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Between a Harmless Game and a Bittersweet Disease: Forms of Nostalgia in Post-Socialist Central and Eastern Europe

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Between a Harmless Game and a Bittersweet Disease: Forms of Nostalgia in Post-Socialist Central and Eastern Europe Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-30-2020 12:00 PM Between a Harmless Game and a Bittersweet Disease: Forms of Nostalgia in Post-Socialist Central and Eastern Europe George A. Condrache, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Vladimir Tumanov, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Comparative Literature © George A. Condrache 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Condrache, George A., "Between a Harmless Game and a Bittersweet Disease: Forms of Nostalgia in Post- Socialist Central and Eastern Europe" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7399. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7399 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This thesis focuses on novels, essays, films, and popular culture miscellanea representative of Central and Eastern Europe, in the attempt to explain how nostalgia developed in this area since the fall of the Iron Curtain. Post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe has undergone a major - and, for many, unsettling - historical shift, thus, perhaps not surprisingly, nostalgia for the former communist regime does not lack in popularity. Due to the region’s turbulent past cum present, millions of Eastern Europeans have migrated westward; homesickness is only one of the feelings they share. The region is also a cauldron for far-right ideologies, which carry their own nostalgias. Obviously non-exhaustive, this dissertation takes on a series of study cases representative of two fundamental forms of nostalgia: personal and collective. I am examining two essential aspects that define each form of nostalgia: firstly, nostalgia’s relationship with suffering; and, secondly, nostalgia’s ability to be toxic or useful. Among the authors discussed below are Andrei Tarkovsky, Milan Kundera, Mircea Cărtărescu, Filip and Matei Florian, Cezar Paul Bădescu, Gabriela Adameșteanu, Wolfgang Becker, Dubravka Ugrešić, and Dan Puric. This study emphasizes nostalgia’s complexity, which is not only given by its various forms but also by its fluidity. Personal and collective nostalgias often overlap, childhood nostalgia is enhanced by nostalgia for a place, and harmful nostalgia may prove useful sometimes. The map drawn here, which places nostalgias along personal and collective, painful and bittersweet, and temporal and spatial lines, offers a better understanding of how nostalgia unfolds nowadays, when migration, political extremism, and populism are on the rise. Keywords: personal nostalgia, collective nostalgia, post-communism, Central and Eastern Europe, Romanian society and culture, suffering, toxicity, coping mechanisms. ii Summary This thesis examines how nostalgia developed in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe, and especially in Romania. Each chapter focuses on different forms of nostalgia: homesickness, nostalgia for childhood, for a beloved person, for communism, or right-wing nostalgia. Each nostalgic form is analyzed by comparing some of the following novels or films: Andrei Tarkovsky’s film Nostalghia, Milan Kundera’s novel The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Mircea Cărtărescu’s novel Nostalgia, Mircea and Matei Florian’s novel The Băiuț Alley Lads, Gabriela Adameșteanu’s novel Fontana di Trevi, Wolfgang Becker’s film Good Bye, Lenin!, Dubravka Ugrešić’s novel The Ministry of Pain, and Cristian Mungiu’s film Occident. Nostalgia’s relationship with suffering and its ability to be toxic, useful, or both are the elements that are chiefly examined in the case of each comparison. The final goal is to feature nostalgia’s complexity given by the complicated historical, political, and economic context that developed in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Vladimir Tumanov, for all his patience and his always prompt help. I would like to thank my wife, who has been so kind to me. I am also grateful to my Romanian and Canadian friends and, last but not least, I am grateful to my friend from Bucharest, who has been like a father to me and from whom I learned that you can always ask more from yourself and who have taught me how to drive a standard car and gave me feedback for my thesis (almost at the same time). iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Summary ............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 11 Chapter 2: Burnt by Nostalgia: Deadly Nostalgia in Tarkovsky’s Film Nostalghia . 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Bookmark not defined.2 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 One Plus One Equals One ..................................................................................... 25 2.3 From a Messianic Perspective to an Apocalyptic One ......................................... 33 2.4 The Logic of Suffering.......................................................................................... 41 2.5 The Dual Status of Suffering ................................................................................ 45 Chapter 3: Personal Nostalgia ........................................................................................... 54 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 54 3.2 From Mourning to Obsession ............................................................................... 55 3.3 From Fighting Against Forgetting to Forgetting the Forgetfulness ...................... 61 3.4 From Forgetting to Ignoring ................................................................................. 67 3.5 The Bitter-Sweetness of Nostalgia for a Beloved Person ..................................... 70 3.6 Nostalgia for Childhood ........................................................................................ 79 3.7 Sweet and Funny Nostalgia .................................................................................... 87 3.8 Ironic Nostalgia ...................................................................................................... 91 3.9 Kitsch nostalgia ...................................................................................................... 98 3.10 Anti-nostalgia ..................................................................................................... 107 v Chapter 4: Postcommunist Nostalgia .............................................................................. 121 4.1Introduction ........................................................................................................... 121 4.2 Ostalgie ..................................................................................................................... 122 4.3 Yugonostalgia ...................................................................................................... 129 4.4 Postcommunist Nostalgia: Romania’s Case ........................................................ 136 4.5 Back When I Was Young… ................................................................................. 144 4.6 The Old Commie .................................................................................................. 149 Chapter 5: Right-Wing Nostalgia ................................................................................... 163 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 163 5.2 Once a Dogmatic, Always a Dogmatic ................................................................ 164 5.3 The Role of Fear................................................................................................... 170 5.4 Kitsch Nostalgia and the Romanian Being .......................................................... 178 5.5 From Romanticizing the Past to Reinventing Reality .......................................... 185 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 195 References ....................................................................................................................... 204 Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................................ 225 vi 1 Introduction During the 1812 Franco-Russian war, the Russian army leader, General Kutuzov decreed that any soldier showing signs of nostalgia would be executed.
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