Linguistische Arbeiten 549

Two-dimensional Semantics

Clausal Adjuncts and Complements

Bearbeitet von Tatjana Scheffler

1. Auflage 2013. Buch. VIII, 196 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 11 030214 1 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23 cm Gewicht: 410 g

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1 Introduction ...... 1

2Two-DimensionalSemantics...... 6 2.1ConventionalImplicature...... 8 2.2 Conventional Implicatures vs. Presuppositions ...... 15 2.2.1ADiscourseLogic...... 18

3SentenceAdverbs...... 20 3.1TypesofSentenceAdverbs...... 21 3.2 Semantic Unembeddability ...... 23 3.2.1 Antecedent of Conditionals ...... 24 3.2.2Questions...... 24 3.2.3Negation...... 25 3.2.4Denial...... 26 3.2.5 Attitude Verbs ...... 27 3.2.6 Semantic (Un)embeddability of Sentence Adverbs ...... 28 3.3PropertiesofGermanSentenceAdverbs...... 29 3.3.1 The probably Type...... 30 3.3.2 The unfortunately Type...... 31 3.3.3 The frankly Type...... 32 3.3.4 Frankly Speaking ...... 34 3.3.5PropertiesofThreeTypesofSentenceAdverbs...... 36 3.4SentenceAdverbsonTwoSemanticDimensions...... 37 3.5Syntax/SemanticsMismatch...... 42 3.5.1 An Anaphoric Approach to Utterance Modi¿cation..... 46 3.6Summary...... 48

4 Denn and Weil – Causal Connectives in Two Dimensions ...... 50 4.1Data...... 51 4.1.1 Two German Words for ‘Because’ ...... 51 4.1.2 Epistemic and Speech Act Uses ...... 52 4.1.3 Three Exceptions to the Use of Denn ...... 54 4.2PreviousWork...... 56 4.2.1ThePerformativeAnalysis...... 56 4.2.2 Denn and Antibackgrounding ...... 60 vi

4.3 Semantics of denn ...... 62 4.3.1 Denn asaConventionalImplicatureItem...... 63 4.3.2 Unembeddability of denn ...... 64 4.3.3 Formalizing denn’sSemantics...... 72 4.4 Syntax of denn ...... 76 4.5 The Distribution of denn vs. weil Explained...... 79 4.5.1 Denn in Epistemic and Speech Act Causal Sentences . . . . 79 4.5.2 Three Exceptions to the Use of denn ...... 87 4.6FurtherIssues...... 89 4.6.1 Epistemic and Speech Act Uses of weil ...... 89 4.6.2 English because ...... 90 4.6.3 Embedding under Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses . . . . . 91 4.7Summary...... 93

5 Relevance Conditionals – If onAnotherDimension...... 94 5.1CrucialPropertiesofRelevanceConditionals...... 95 5.1.1 Semantic Unembeddability ...... 96 5.1.2IllocutionaryStatusoftheConsequent...... 99 5.1.3SyntacticUnintegration...... 101 5.2TheAnalysis:‘If’onTwoDimensions...... 103 5.2.1 Proposal ...... 103 5.2.2 Net Effect of the If-ClauseinRCs...... 105 5.2.3Discussion...... 110 5.3 Previous Accounts ...... 113 5.3.1 Conditional Assertion Accounts ...... 113 5.3.2 Existential Quanti¿cation over Potential Literal Acts . . . . 114 5.3.3RelevanceConditionalsasTopics...... 116 5.4Summary...... 121

6AParadigmofAdjunctsonTwoDimensions...... 123 6.1TakingStock...... 124 6.1.1SyntacticUnintegration...... 125 6.1.2 Argument Types of CI Modi¿ers...... 128 6.2 Although ...... 131 6.3 Modi¿ersonDifferentDimensions...... 134

7ComplementClauses...... 136 7.1 Attitude Verbs and Their Complements ...... 137 7.1.1V2Embedding...... 138 7.1.2Slifting...... 140 7.1.3PropertiesofSliftingvs.V2embedding...... 142 7.2VerbsthatAllowSliftingandV2Complements...... 146 7.2.1WhichverbsallowV2complements?...... 146 vii

7.2.2WhichVerbsdoNotAllowV2Complements?...... 148 7.2.3SliftingVerbs...... 152 7.2.4Generalization:Epistemicity...... 154 7.3SliftingasEvidentials...... 161 7.3.1Analysis...... 161 7.3.2SliftingandVerbClasses...... 163 7.3.3SliftingandSemanticEmbedding...... 166 7.3.4Summary:Slifting...... 167 7.4V2ComplementClauses...... 168 7.4.1Analysis...... 168 7.4.2V2ComplementClausesandVerbClasses...... 169 7.4.3V2ComplementClausesandSemanticEmbedding.....170 7.4.4Summary:V2ComplementClauses...... 171 7.5Summary:V2Complements&Slifting...... 172

8Conclusion...... 174

Bibliography...... 177

TermIndex...... 183

AuthorIndex...... 187