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Robbie Mckerr McKerr 1 Robbie McKerr Professor Tinsley Race and Ethnicity in American History 5-5-09 The Integration of Baseball beyond Jackie Robinson April 9th 1947, this was a monumental day in American baseball and society as a whole. This was the day that controversial owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, signed now legendary baseball star Jackie Robinson to play baseball in the all-white major leagues1. What many fail to recognize is that although this day was the first step in the integration of Major League Baseball (MLB), many other men helped tear down the color barrier that kept blacks out of the game of organized baseball. There is a nearly endless list of men who helped play a role in the integration of the MLB and the farm system, especially in the Jim Crow south. Although these men deserve to be recognized, a focus should be dedicated to the men who helped the integration of the game by advocating the involvement of blacks in baseball along with the men who faced the racial injustices firsthand by playing the game. There are three different aspects of the MLB that deserve recognition as pioneers in diversifying baseball. These groups include owners of MLB teams, the commissioner of the MLB, along with other players that played in the first season of integrated baseball. Two innovative owners in the late 1940’s that believed integration would benefit baseball were Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Bill Veeck of the Cleveland 1 Effrat, Louis “Dodgers Purchase Robinson, First Negro in Modern Major League Baseball.” New York Times [New York] 10 Apr 1947. McKerr 2 Indians. While the owners played a pivotal role, the commissioner of the MLB had to initially allow blacks in the game, which is why the transition of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis to A.B. “Happy” Chandler as commissioner in 1944 played an integral part in the transition to integrated baseball. The last group, and possibly the most important of the three, is the players that followed Jackie Robinson into the MLB. The player that deserves a great deal of recognition for his success through the struggles of integrating is Larry Doby of the Cleveland Indians, beginning in 1947. The commissioner of baseball was first installed in 1921 in order to clean up baseball after the Black Sox scandal of 1919. The first commissioner was Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, a former federal judge in Chicago with a reputation as an autocrat because of a series of controversial rulings that were overturned in higher courts2. In 1921 he stepped down from his judge position and accepted the role of commissioner, which gave him total power over the MLB. Once he took this position, he immediately began reshaping the game into a legitimate sport instead of a corrupt one. By the 1940’s he had done many great things for the game of baseball, but there was one issue that he was an ardent opponent of; the integrating of blacks into MLB. The Daily Worker was a Communist newspaper with a fairly high circulation in the 1940’s, and the main issue the sports section dealt with was the lack of support from the commissioner to integrate the game of baseball. Judge Landis was criticized in the spring of 1942 by sportswriter Lester Rodney of the Daily Worker as the sole reason for the color line in 2 Fetter, Henry D. "From Stooge to Czar: Judge Landis, the Daily Worker and the Integration of Baseball." American Communist History Vol. 6 No. 1 2007. Herman B Wells Library, Bloomington. Pg. 38 McKerr 3 baseball3. Judge Landis went on to dispel many attempts by Negro League stars and MLB owners to host tryouts for the baseball players. Judge Landis never came out and said he was against the integration of baseball; however Rodney quoted on the actions that Landis performed: “Judge Landis, you like to cultivate the impression that you are fair and just, but YOUR ACTIONS DISPROVE THAT. You claim that you are a friend of the Negro people, BUT YOUR ACTIONS DISPROVE THAT.”4 Judge Landis died suddenly in 1944, thus passing his reigns over to a new commissioner with differing views than Landis on the issue of blacks in baseball. The new commissioner was Albert Benjamin “Happy” Chandler. He believed that blacks deserved a fair shot at making it in baseball and was even quoted as saying “If a black boy can make it in Okinawa and Guadalcanal, hell he can make it in baseball.” The first step that Chandler took was to allow the scouting and tryouts of colored players on major league teams. The first of these tryouts came in Sam Jethro, Marvin Williams, and Jackie Robinson tryout with the Red Sox, but the Red Sox showed no interest in signing any of the Negro League stars5. Happy Chandler also allowed Branch Rickey, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, to do a mass amount of scouting in the Negro Leagues, something Landis would not have allowed in previous 3 Fetter, Henry D. "From Stooge to Czar: Judge Landis, the Daily Worker and the Integration of Baseball." American Communist History Vol. 6 No. 1 2007. Pg. 37. 