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Evgenia Amey on a QUEST for AUTHENTICITY to AN CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Lauda Evgenia Amey ON A QUEST FOR AUTHENTICITY TO AN IMAGINARY PLACE: A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES OF BRITISH LITERARY TOURISTS Pro gradu thesis Tourism Research, EMACIM Spring 2015 University of Lapland, Faculty of Social Sciences Title: On a Quest for Authenticity to an Imaginary Place: A Narrative Analysis of the Experiences of British Literary Tourists Author: Evgenia Amey Degree program/Field of study: EMACIM, Tourism Research The type of the work: pro gradu thesis Number of pages: 120 Year: 2015 Summary: Literary tourism is a sub-sector of cultural tourism and relates to travelling to places connected to fictional texts and the authors of those texts. Although it is an old form of tourism and lies at the foundation of classic European Grand Tour, it has not received much academic attention until recently and a number of qualitative studies on literary tourist experiences is still limited. The general aim of this study is to address the lack of knowledge on literary tourist experiences by analysing the role of authenticity in literary tourist experience through the analysis of literary tourists‟ accounts of their literary trips. The scientific objective is to explore the connection between the imagination and authenticity at literary tourism sites. An ongoing discourse on authenticity in tourism saw the emergence of different views and resulted in proposition of three types of authenticity, namely objective, constructive and existential authenticity; the first two types are viewed as object-related, while existential authenticity is subject (or tourist)-related and is based on personal experience. The research tasks are, firstly, to explore how respondents prescribe meanings to their literary tourist experiences; secondly, to discover how authenticity appears in narratives of literary tourist experiences; and, thirdly, to find out how respondents construct their narratives of literary tourist experiences. Collected data includes seven narratives, written by respondents on their literary tourist experiences; it also includes a travel journal, jointly produced by members of after-school study group from Ironville about their literary trips, and group supervisor‟s notes on the effects of literary tourism on students. Apart from content analysis, structural analysis of narrative was conducted using Greimas‟s actantial model. The research results support the assumption that both object-related (objective and constructive) and subject-related (existential) authenticity are important in literary tourist experience, and that object-related authenticity can facilitate subject-related authenticity. The study confirms that authenticity is perceived and consumed differently by individual literary tourists based on their motivations, expectations and dedication to writers and literary works. Analysis of narratives using Greimas‟s actantial model demonstrates that respondents‟ narratives follow similar structure and are centred on literary tourists‟ quest for authenticity. The results of the study can be utilized in management of literary destinations. Future research on literary tourist experiences could concentrate for instance on the specifics of tourists‟ age and gender, literary touristic „communitas‟ and literary tourism as family activity. Keywords: Authenticity in tourism, cultural tourism, literary geographies, literary tourism, narrative analysis, tourist experiences, tourism studies. I give permission for the pro gradu thesis to be read in the Library _x_ 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………..…..6 1.1 Earlier Research on Literary Tourism……………………………………………...8 1.2 Notions of Authenticity in Literary Tourism……………………………………..12 1.3 Research Subject and Tasks…………………………………………………..…..14 1.4 Data and Methods…………………………………………………………….…..14 1.5 Structure of the Thesis……………………………………………………..……..16 2. Literary Tourism: Searching for Imaginary Places…………………………….…………..18 2.1 Overview of Cultural Tourism………………………………………………..…..18 2.2 Defining Literary Tourism………………………………………………………..22 2.3 Development of Literary Tourism in Europe……………………………………..26 2.4 Literary Tourist and Literary Pilgrim ……………………………………...……..29 2.5 Literary Places………………………………………………………………...…..32 2.6 Experiencing Literary Places……………………………………………………..37 3. Discourse on Authenticity in Tourism……………………………………………………..40 3.1 Objectivist Approach: Genuineness of the Originals……………………………..40 3.2 Constructivist Approach: The Meanings We Prescribe to Objects…………..…..42 3.3 Postmodernist Approach: Does Authenticity Matter? …………………….……..44 3.4 Existentialist Approach: Is it Important what the Tourists Think? …………..