2. Assembly Language Assembly Language Is a Programming Language That Is Very Similar to Machine Language, but Uses Symbols Instead of Binary Numbers
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NASM – the Netwide Assembler
NASM – The Netwide Assembler version 2.14rc7 © 1996−2017 The NASM Development Team — All Rights Reserved This document is redistributable under the license given in the file "LICENSE" distributed in the NASM archive. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction . 17 1.1 What Is NASM?. 17 1.1.1 License Conditions . 17 Chapter 2: Running NASM . 19 2.1 NASM Command−Line Syntax . 19 2.1.1 The −o Option: Specifying the Output File Name . 19 2.1.2 The −f Option: Specifying the Output File Format . 20 2.1.3 The −l Option: Generating a Listing File . 20 2.1.4 The −M Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies. 20 2.1.5 The −MG Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies . 20 2.1.6 The −MF Option: Set Makefile Dependency File. 20 2.1.7 The −MD Option: Assemble and Generate Dependencies . 20 2.1.8 The −MT Option: Dependency Target Name . 21 2.1.9 The −MQ Option: Dependency Target Name (Quoted) . 21 2.1.10 The −MP Option: Emit phony targets . 21 2.1.11 The −MW Option: Watcom Make quoting style . 21 2.1.12 The −F Option: Selecting a Debug Information Format . 21 2.1.13 The −g Option: Enabling Debug Information. 21 2.1.14 The −X Option: Selecting an Error Reporting Format . 21 2.1.15 The −Z Option: Send Errors to a File. 22 2.1.16 The −s Option: Send Errors to stdout ..........................22 2.1.17 The −i Option: Include File Search Directories . 22 2.1.18 The −p Option: Pre−Include a File . 22 2.1.19 The −d Option: Pre−Define a Macro . -
NASM — the Netwide Assembler Version 2.09.04
NASM — The Netwide Assembler version 2.09.04 -~~..~:#;L .-:#;L,.- .~:#:;.T -~~.~:;. .~:;. E8+U *T +U' *T# .97 *L E8+' *;T' *;, D97 `*L .97 '*L "T;E+:, D9 *L *L H7 I# T7 I# "*:. H7 I# I# U: :8 *#+ , :8 T, 79 U: :8 :8 ,#B. .IE, "T;E* .IE, J *+;#:T*" ,#B. .IE, .IE, © 1996−2010 The NASM Development Team — All Rights Reserved This document is redistributable under the license given in the file "LICENSE" distributed in the NASM archive. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction . .15 1.1 What Is NASM? . .15 1.1.1 Why Yet Another Assembler?. .15 1.1.2 License Conditions . .15 1.2 Contact Information . .16 1.3 Installation. .16 1.3.1 Installing NASM under MS−DOS or Windows . .16 1.3.2 Installing NASM under Unix . .17 Chapter 2: Running NASM . .18 2.1 NASM Command−Line Syntax . .18 2.1.1 The −o Option: Specifying the Output File Name . .18 2.1.2 The −f Option: Specifying the Output File Format . .19 2.1.3 The −l Option: Generating a Listing File . .19 2.1.4 The −M Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies . .19 2.1.5 The −MG Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies . .19 2.1.6 The −MF Option: Set Makefile Dependency File . .19 2.1.7 The −MD Option: Assemble and Generate Dependencies. .19 2.1.8 The −MT Option: Dependency Target Name. .20 2.1.9 The −MQ Option: Dependency Target Name (Quoted) . .20 2.1.10 The −MP Option: Emit phony targets. .20 2.1.11 The −F Option: Selecting a Debug Information Format . -
C++ Builder 2010 Professional Getting Started
C++ Builder 2010 Professional Getting started. Kjell Gunnar Bleivik: http://www.kjellbleivik.com/ October 18. 2010. Fixed broken link. Status: Most probably finished. Look at the date in case more should be added. Follow me on Twitter and join my C++ Builder group on Facebook: Twitter: http://twitter.com/kbleivik FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/people/Kjell-Gunnar-Bleivik/1244860831 Mini network: http://www.digitalpunkt.no/ 1. Installing C++Builder 2010, the help system etc. I ordered my upgrade of Borland C++ Builder Prosessional 2010 on September 21 2009 so I could choose an additional free product. I choose Delphi PHP 2.0, since I am fairly used to PHP. In order to install C++ Builder 2010, I had to upgrade my 2009 version. I have made an 2009 and 2010 upgrade shortcut on my desktop. You should find your upgrade program: | your start menu or in | the all program category | CodeGear RAD studio 2009 | Check for updates | Program | When finished upgrading the 2009 Builder, I could run the C++ Builder 2010 Setup program. In addition, I installed the additional first three programs that I also find in the Install Folder. Look at the screendumps below, so you get it correct. • Help_Setup Program • dbpack_setup Program • boost_setup Program • Additional_Products HTML document. • ERStudio_Interbase HTML document 2. Getting started with C++ Builder 2010 Professional. If you learn to use the welcome page efficiently, that may be all you need. On the “documentation” menu, you should start with, yes “Getting started” and then “RAD Studio Help” and so on. As an example click: | Documentation | … and try to locate this http://docs.embarcadero.com/products/rad_studio/ page with Wiki pages, PDF documents, zipped code examples for download, PDF documents since C++Builder 6 (scroll down to the bottom) and CHM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Compiled_HTML_Help files. -
