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The Celts and the Other Aryans of the P and Q Groups

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The Celts and the Other Aryans of the P and Q Groups 104 II.-TEE CELTS AND THE OTHER ARYANS OF THE P AND Q GROUPS. By JOHN RHYS. [Read Febrtwry 20, 1891.1 I. IT is a commonplace of Celtic phiIoIogy that the CeItic languages of modern times divide themselves into two groups, namely Goidelic and Brythonic, and that the Goidelic group consists of the Gaelic dialects of Ireland, Man, and Scotland, while the Brythonic group is made up of Welsh, Old Cornish and Breton. It is equally well known that Brythonic speech is characterized by the use of the consonant p (liable accord- ing to its position to become b and ph), while inscriptions in early Goidelic show qv, which is simplified in the later stages of Qoidelic pronunciation into c (liable to be modified accord- ing to ita position into ch and 9). Now the question suggests itself whether the Continental Celts of antiquity had not likewise two languages similarly characterized by p and qti respectively: in other words, whether, besides the Gauls, whose language is known to have had p for original p, there was not on the Continent a Celtic people whose language was like early Goidelic and resembled it particularly in retaining q?. I have been gradually convinced that there was such ti people, and I should call it Celts as distinguished from Gauls, but that the modern meaning attached to tho word makes this. inconvenient. One has therefore to fall back on the name given by Pliny to their portion of Gaulish territory, namely Celtic@,’and call them from it Celticans, just ae we speak of the inhabitants of Africa and America as Africans and Americans. Celtica was the country of the peopIe who according to Czesar called themselves Cedtce in their own language. He regarded Gaul (exclusive of the 1 Nut. IT&. iv. 105 : Gallia omnis comata uno nomine a pellata in tn’a gpu!orurn genera dividitur, amnibus rnaxume distincta; tl Bcalx ad Sequanam elpica, ab eo ad Ganinnam Celticn eademque Lugdunensis, inde d l’yrenaci montis excursum Aquitanica, Aremorica antea dicta.” CELTS AND OTHER ARYASS.-J. RHYS. 105 Province) BB consisting of three distinct regions, one of which situated beyond the Garonne was inhabited by the Aquitani, who were wholly or mainly non-Celtic. The other two peoples were the Celte and the Belp. As to the Celh he 88~8,that they were separated from the Aquitani by the Garonne, and from the Belp by the Seine and its tributary the Marne. That is to say, one is given to understand that Czsar's Celt@, whom it is here proposed to call Celticans, occiipied all North-western, Central and Southern Gaul outside the Roman province ; and within tbe limits of that province itself they probably formed the bulk of the Aryan population there, at least before the Allobroges were annexed to it.' Moreover they had also penetrated into Spain ; for we possess important evidence to their presence there in the well-known name of the mixed people of the Celtiberi. Lastly, as the Celtican element found its way to the heart of the Iberian peninsula, it may have also possibly reached the North of Italy; but this must depend for ita proof on the interpretation to be put on the slender facts of language to be presently brought forward. Let us begin with the instances of q names found in the ancient inscriptions of the countries here in question, and, for the sake of convenience, let us take first those of Spain and Portugal. Here we have Alhcqtiius, Arquius, Doquiriis, Equaesus and Quarqtcemi, together with some others about which there is less certainty.2 Arquizrs, Alhqrtiu.r. These two names occur in one and the same inecriptions at Valenpa on the Minho in North Portugal, while Alluquitcs occurs elsewhere in an inscription at Pairnogo' in the west of tho old province of BEtica, near the river Guadiana; and somewhat leae certain Is its 1 I make this qualiflcation a8 the name Allobrogrs would seem to mean a people (6 of other marchen :" possibly they belonged to nnother branch of the family. 