support and motivation. I would like to express my gratitude to my technical report guide Mrs. RAMYA, Assistant Professor(SR), Mr. K.R. RADHAKRISHNAN, Assistant Professor and Dr. U. SARAVANAKUMAR, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for their constant motivation, direction and guidance throughout the entire course of our technical report. I am grateful to the support extended by my class advisor Dr. SIVARAJ, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. I thank all the staff members of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their support.Last but not the least I thank the Almighty and my family members who have been a guiding light in all our endeavors. iii ABSTRACT Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves. The name is a trademark name, and is a play on the audiophile term Hi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11standards".However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark. Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g., personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphone, some digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. iv Table of contents Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 5 INTRODUCTION Wireless Technology is an alternative to wired technology, which is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode.Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity is a generic term that refers to IEEE 802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks.(WLANs).Wi-Fi network connect computers to each other ,to internet and to wired networks. The term Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 2000. A Wi-Fi-enabled device can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network which is configured to permit this. The coverage of one or more (interconnected) access points called hotspots—can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Figure 1 6 Wifi network: Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed. IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11g IEEE-(Institute of electrical and Electronic Engineers). IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b, is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking specification that extends throughput up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2.4GHz band This specification is marketed as Wi-Fi and has been implemented all over the world. A related amendment was incorporated into the IEEE 802.11-2007 standard. 802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial establishments. 802.11b is used in a point-to-multipoint configuration, wherein an accesspoint communicates via an omnidirectional antenna with mobile clients within the range of the access point. Typical range depends on the radio frequency environment, output power and sensitivity of the receiver. Allowable bandwidth is shared across clients in discrete channels. A directional antenna focuses output power into a smaller field which increases point-to-point range. Designers of such installations who wish to remain within the law must however be careful about legal limitations on effective radiated power. 7 IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a was an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless local network specifications that defined requirements for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. It was originally designed to support wireless communication in the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NII) bands (in the 5–6 GHz frequency range) as regulated in the United States by the Code of Federal Regulations. The 802.11a amendment to the original standard was ratified in 1999. The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service. The effective overall range of 802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path and because the path loss in signal strength is proportional to the square of the signal frequency. 8 IEEE 802.11g: IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 specification that extended throughput to up to 54 Mbit/s using the same 2.4 GHz band as 802.11b. This specification under the marketing name of Wi-Fi has been implemented all over the world. The 802.11g protocol is now Clause 19 of the published IEEE 802.11-2007 standard, and Clause 19 of the published IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. 802.11g is the third modulation standard for wireless LANs. It works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s. Using the CSMA/CA transmission scheme, 31.4 Mbit/s[1] is the maximum net throughput possible for packets of 1500 bytes in size and a 54 Mbit/s wireless rate It is moré expensive and used only in highly authorized organisation. 9 WiFi- router: A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to provide access to the Internet or a computer network. It does not require a wired link, as the connection is made wirelessly, via radio waves. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), in a wireless-only LAN (WLAN), or in a mixed wired/wireless network, depending on the manufacturer and model. Most current wireless routers have the following characteristics: one or multiple NIC supporting Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet integrated into the main SoC. One or multiple WNICs supporting a part of the IEEE 802.11-standard family also integrated into the main SoC or as separate chips on the Printed circuit board. Some wireless routers come with either xDSL modem, DOCSIS modem, LTE modem, or fiber optic modem integrated. Some dual-band wireless routers operate the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands simultaneously.ct card connected over a MiniPCI or MiniPCIe interface. Some wireless routers have a USB port specifically designed for connecting 3G mobile broadband modem aside from connecting the wireless router to a xDSL modem. 10 VIRTUAL WIFI ROUTER: Virtual Wi-Fi Router is a free utility that is designed to turn any Wi-Fi enabled Windows PC into a wireless access point for Internet access. This utility has a very clean and easy to use interface that allows you to assign a password to your virtual access point to prevent unauthorized access. The interface even offers a tab that lets you confirm who is using the wireless access point. HOTSPOT SHIELD: Hotspot Shield is a free utility that is designed to help protect your privacy when you connect to public Wi-Fi hotspots. The program has a very simplistic interface, but that doesn't mean that it doesn't work well. Once protection is enabled you can click on a Test Protection link to verify that the utility is working. Doing so takes you to TestMyIP.org. In my case, my static IP was hidden and TestMyIP.org thought that I was located somewhere in Los Angeles instead of on the east coast where I actually reside. WIFI GUARDIAN: WiFi Guardian is designed to protect your privacy by redirecting your Internet connectivity to a proxy server that allows your session to be encrypted and made anonymous. The software does require you to create an account and to choose a WiFi Guardian server to use as a proxy.
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