Linux Assembly HOWTO Linux Assembly HOWTO
Linux Assembly HOWTO Linux Assembly HOWTO Table of Contents Linux Assembly HOWTO..................................................................................................................................1 Konstantin Boldyshev and François−René Rideau................................................................................1 1.INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1 2.DO YOU NEED ASSEMBLY?...........................................................................................................1 3.ASSEMBLERS.....................................................................................................................................1 4.METAPROGRAMMING/MACROPROCESSING............................................................................2 5.CALLING CONVENTIONS................................................................................................................2 6.QUICK START....................................................................................................................................2 7.RESOURCES.......................................................................................................................................2 1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................2 1.1 Legal Blurb........................................................................................................................................2 -
Optimizing Subroutines in Assembly Language an Optimization Guide for X86 Platforms
2. Optimizing subroutines in assembly language An optimization guide for x86 platforms By Agner Fog. Copenhagen University College of Engineering. Copyright © 1996 - 2012. Last updated 2012-02-29. Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Reasons for using assembly code .............................................................................. 5 1.2 Reasons for not using assembly code ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Microprocessors covered by this manual .................................................................... 6 1.4 Operating systems covered by this manual................................................................. 7 2 Before you start................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Things to decide before you start programming .......................................................... 7 2.2 Make a test strategy.................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Common coding pitfalls............................................................................................. 10 3 The basics of assembly coding........................................................................................ 12 3.1 Assemblers available ................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Register set -
X86 Disassembly Exploring the Relationship Between C, X86 Assembly, and Machine Code
x86 Disassembly Exploring the relationship between C, x86 Assembly, and Machine Code PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 07 Sep 2013 05:04:59 UTC Contents Articles Wikibooks:Collections Preface 1 X86 Disassembly/Cover 3 X86 Disassembly/Introduction 3 Tools 5 X86 Disassembly/Assemblers and Compilers 5 X86 Disassembly/Disassemblers and Decompilers 10 X86 Disassembly/Disassembly Examples 18 X86 Disassembly/Analysis Tools 19 Platforms 28 X86 Disassembly/Microsoft Windows 28 X86 Disassembly/Windows Executable Files 33 X86 Disassembly/Linux 48 X86 Disassembly/Linux Executable Files 50 Code Patterns 51 X86 Disassembly/The Stack 51 X86 Disassembly/Functions and Stack Frames 53 X86 Disassembly/Functions and Stack Frame Examples 57 X86 Disassembly/Calling Conventions 58 X86 Disassembly/Calling Convention Examples 64 X86 Disassembly/Branches 74 X86 Disassembly/Branch Examples 83 X86 Disassembly/Loops 87 X86 Disassembly/Loop Examples 92 Data Patterns 95 X86 Disassembly/Variables 95 X86 Disassembly/Variable Examples 101 X86 Disassembly/Data Structures 103 X86 Disassembly/Objects and Classes 108 X86 Disassembly/Floating Point Numbers 112 X86 Disassembly/Floating Point Examples 119 Difficulties 121 X86 Disassembly/Code Optimization 121 X86 Disassembly/Optimization Examples 124 X86 Disassembly/Code Obfuscation 132 X86 Disassembly/Debugger Detectors 137 Resources and Licensing 139 X86 Disassembly/Resources 139 X86 Disassembly/Licensing 141 X86 Disassembly/Manual of Style 141 References Article Sources and Contributors 142 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 143 Article Licenses License 144 Wikibooks:Collections Preface 1 Wikibooks:Collections Preface This book was created by volunteers at Wikibooks (http:/ / en. -
Different Emulators to Write 8086 Assembly Language Programs
