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OB ERVATIO 0 ' the E TO:\Tofa a of \VE T PALAEARCTIC OAK with Partict:'LAR REFERENCE to LO GOO~ ~1ARSH, \VORCE TERSHIRE, ENGLAND

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OB ERVATIO 0 ' the E TO:\Tofa a of \VE T PALAEARCTIC OAK with Partict:'LAR REFERENCE to LO GOO~ ~1ARSH, \VORCE TERSHIRE, ENGLAND OB ERVATIO 0 ' THE E TO:\tOFA A OF \VE T PALAEARCTIC OAK WITH PARTICt:'LAR REFERENCE TO LO GOO~ ~1ARSH, \VORCE TERSHIRE, ENGLAND Whitehead, P.F. Moor Ley!>. Lntle Combenon. Pcl"hore. Worce,Ler!>hire WR I 0 3EH. England The tree of life is inextricably linf..ed to the life of the tree ... J>. E Whitehead Separating the wood from the trees In recent ) ear' auenuon hru. focussed on the role played h~ mature. senescent and monbund tree~ a..~ support syste~ for invertebrate,, man) ol wh1ch. b) relerence to the fo,sil record exemplify10g the•r changed di\LrihUiion' in \pace and time <Shouon and Osborne. 1965; Coope. 1990; Buckland and D10mn. 1993: Eha..s 1994), are regarded as bemg \\Orth} ol proacU\C con-.el'\a­ uon (Spe•ght, 1989). The imenebrate fauna of such tree, I 10 woodlands or otherw1-.el pro\ ides one reason of many proposed b) consel'\aLionist' to underscore the1r heritage status a!> ObJects of lan<bcape and 'ocio-cuhural interest (e g. Fowle!> era/., 1999: Franc, 1995, 1999: Harding and Ro,e, 19K6: Key, 1996. Read eta/., 2001. Trave. ::?.003!. Amongst oak-as'>Oeiated imenetmue,, the Hemut Beetle Om1odemw eremito (Scopoli) I' the subject of a Eumpean Umon Habitat Dtrecuve <92/43 CEEl. and funding from the European Umon L1fe ProJect ha!> been employed Lo ~afeguard 11. Bnta10. Europe and the Near East are linered With anc1ent und \Cter.m trees. Bnush veteran tree~ have earned a great deal of reverent ial regard (e.g. Pakenham, 1996). but there are no grounds to uppose that Bntam\ anc1ent tree stocks are unique. ;md many such tree~ and their site~ awan des~:ription and 'tudy throughout the reg10n. One only has LO cons1der the number ul \Clemo Ohve (Olea europaeu L10naeus) and other treeJ. m Greece <Rac!Jlam and Moody. 1996) the entomofauna of wh1ch i!, Imperfectly under<.tood. Howc,er. there ha.' been a growmg awarene's that recent SOCial trends ma} mthtate agaJn\1 anc1ent or \eteran tree' (figs 10, 12). Many ~pecimen tree ha\e been re\ered and regarded a' ·monument'' for hundreds of )ears: the de,lre to name \C:temn tree,, e g. 'Robin Hood's Oal,' ' Hippocrates' Plane,' 'Old Glo11' (McCrea!'). :!0031 conflllTl, their place 10 the mmd~ of people and in human culture. The large't \Cteran tree~ are frequently i'olaled open-grown ~pec1mens, or tonn pan of planted or managed anthropo~y,tems . Such anthropo'}''tems 10clude farmland (Fig 3,11,12), farm-on:hard' and parkland\ (Fig. 1) , which in their fonnal sen'e extend from earl) mediC:\al deer park~ and pa\lure-woodlands !Fig. 2). to modem po't-indu,tnal urban plea,ance' and md1\1dual amenit) trees as objeclli of landscape emhell1'hmcnt Such open woodlands are frequent!) cumpo,ed of trees which are widely ~paced ttyp•call) 7m apart in the ca!