…..45 3.5 Authenticity in Literary Tourist Experience ……………………………………..51 4. Data and Methods……………………………………………………………...…………..57 4.1 Narrative Analysis………………………………………………………………..57 4.2 Propp‟s Structural Model and Greimas‟s Actantial Model in Structural Analysis of Narratives……………………………………………………………………………..59 4.3 Data Collection……………………………………………………….…………..62 4.4 Analysing and Reporting………………………………………..………………..64 5. Personal Significance of Literary Tourist Experiences…………………………………....67 5.1 Motivation for Visiting Literary places…………………………………………..67 5.2 Visitors‟ Evaluation of the Significance of Literary Tourist Experience………...70 5.3 Literary Tourism in Education: The Effects of Literary Visits on Students from Myth & Magic Reading & Language Fellowship…………………..………………..78 6. The Role of Authenticity in Narratives of Literary Tourist Experiences……………….....82 6.1 The Role of Objective Authenticity……………….……….……………………..82 6.2 The Role of Constructive Authenticity………………….………………………..84 6.3 The Role of Existential Authenticity……………………………………………..87 6.4 Interrelation Between the Types of Authenticity in Literary Tourist Experiences…………………………………………………………………………...91 7. Quest for Authenticity: Greimas‟s Actantial Model in Analysis of Literary Tourists‟ Narratives…………………………..………………………………………………....93 7.1 Quest for Authenticity in Literary Tourist Experiences ………………………….93 7.2 Non-quest Literary Tourists………………………………………………………99 8. Conclusion…………………………………………………….…………………...….….102 3 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..…….…..107 References……………………………………………………………………………….…..108 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Greimas‟s Actantial Model (Greimas 1983)……………………………………….62 5 1. INTRODUCTION “… sitting at a desk all day, just adding up columns of figures, just a pension to look forward to at the end of it… where‟s the romance in that? Twoflower, I thought, it‟s now or never. You don‟t just have to listen to stories. You can go there. Now‟s the time to stop hanging around the docks listening to sailors‟ tales. So I compiled a phrase book and bought a passage on the next ship…” (The Colour of Magic, Terry Pratchett.) This study examines tourist experiences in relation to travel inspired by literature, a phenomenon which is of great personal and academic interest to me. Literary places which attract keen readers present a strange combination of real and imaginary: on one hand they are actual physical spaces, on the other hand they have an imaginary dimension jointly produced by the writers and readers. Many a time, when thinking about great number of visitors at known literary sites, I asked myself questions such as: What are they really looking for? Is it something that really exists or is it something inside their minds? Do they believe that it is this place? The desire to know the answers inspired me to conduct the study on the role of authenticity in literary tourist experiences. Literary tourism is a sub-sector of cultural tourism and relates to travelling to places connected to fictional texts and the authors of those texts. Places visited in relation to the writers can include e.g. birthplaces, family homes, haunts, graves; real places directly featuring in the fictional texts, places that inspired the works of fiction in some ways are also the examples of literary sites. Several decades ago the development of media resulted in appearance of new type of literary places: locations featuring in TV- and film adaptions of fictional works and representing real or imaginary places on screen are nowadays often visited as original literary sites (Reijnders 2011; Smith, Hart Robertson & MacLeod 2010, 109-111). I will further discuss the concept of place and the types of literary places in the next chapter. The origination of literary tourism in its modern form is connected to the seventeenth and eighteenth century development of Grand Tour, as many places visited by Grand Tourists were related to classical literature. The original Grand Tourists were young men from higher 6 classes and the journey, as a part of their classical education, concentrated on classical and Romantic era literature: in earlier years of Grand Tour the literary places visited were those connected to Ancient Greek and Roman writers (Plutarch, Socrates, Homer, Virgil, Horace), in nineteenth century poets like Lord Byron and Percy Shelley inspired young people to follow their trails. Literary tourists in twentieth century were often from middle class and more interested in works of popular fiction. Literary trips, same as other cultural trips, became more available and did not anymore require high incomes, high levels of education or particular cultural awareness. (Adler 1989; Towner 2002, 227, 235; Smith, Hart Robertson & MacLeod 2010, 109.) Dating back to the original Grand Tour, literary tourism in Britain has been popularized
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