Different Emulators to write 8086 assembly language programs Subject: IWM Content • Emu8086 • TASM(Turbo Assembler) • MASM(Microsoft Macro Assembler) • NASM(Netwide Assembler) • FASM(Flat Assembler) Emu8086 • Emu8086 combines an advanced source editor, assembler, disassembler, software emulator with debugger, and step by step tutorials • It permit to assemble, emulate and debug 8086 programs. • This emulator was made for Windows, it works fine on GNU/Linux (with the help of Wine). • The source code is compiled by assembler and then executed on Emulator step-by-step, allowing to watch registers, flags and memory while program runs. how to run program on Emu8086 • Download Emu8086 through this link : https://download.cnet.com/Emu8086-Microprocessor- Emulator/3000-2069_4-10392690.html • Start Emu8086 by running Emu8086.exe • Select “Examples" from "File" menu. • Click “Emulate” button (or press F5). • Click “Single Step” button (or press F8) and watch how the code is being executed. Turbo Assembler(Tasm) • Turbo Assembler (TASM) is a computer assembler developed by Borland which runs on and produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 DOS or Microsoft Windows. • The Turbo Assembler package is bundled with the Turbo Linker, and is interoperable with the Turbo Debugger. • Turbo Assembler (TASM) a small 16-bit computer program which enables us to write 16 bit i.e. x86 programming code on 32-bit machine. It can be used with any high level language compliers like GCC compiler set to build object files. So that programmers can use their daily routine machines to write 16-bit code and execute on x86 devices. how to run program using TASM • Download TASM through this link : https://techapple.net/2013/01/tasm-windows-7-windows-8-full- screen-64bit-version-single-installer/ • Start TASM by running tasm.exe • It will open DOSBOX. -
Internals of the Netwide Assembler ======
Internals of the Netwide Assembler ================================== The Netwide Assembler is intended to be a modular, re-usable x86 assembler, which can be embedded in other programs, for example as the back end to a compiler. The assembler is composed of modules. The interfaces between them look like: +--- preproc.c ----+ | | +---- parser.c ----+ | | | | float.c | | | +--- assemble.c ---+ | | | nasm.c ---+ insnsa.c +--- nasmlib.c | | +--- listing.c ----+ | | +---- labels.c ----+ | | +--- outform.c ----+ | | +----- *out.c -----+ In other words, each of `preproc.c', `parser.c', `assemble.c', `labels.c', `listing.c', `outform.c' and each of the output format modules `*out.c' are independent modules, which do not directly inter-communicate except through the main program. The Netwide *Disassembler* is not intended to be particularly portable or reusable or anything, however. So I won't bother documenting it here. :-) nasmlib.c --------- This is a library module; it contains simple library routines which may be referenced by all other modules. Among these are a set of wrappers around the standard `malloc' routines, which will report a fatal error if they run out of memory, rather than returning NULL. preproc.c --------- This contains a macro preprocessor, which takes a file name as input and returns a sequence of preprocessed source lines. The only symbol exported from the module is `nasmpp', which is a data structure of type `Preproc', declared in nasm.h. This structure contains pointers to all the functions designed to be callable from outside the module. parser.c -------- This contains a source-line parser. It parses `canonical' assembly source lines, containing some combination of the `label', `opcode', `operand' and `comment' fields: it does not process directives or macros. -
Lab # 1 Introduction to Assembly Language
Assembly Language LAB Islamic University – Gaza Engineering Faculty Department of Computer Engineering 2013 ECOM 2125: Assembly Language LAB Eng. Ahmed M. Ayash Lab # 1 Introduction to Assembly Language February 11, 2013 Objective: To be familiar with Assembly Language. 1. Introduction: Machine language (computer's native language) is a system of impartible instructions executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Instructions consist of binary code: 1s and 0s Machine language can be made directly from java code using interpreter. The difference between compiling and interpreting is as follows. Compiling translates the high-level code into a target language code as a single unit. Interpreting translates the individual steps in a high-level program one at a time rather than the whole program as a single unit. Each step is executed immediately after it is translated. C, C++ code is executed faster than Java code, because they transferred to assembly language before machine language. 1 Using Visual Studio 2012 to convert C++ program to assembly language: - From File menu >> choose new >> then choose project. Or from the start page choose new project. - Then the new project window will appear, - choose visual C++ and win32 console application - The project name is welcome: This is a C++ Program that print "Welcome all to our assembly Lab 2013” 2 To run the project, do the following two steps in order: 1. From build menu choose build Welcome. 2. From debug menu choose start without debugging. The output is To convert C++ code to Assembly code we follow these steps: 1) 2) 3 3) We will find the Assembly code on the project folder we save in (Visual Studio 2012\Projects\Welcome\Welcome\Debug), named as Welcome.asm Part of the code: 2. -