>C or English farm-orchards) or es,entiall) equidistant (e.g. 171 figure I Dunwmhc Park. F.a't Yorbhire. England. E'tabJi,hcd an \D 1713. \\ ath ,ub,tanual Victonnn infiuen"e, tha' parkland '' '~nt: ot the nchc,a 'lie~ lor arboreal imcrtcbrJtC' 10 northern England Septcmhcr :! 1994 1,\II photo' lly author) Figure 2. Elmlcy Ca,tlc Det:r Park. Bredon Hill, Worceo;tcr-h•rc. England. EmparkcJ tn AD I :!34 Iolio\\ ing 'orman tradations of selecting an ulrcad) ha,tonc "te, the tree' centre around an Iron Age hilllort. Brellon Hill i' one uf the forcmo t ate lor 10\'crtebrute biodiversity in the Bntash ble . Ckwbcr 29 1995. Qum unx-defincd orchards, managed oak \\OOdland~ nf l.xtramadura, Spam: pre,umed 'acum-orcharch' uf ~.:entral Europe). Thetr gro\!oth, mas and \olume rna) be optimal, lmngmg benefib to thetr a'socmted entomofaunas. both m term of compo Ilion and taged 'u~.:ce"ton. In 'orne large-scale managed s> terns ~omp<N~d of e\ en-aged tree,, the mat.n\. rna) prm tde 3 mo~uc of d) namtcall) changtng condtuons de\elopmg smularl~ but :b)nchronou I) lbut sometime' ')n~hrnnou'l). for example m the c~e of on:hards compo ed of a 'mgll' lUitl\ar or "pecie ) Habnnt as)nchroneit) pro\ ide 3 flutd mosatc anoia\ ours btou~.: continull) ll\cr umc. Although thc'e managed s) stem~. orne ol "l111.:h ha\c been tcm1cd anthrupogl'ntC refugta Cfi~. 3) C\\.'hitehead, 200<)). are kno\\n to support U11Widrcbkt tn\crtehtates 1Alexander. 1999: FrJJlc, 1997; Lutt t'l a/., I 1NlJ; Whitehead. 1991Jb, 1997, 20021 they are not to be confused \\llh Unwld ttself. and theretn lies an enigma. The complete syhan ccolog] nl c\tant U111·a/d ts, m mo-.t cases, cssentiall) ab~nt from such mar~aged systems: the terric.:ulous imertebrate fauna'' frequent!) composed of 'ome\!ohat coarse!) cuf)tnptc 'JX'~tes Many of the furmall) ratified forest resef\es of Europe and the Pal.tcarctic 'upport \\CII·c'l(pre"cd biotas with ricb tauna.s uf imertehr.llcs I Fig.~) . reputes, amphtbtans, rnamm.tls and htrds. Gutow<>ki and Jan,"e\!otl't 12001) lbt 11564 'peLll'' ol antmab, tmm Btalo\\ ieza Forest that ~traddlc~ Poland and Bclaru'. Where 'uc.:h nch pnsune lore''' are draped aero" d!,scctcd tupograph) a.nd n r.mgc of altnude , combmauon' of proce,,e, may te... d to c\lcn'l\ e lragmcntauon of the fore't edge. In Turk~y. the high Tauru~ :\tountams arc dotted 10 places \!otth e'traordtnaJ') andent pollari.led and/or coppiccd junipers: such trees arc either ehmauc l'olate,, hut rn<lre usually anthropo-1'olatcs. and dot the montane plateau\ hke trJJl,fi\ed 'Ptnb. of an earlier epoch. In the European nlpme lorc't 'Y'tems stmtlar isolated trees occur from the canop) edge 10 abm~ the no\\ hn~: Fi~ure 3. ll".tn10U licld\, Lycia.. Turke). A bioucall} ru:h 'culture-,a\annah' 11o1th oak Qunnn puhelcf/1.1. May 23 1997. 173 Fi~rc 4 Bialo" 1e1a hlfe~t. nonh-east Poland. The Unwldrcltkt lucanlll beetle Ceroch111 c IJn 10/llt'lmu> • •m and1cator ~pecies of mtact \lo ell·presened arboreal ')'tems Scptemb<:r '27 1998 the tlead\Hxxl 111\Crtcbr:lle fauna of such tree-. rna_> e:~.ceed that 111 tho'e \\lthm the cluseJ fore't can\>p). In Balkan montane ')'tcm~. de"~:cated hulks of cedar.. htter the hii!