From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations of Nationalisms and National Imaginations

Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2), 237-262 doi: 10.19059/mukaddime.23472

Mehmet Hişyar KORKUSUZi, Ersoy KUTLUKii

Abstract: Political views such as Ottomanism, Islamism and Turanism (Turkism) were experienced by Ottoman Empire in last and longest century in order to protect his integration better. Newborn Republic took over ideological legacy of the Ottoman Empire largely and transformed it with a new style. Nationalist ideology, that continues its evolution in anti- communist conjuncture during the Cold War, has again changed its imagination with emerging the problem of ethnic nationalism after the 1980s. The traces of nationalism, which has a particular goal but does not have a way that is exactly certain, are tried to be followed from the Ottoman to Turkey. We carefully elected some important actors and their perceptions in order to understand and compare better the reality of national cases. Keywords: The Ottoman Empire, Republic of Turkey, Ottomanism, Islamism, culture, Turanism, Turkish Nationalism, reactional ethnic nationalism.

Osmanlı Devleti’nden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne Milliyetçiliklerin ve Milli’lik Tasavvurlarının Tezahürleri Öz: Son ve en uzun yüzyılında bütünlüğünü daha iyi korumayı hedefleyen Osmanlı Devleti tarafından, Osmanlıcılık, İslamcılık, Turancılık (Türkçülük) gibi siyasi görüşler tecrübe edildi. Yeni doğan Cumhuriyet, Osmanlı’nın ideolojik mirasını büyük ölçüde devraldı ve yeni bir tarz ile onu dönüştürdü. Soğuk Savaş döneminde evrimini komünizm karşıtı konjonktürde sürdüren milliyetçi ideoloji, 1980’lerden sonra etnik milliyetçilik sorununun da sahneye çıkmasıyla imajinasyonunu (tasavvurunu) bir kez daha değiştirdi. Bu makale ile hedefi belirli ancak yolu tam olarak belirli olmayan milliyetçilik ideolojisinin Osmanlı’dan Türkiye’ye bıraktığı izler takip edildi. Milli meselelerin gerçekliğinin anlaşılması ve mukayese edilebilmesi için bazı önemli aktörler ile onların algı ve görüşleri dikkate alınarak seçildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, Osmanlıcılık, İslamcılık, kültür, Turancılık, Türk Milliyetçiliği, reaksiyoner etnik milliyetçilik.

i Dr., [email protected]. ii Dr., [email protected].

Gönderim Tarihi: 17.08.2015, Kabul Tarihi: 17.11.2015 238 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) developments re developments technological and Scientific life. of parts in every transformation and change serious very a to leads Reformation, and Renaissance the with activities

of the common sense with an intellectual intellectual an with sense common of the development to the to contribute also aims it And cons. and pros subjectits with contribution to the to providemodest been a has This article public opinion. in aren’t gener put forward question: basic this remember to have we possible.But as much as presupposition any without attitude ideological to mention analysis critical for window scope of “sui generis”. This movement plays an important role on the collapse of of collapse on the role important an plays movement This generis”. ofscope “sui of na phenomenon the that; to say possible is It characteristics. course aown to its pursued data, social cultural and historical, has that situation, current the However, country. our approach in appr Nationalism’ ‘Romantic the that; observe possibleis to it present, to Republic of the establishment from the and Republic of foundation the to period Ottoman late in itself shows nation, build but to trying state establishing communities and not state nation but having communities between Nationalism, army. the and institutions educational via fate and symbols opened mobilization, meaning. significant a itcarries reason alone, cross mental a as described be could It nationalism. about knowledge deep not have who routine people's some break may method open to tried we article, this In authors. and thinkers of number the much as other as from each modellings can different be There romantic nationalism. But this trend quest for in notformat. does attract attentions a universal ofRatio ideological nationalism. instyle the together offered be could other each related directly not are that discourses and matters Different of range evaluation. wide a requires It well. as of view scope this on it. elaborate to issue on light to shed need You benefit. provide not may classicalapproaches and ordinary with issues romantic nationalism. Nation romantic nationalism. rational in France as and Liberal a as UK in the predominant is which nationalism, Eu especially world whole the deeply affect to began current political a as Nationalism (1789), Revolution French the (1776) and Independence of Declaration American Jointly industrialrevolution. the France with Britain and Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk When we look at the discussion of nationalism that comes out from the the from out comes that nationalism of discussion look the at we When Euro these to handle Hence, nature. by complex and difficult are issues Some Introduction “Is Exegesis without Presuppositions Possible?”. Presuppositions without Exegesis “Is - centric ‘i centric - shaped the social ofstructure the shaped oach takes place together with ‘Rational’ (Constructivist) ‘Rational’(Constructivist) with place together takes oach

