How to Use the Holt Handbook CD-ROM Version
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How to Use the Holt Handbook CD-ROM Version Getting to a Chapter or Section The bookmark menu on the left-hand side of the Acrobatâ Readerâ lists the chapters and major sections of the Holt Handbook. To get to a chapter or section, click one of the bookmarks. Getting the Best View of the Pages Before you click a chapter or section bookmark, you can choose the Hide After Use option from the Bookmark pull-down. Then, after you click a bookmark, the bookmark menu will be hidden so that you will have a larger view of the book pages. Getting Around Within a Chapter or Section Once you are in a chapter or section, you can move gradually through each page by using the scroll bar or by using the Page Down and Page Up keys on your keyboard. To move through the chapter or section an entire page at a time, you can use the navigation triangles located in the upper toolbar. Getting to Another Chapter or Section When you are done with a chapter or section, you can go to another chapter or section by clicking a new bookmark from the bookmark menu. If you have hidden the bookmark menu, you can bring it back by clicking on the tab labeled Bookmarks. This tab is located in the upper left-hand side of the screen. Fifth Course Warriner HOLTHOLT HOLT HOLT Grammar • Usage • Mechanics • Sentences Introductory Course First Course Second Course Grammar • Usage • Mechanics • Sentences Third Course Fourth Course Fifth Course Sixth Course Fifth Course PART Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics GO TO: go.hrw.com L L Grammar 1 Parts of Speech Overview 10 Placement of Modifiers 2 The Parts of a Sentence 11 A Glossary of Usage 3 The Phrase Mechanics 4 The Clause Mechanics 12 Capitalization Usage 13 Punctuation: End Marks and Commas 5 Agreement 14 Punctuation: Other Marks of Punctuation 6 Using Pronouns Correctly 15 Spelling 7 Clear Reference 16 Correcting Common Errors 8 Using Verbs Correctly 9 Using Modifiers Correctly Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics 1 CHAPTER Parts of Speech Overview Identification and Function Diagnostic Preview Identifying Parts of Speech For each sentence in the following paragraph, write each italicized word or word group and tell how it is used—as a noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, or interjection. EXAMPLES In parts of [1] India, for a [2] few weeks every year, it rains continually. 1. India—noun 2. few—adjective After months [1] of drought, the [2] storm clouds build up in the [3] sky and the torrential deluge [4] begins. [5] Well, it is April in India, [6] monsoon season. In India [7] and neighboring Bangladesh, the monsoon [8] usually continues from [9] late spring to early fall. [10] During that time [11] it brings heavy rains [12] that are beneficial to crops, but [13] some monsoons [14] can be deadly if their [15] rains are abnormally heavy. Monsoons are created [16] when there is a great difference [17] between the temperatures of hot air over the sea and cold air over the land. [18] Southwesterly winds carry warm, moist air up from the Indian Ocean and [19] collide with cooler air over the landmass. [20] The result is a downpour that can last for weeks. 2 Chapter 1 Parts of Speech Overview 1 The Noun a 1a. A noun names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Persons architect travelers family Kira Alvarez Places restaurant islands wilderness Salt Lake City Things computer sailboats insects Brooklyn Bridge Ideas education beliefs ambition utopianism GRAMMAR Common and Proper Nouns Reference Note For more information A common noun names any one of a group of persons, places, things, about capitalization of or ideas. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or nouns, see page 271. idea. Generally, common nouns are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence or are part of a title; proper nouns are capitalized. Common Proper Nouns Nouns woman Sylvia Bryan, Eda Seasongood, Queen Hatshepsut nation South Korea, Canada, Mexico, United States event World Series, Mardi Gras, World War II holiday Memorial Day, Thanksgiving Day, Fourth of July language English, Japanese, American Sign Language painter Pablo Picasso, Mary Cassatt, Jackson Pollock athlete Michelle Kwan, Michael Jordan, Vijay Singh Concrete and Abstract Nouns A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell). An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. Concrete Nouns fire, garlic, cotton, horses, Liberty Bell Abstract Nouns self-confidence, strength, charm, ability, Zen The Noun 3 Oral Practice Classifying Nouns Read