-Jtle Uf>!-lu~ of the fore.,t core: forest edges in the'e pla~.;es are d1flu,c and wbjeCt to rapid!) \acillatmg climates, rather than tl10'e created b:,; the tnreSl lt,clt. R.1gged forest edges ma) interdigitate "'uh \Ubalpme herb-domi­ nated 'Y'tems: the ')han ecology 1s therefore no more intact than that of the anthroposy-.Jems ulreml) cited. In south-central Europe oak-dominated forest '' broken b) xerothemlit: c1>nditions: in such place' the forest noor " penetrated by stepp1c herbs and '\Cmthenmc invertebrates. Jenlk ( 1979) illustmtes well the inllu.:n~c of clunatc on fore~t structure. What climalllally·fragmcntc:u forest has in ~:ommon '' llh arboreal anthropo~ystem~ (Figs 3, 5. 11, 12) is an abilit} to su,taiO popul.ttmn' ol man) rare tmenebrate' (03JOl 19fl5, Trmt', "!.IXH) One reason lor this is that arboreal fungi v. hich prepare li\ 10g tree for invertebrate coloni ation may he nhle to de\elop 'trong populati<'n'; 'pore ma) perhap' b<! d1stnhuted more ellL"CU\e]). gc:rminate more readJI). or de\elop more aggre'­ sl\el) on lragmcntet.l, expo~ or stre,..ed tree (Fig 5, IOJ than on tree' gru" ing deep \\ uhm a tore,t. Although the m) cofauna of dead and fallen tree~ ln:l) he nchl) pe~.;Jose 111 clo-.ed canop} fore,t, and argument in It' fa\ our ha\e frequently been made (e.g Lamb, 1979), ..orne fa,riJiou.. JO\Crtehratc:' are clear!) mdiiferent to It~ a ph)tuchmax. Another re~on ''that many ~mall nedar­ pro\idiOg \\tlOd) plant oct.:ur m broken "'oodland. ant! these help to ,u,tain the adult 'Ul£r!S of man} insc..:t group,, Tite tenotop1c arboreal aph1tl genu, StomaphH t Henuptcra. AphiJ1uae) include' ~ . qum 111 l.innaeu' on oak and S. ~rtlffit Cholodko"kY on Frc:lc.l Maple, Act r CWIIf't''lre L1nnacu' Unul recentl} S. .r;mffit wa~ known unl) from a "ogle tree 10 Bntain I Whitc:head, 19951. and although thi-; i' no Ionge• the ca,e. both ol thc:,e pcctr!' are mo't u~uall} found in broken Y.Oodlund . nften 10 iJNJ)ateu 'lle'> 174 figure 5 \\md"->r, Berk,h1re, England. the pnme Bnu'h sue fnr oak-a' ocmted 1mertcbrate,. An anctent oak Qut'n'll.\ robur. the tanned he:trtvHxl(f Y.eakcned and fragmented h) ha.,ic.llom)t:Ollne fungi. inducing bole 'hear llus group Ill entomologl\l~. mdudmg Dr ba Sprecher. Dr Peter Zach, and IO'Ide the role. tr P.M . Hammond, recorded the -.carcc beetle<> Pmcrat nu t1bwi1S (larvae), Ampcd111 mn./uw/1\ (larvae). Dryoplulwnu cnrtwalls and P/at\7111r nluulnn c.•n June 27 2002. \vhere the1r commensal\, the ant' La1iu1 }itlilllllmU\ tLatrclllcJ and /.i.llllll /Jrunncu.\ Latreille resp.:cuvely. proliferate. On the Gred.. 1'land ol Th!Nh, open­ grown \eteran \lak tree~ are uncommon, but large bolated e\.tlllplc' ol Qunw.1 mlllprmm Wehb ,u.,win key geogmphical population' ol the longhorn beetle: Ceramhn rl'lllllfllll Brulle among'' other' The rare. h1ghl} 'pccmh,l'd /:un/1111 mwata Ench,on !Coleoptera StaphylinidaeJ. regarded a' ~tcnot{lpil' to oak tot the 'uhgenus Quctt"lll J Y.here 11 occurs :.ubcorticall) .md cnmmen..,;tll) Y.llh thl' ant u111111 bnmne1n, 1' ahu knoY.n from a smgle hedcgroY.
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