2 Such a9 ihe dative Gnro Lnquinieti on a stone from Caldas de Vizella near Guimnrrens in the North of Portugnl : see volume ii. of the Bedin Cmpua Itlacrip. Lot. No. 2406. Such also 8s Aflodw Jfaquiaewd Sunnae. F., of doubtful reading : see No. 4980. No. 2465: Dis . Manibus I Alluquio . Andergi . F. I Aetnrae . Arqui . F. I Macro. Alluqui . F. C1 1 utimoni. Alluqui . Y. Civi I Ena. 4 No. 961 : Glaucua . Aluquii . F. I H.Y.E 106 p AISD Q GROUPS. presence in an inscription at Arroya del Puerco’ not very far from Caceres or the ancient town of Norba in Lusitania. The origin of Alluqicius is obscure; but I cannot help regarding it as possibly one of the forms which Apqtrins took in Iberian This latter name, besides occurring with Alluquius in the Valenpa inscription, is to be met with in others, at Trujillo, the ancient Turgallium, in the east of Lusitania, at Monteagudo between Tarazona and Cascante in the ancient Tarraconensis, and at Astorga, the ancient Asturica Augusta, to the south-weet of Also at Calderuela near Soria between Tarazona and Osme,‘ and at Carripa in the vicinity of Oporto,s besides Arquia in an inacription from Condeixa a Nova, near Coimbra.6 The name Arquiue probably meant ono who had to do with the bow, that is to say, an archer, aid waa derived from a Celtic word7 cognate with the Latin arquuv and arcus: a bow or arch. Whether the adjective Erquesis should be considered as in any way related to Arquiics is extremely doubtful. Doqzcirus, Uocquiricus. We have Doquirus from Trujillo, and Docquirrts from Tdanha a Velha, the ancient Igaeditaiii in central Luaitania, and a probable Doquira12 from Soure in the neighbourhood of Alfeizariio in Lusitania, aleo a trace 1 So. 131 : Ammu. AUuoi. F.,where the reading Aliuyui has been suuggesbd by the editor Dr. Hiihner. * Here my colleaguw Prof. Ncttleship rcminde me of Cieero’s words when in hie oration Pro AreAia he speaks concerning “natia Cordubae poctis, piugue quiddam sonantibus.” Nos. 632, 5990, 2633 respectively. 4 No. 2834. 6 No. 2373 : other iiistances will be found in Nos. 2468, 2438, 243.5, aU from localities in the neighbourhood of Braga, the ancient Bracara Auysk. 6 No. 317. 7 Wo have probably D trace of the word in the Welsh arfed, ‘the lap or the abdomen,’ since arq~must become u~phor mf in that lnnguage : as to the meaning compare the German schambuq. 011 Teutonic ground the word is implied by the Gothic orAcanra ‘ tin arrow,’ A.-Salon sarA, the same. 0 The modern Weluh arch ie tho Latin arcu borrowed, but in the colloquial the English arch (with palatal cA) is usually substituted for it. 9 It comes from Aloala del Rio north of Sevillo, and, purporting to be the atme of a centurion, it occurs in company with such other names as Ucresia, Arvabbresir, Isheaid, Iaurgutuna, ctc. : 6ce No. 1064. lo No. 624. Xo. 448. i2No. 3G4. CELTS AKD OTHER ARYAh’S.--J. RHYS. 107 of the name in an inscription at Alfeizardo itself.’ One may add Docquiricus or Docquiri)ius,z from Freixo de Nemiio on the Douro in Lusitania, Docquirims from Mkrida, the ancient Augusta Emerita in the south-east of Lusitanis, and a doubtful instance4 from Lara de 10s Infantee, south-east of Burgos in Tarraconensis. The origin of Doquirus5 and its derivatives is not certain, but it cannot be Oaulieh ; 80 it may be regarded as here in point, since it has the appesr- ance of being an Aryan word. Equabona. This ie the name of a place in the Itinerary of Antoninus,G and it was on tho route between Lisbon and Mkrida on the Guadiana. It is unmbtakably Celtic, and recalls such other Celtic names as Vindobona and Bononirt, but in Gaulish it would have doubtless been Epobona, like Eporedia and the like, the first element in the compound being forms of the Celtic word which is in Latin eqzius ‘a horse,’ in old Irish ech ‘horse,’ and in old Welsh ep-aul, now ebol, ‘a colt.’ The derivation of bona in Equalona, Vidobonn, and the like, is unknown; it may be of the same origin possibly as the Welsh b6tr ‘ the stem or. trunk (mostly of a tree),’ Irish bun “ Wurzel- stock,” also probably the German Biihne? which refers rather to the boards made out of the trunk of a tree; but the Greek word t9ouvdr ‘a bill, height, heap, mound,’ would seem to suggest an easier explanation of the Gaulish place- names ending in bonu. It has been hiuted by M. d’ilrbois No. 360. No. 451. 3 No. 651. 4 No. 2862. * It reminds one of Gartnait nitiperr, or Gartnaich Ditrberr of the Pictish Chronicle, whoso name is renderd in other chroniclev Oarnard Biuca and Garuad lc rick: gee Skene’s Chron. of the Picts and Scots, pp. 6, 28, 172. 200. If Diuperr or Diuberr be n loanword from a Brythonic dialect, it might be traced to the came root 88 the Welsh gwobr ‘a reward,’ for an wrly wo-pr or the like, cognate with gfw)o-brynu ‘to obtain by merit.’ while the verb dy-brpu ‘to obtain or acquire,’ suggestn n correlative noun with the mnto refix 88 Doquiw and hiuperr, in case they are to be analysed 88 here wumed. !n !n II note from Dr. Whitley Stokes I learn that he gives the preference to the spelling Diacpeir, as be connecta it with the Welsh pair ‘a cauldron,’ nnd invokes tbe parallel of an Irishman who was called ‘n cauldron of hospitality.’ 0 See Parthy 8 Pinder’s edition, No.
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