Assembly Language Step-By-Step: Programming with DOS and Linux
Assembly Language Step-by-Step: Programming with DOS and Linux, Second Edition by Jeff Duntemann ISBN:0471375233 John Wiley & Sons © 2000 (613 pages) A “Lost World” journey into 16-bit assembler programming concepts and techniques. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> Table of Contents Assembly Language Step-by-Step—Programming with DOS and Linux, Second Edition Foreword Introduction - "Why Would You Want to Do That?" Another Pleasant Valley Saturday Understanding What Computers Chapter 1 - Really Do Chapter 2 - Alien Bases Getting Your Arms around Binary and Hexadecimal Chapter 3 - Lifting the Hood Discovering What Computers Actually Are The Right to Assemble The Process of Making Assembly Language Chapter 4 - Programs NASM-IDE: A Place to Stand Give me a lever long enough, and a Chapter 5 - place to stand, and I will move the Earth. An Uneasy Alliance The x86 CPU and Its Segmented Memory Chapter 6 - System Following Your Instructions Meeting Machine Instructions up Close Chapter 7 - and Personal Chapter 8 - Our Object All Sublime Creating Programs that Work Dividing and Conquering Using Procedures and Macros to Battle Chapter 9 - Complexity Bits, Flags, Branches, and Tables Easing into Mainstream Chapter 10 - Assembly Programming Chapter 11 - Stringing Them Up Those Amazing String Instructions The Programmer's View of Linux Tools and Skills to Help You Write Chapter 12 - Assembly Code under a True 32-Bit OS Coding for Linux Applying What You've Learned to a True Chapter 13 - Protected Mode Operating System Conclusion - Not the End, But Only the Beginning Appendix A - Partial 8086/8088 Instruction Set Reference Appendix B - Segment Register Assumptions for Real Mode Segmented Model Appendix C - Web URLs for Assembly Programmers Appendix D - Segment Register Assumptions Appendix E - What's on the CD-ROM? Index List of Figures List of Tables Back Cover The bestselling guide to assembly language--now updated and expanded to include coverage of Linux. -
Intel X86 Assembly Language & Microarchitecture
Intel x86 Assembly Language & Microarchitecture #x86 Table of Contents About 1 Chapter 1: Getting started with Intel x86 Assembly Language & Microarchitecture 2 Remarks 2 Examples 2 x86 Assembly Language 2 x86 Linux Hello World Example 3 Chapter 2: Assemblers 6 Examples 6 Microsoft Assembler - MASM 6 Intel Assembler 6 AT&T assembler - as 7 Borland's Turbo Assembler - TASM 7 GNU assembler - gas 7 Netwide Assembler - NASM 8 Yet Another Assembler - YASM 9 Chapter 3: Calling Conventions 10 Remarks 10 Resources 10 Examples 10 32-bit cdecl 10 Parameters 10 Return Value 11 Saved and Clobbered Registers 11 64-bit System V 11 Parameters 11 Return Value 11 Saved and Clobbered Registers 11 32-bit stdcall 12 Parameters 12 Return Value 12 Saved and Clobbered Registers 12 32-bit, cdecl — Dealing with Integers 12 As parameters (8, 16, 32 bits) 12 As parameters (64 bits) 12 As return value 13 32-bit, cdecl — Dealing with Floating Point 14 As parameters (float, double) 14 As parameters (long double) 14 As return value 15 64-bit Windows 15 Parameters 15 Return Value 16 Saved and Clobbered Registers 16 Stack alignment 16 32-bit, cdecl — Dealing with Structs 16 Padding 16 As parameters (pass by reference) 17 As parameters (pass by value) 17 As return value 17 Chapter 4: Control Flow 19 Examples 19 Unconditional jumps 19 Relative near jumps 19 Absolute indirect near jumps 19 Absolute far jumps 19 Absolute indirect far jumps 20 Missing jumps 20 Testing conditions 20 Flags 21 Non-destructive tests 21 Signed and unsigned tests 22 Conditional jumps 22 Synonyms and terminology 22 Equality 22 Greater than 23 Less than 24 Specific flags 24 One more conditional jump (extra one) 25 Test arithmetic relations 25 Unsigned integers 25 Signed integers 26 a_label 26 Synonyms 27 Signed unsigned companion codes 27 Chapter 5: Converting decimal strings to integers 28 Remarks 28 Examples 28 IA-32 assembly, GAS, cdecl calling convention 28 MS-DOS, TASM/MASM function to read a 16-bit unsigned integer 29 Read a 16-bit unsigned integer from input. -
Assembly Language Tutorial
Assembly Language Tutorial ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Assembly Programming Tutorial Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high- level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM etc. Audience This tutorial has been designed for software programmers with a need to understand the Assembly programming language starting from scratch. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on Assembly programming language from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages will help you in understanding the Assembly programming concepts and move fast on the learning track. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content Assembly Programming Tutorial .............................................