4 Fetter, Henry D. “From Stooge to Czar: Judge Landis the Daily Worker and the Integration of Baseball”. Pg. 51. 5 Rader, Benjamin. Baseball: A History of America’s Game. Urbana IL: University of Illinois P, 2002. Pg. 165 McKerr 4 seasons. This innovation for Rickey led to a new generation where owners could tap into new talent that was commonly referred to as “black gold” by Rickey6. Branch Rickey was a unique man with an extraordinary amount of quarks in his character. He was known as “The Mahatma” after Mahatma Gandhi because of his frequent moral lectures7. Joe Williams of the New York World Telegram put it beautifully when he claimed: “Not since the days of William Jennings Bryant and Billy Sunday has a man fallen so in love with the sound of his own voice as Branch Rickey”8 Although Rickey had all these odd quarks, he was very adamant about bringing Negro stars into the MLB. It is well documented that he signed Jackie Robinson for the 1946 season to the Triple- A affiliate of the Dodgers in Montreal, however it is not as well documented that he continually signed Negro stars such as Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe over the next two seasons. Rickey was very meticulous about how he brought new Negroes into the major leagues. He would have them groomed in the minors for a year or two before bringing them into the big leagues; to make sure they could take the heat of discrimination prior to putting them on the biggest stage. The main motivation Rickey had was to win, and by signing the best talent available in the Negro leagues his teams did just that. The Dodgers won the 1947 pennant and continually had success over the next 10 seasons due to the MVP seasons by both Robinson and Campanella (who is arguably the best catcher ever to play the game). The other man to integrate 6 Rossi, John P. The National Game: Baseball and American Culture. Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 2000. Pg. 154 7 Rossi, John P. The National Game: Baseball and American Culture. Chicago: Ivan R Dee, 2000. Pg. 154 8 Baseball: The National Pastime 1940-1950. Dir. Ken Burns. Prod. Lynn Novick. DVD. Warner Bros, 1994. Manchester College Library McKerr 5 his team in the 1947 season was Bill Veeck of the Cleveland Indians (who had intentions to integrate the Philadelphia Phillies in 1942 but was rejected by Judge Landis). Veeck was a very rich man that was also dedicated to making his team the best they could possibly be by spending as much money as it took to succeed. He was unafraid of breaking the color barrier in the American League (AL) because he knew it would bring great amounts of profit to his ball club. He went out and signed a young Negro League star named Larry Doby, the second Negro man in the MLB. He also made strides to fix pitching problems in the 1948 season by signing legendary Negro League pitcher Satchell Paige. Not only did the hiring of these two black men attract large crowds to Cleveland’s games, it also helped them win. The 1948 season was a huge success for Veeck and his Indians, winning the pennant and the World Series. For how meticulous Rickey was at grooming his players and bringing them to the big league club, Veeck had the opposite approach. He signed Doby on July 5th at a press conference, and that afternoon Doby was in uniform for his first game against Chicago White Sox9. Veeck did not understand grooming of players in the minors whom had already been groomed in the Negro Leagues; his philosophy was stated in Jules Tygiel’s work “Baseballs Great Experiment”: “I’m not going to sign a Negro player and send him to a farm club. I am going to get one I think can play in Cleveland. One afternoon when the team trots out on the field, a Negro 10 player will be out there with them.” 9 Tygiel, Jules. Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and his Legacy. New York: Oxford UP, 1983. Pg. 214 10 Tygiel, Jules. Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and his Legacy. New York: Oxford UP, 1983.Pg. 214 McKerr 6 With this philosophy, Doby was made the second black man in organized white baseball, and suddenly he had become a symbol of his race, something the young Doby was not ready for or accustomed too.
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