each of the following nouns aloud, and classify it as either concrete or abstract. EXAMPLE 1. satisfaction 1. satisfaction—abstract 1. tradition 6. honor 11. palm trees 16. sand dune 2. flower 7. security 12. Mr. Nakamura 17. pencil GRAMMAR 3. courage 8. lake 13. tears 18. commitment 4. cafeteria 9. happiness 14. suspicion 19. hope 5. dancers 10. bench 15. self-esteem 20. Mackinac Bridge Collective Nouns Reference Note The singular form of a collective noun names a group. For information on using verbs and pronouns that agree with collec- Collective Nouns tive nouns, see pages 102 and 115. audience bunch fleet jury pride batch cluster flock litter set bouquet crew group pack staff brood family herd pod swarm Compound Nouns Reference Note A compound noun consists of two or more words that together name a For information on words person, a place, a thing, or an idea. A compound noun may be written or word groups that may serve as nouns, see as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. verbals and verbal phrases (page 58) and One Word sidewalk, tablecloth, Greenland subordinate clauses (page 77). Separate Words attorney general, telephone pole, Empire State Building Hyphenated Word daughter-in-law, jack-o’-lantern, great-grandfather NOTE When you are not sure how to write a compound noun, look it up in a dictionary. 4 Chapter 1 Parts of Speech Overview 1 Review A Classifying Nouns b Classify the italicized noun in each of the following sentences as HELP common, proper, collective, or compound. Some nouns in EXAMPLE 1. Didn’t you want a treehouse when you were a child? Review A have more than 1. common, compound one classification. 1. Republicans, sometimes known as members of the Grand Old Party, use an elephant as their symbol. 2. After his term as the prime minister of Japan, Eisaku Sato was GRAMMAR awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his efforts toward nuclear disarmament. 3. Lamar and Yancy rowed to the middle of the lake to escape the swarm of mosquitoes on the shore. 4. Off the coast of Guam lies the deepest place in the ocean—the Mariana Trench. 5. Well, yes, I do enjoy the Modern Jazz Quartet. 6. Reality almost always falls short of ideals. 7. Standing regally in the shallow pool was a huge flock of flamingos. 8. Give me a bunch of those shasta daisies, please. 9. Lucky will never sit on command unless you train him. 10. Although the heritage and name of boogie-woogie may be African, that jazz sound is purely American. The Pronoun 1b. A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. EXAMPLES Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow. [The pronoun He takes the place of the noun Angelo. The pronoun them takes the place of the nouns hammer and nails.] Several of the students have entered the essay contest because they are extremely interested in the topic. [The pronoun they takes the place of the pronoun Several.] The word that a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent of the Reference Note pronoun. In the preceding examples, Angelo is the antecedent of He; For more information hammer and nails are the antecedents of them; and Several is the about antecedents, antecedent of they. see page 111. The Pronoun 5 Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person). First Person I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours GRAMMAR Third Person he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs EXAMPLES I hope that you can help me with my homework. He said that they would meet us outside the theater. TIPS & TRICKS NOTE This textbook refers to the words my, your, his, her, its, our, and To determine whether a their as possessive pronouns. However, because these words can come pronoun is reflexive or before nouns and tell which one or whose, some authorities prefer to call intensive, read the sentence them adjectives. Follow your teacher’s instructions regarding these words. aloud and omit the pro- noun. If the meaning of the sentence changes, the pronoun is reflexive. If the Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns meaning of the sentence A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as stays the same, the pro- noun is intensive. a complement or as an object of a preposition. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent. EXAMPLES I need a little time for myself. [I need a little First Person myself, ourselves time for doesn’t make sense. The pronoun Second Person yourself, yourselves myself is reflexive.] Third Person himself, herself, itself, themselves Did Paul prepare dinner himself? [Without him- self, the meaning of the REFLEXIVE Kimiko wrote a note to herself.