dea of enlightenment’ that focuses on the mind and human human and mind on the focuses that enlightenment’ of dea the horizon of thought in terms of sharing common icons, icons, common sharing of in terms of thought horizon the - constructionist features, emerged in Germany as a as in Germany emerged features, constructionist al literature, they are associated with the samples of of samples the with associated are they literature, al - state nationalism, which evokes integration and and integration evokes which nationalism, state tionalism in our country has a content and acontent has and country our in tionalism

The subject of nationalism is within the the iswithin nationalism of The subject evaluation and a heart a and evaluation

different ways. ways. different the Western World, particularly World,particularly Western the - nal nationalism has its own its has nationalism nal border operation. For that that For operation. border - conservative character character conservative

Even if ideas that are are that if ideas Even

rope. The idea of idea The rope. - searching. This This searching.

developments re developments technological and Scientific life. of parts in every transformation and change serious very a to leads Reformation, and Renaissance the with activities

scope of “sui generis”. This movement plays an important role on the collapse of of collapse on the role important an plays movement This generis”. ofscope “sui of na phenomenon the that; to say possible is It characteristics. course aown to its pursued data, social cultural and historical, has that situation, current the However, country. our approach in appr Nationalism’ ‘Romantic the that; observe possibleis to it present, to Republic of the establishment from the and Republic of foundation the to period Ottoman late in itself shows nation, build but to trying state establishing communities and not state nation but having communities between Nationalism, army. the and institutions educational via fate and symbols opened mobilization, Nation romantic nationalism. rational in France as and Liberal a as UK in the predominant is which nationalism, Eu especially world whole the deeply affect to began current political a as Nationalism (1789), Revolution French the (1776) and Independence of Declaration American Jointly industrialrevolution. the France with Britain and question: basic this remember to have we possible.But as much as presupposition any without attitude ideological to mention analysis critical for window open to tried we article, this In authors. and thinkers of number the much as other as from each modellings can different be There romantic nationalism. But this trend quest for in notformat. does attract attentions a universal ofRatio ideological nationalism. instyle the together offered be could other each related directly not are that discourses and matters Different of range evaluation. wide a requires It well. as of view scope this on it. elaborate to issue on light to shed need You benefit. provide not may classicalapproaches and ordinary with issues reason alone, it carries a significant meaning. meaning. significant a itcarries reason alone, cross mental a as described be could It nationalism. about knowledge deep not have who routine people's some break may method intellectual an with sense common of the development to the to contribute also aims it And cons. and pros subjectits with contribution to the to providemodest been a has This article public opinion. in aren’t gener put forward When we look at the discussion of nationalism that comes out from the the from out comes that nationalism of discussion look the at we When these to handle Hence, nature. by complex and difficult are issues Some Introduction Euro “Is Exegesis without Presuppositions Possible?”. Presuppositions without Exegesis “Is - centric ‘i centric - shaped the social ofstructure the shaped oach takes place together with ‘Rational’ (Constructivist) ‘Rational’(Constructivist) with place together takes oach

The subject of nationalism is within the the iswithin nationalism of The subject evaluation and a heart a and evaluation

Even if ideas that are are that if ideas Even

rope. The idea of idea The rope. - searching. This This searching.

great powers’ expansionist foreign policies which are around the ori the around are which policies foreign powers’ expansionist great is factor Second Revolution. French after over Europe all spread to begin that current nationalism is of them One on situation. this role a play that factors main private enterprise, was indirectly supporting the nationalism of the of non the nationalism indirectly supporting was enterprise, private of the freedom and policies economic liberal of thepromotion with combined thro themselves administrate and rights retain would theircommunal different“the communities Sistemi): (Millet system this about interestingobservation an makes Kamouzis called as ‘üçtarz as called is which Turkism and Ottomanism Islamism, than effective more was oriented, is western and the not Islamic ignore elements does the which nationalism, role a onlot externalsituation.play of afactorsthis Turkish and internal that: possible isto sayIt form the of Arab in visible Nationalism. became movement after and before is period that crisis the During Muslims. non the among supporter and demand power, gaining for Empire Ottoman the ethno redrawn were boundaries empires’ And Empire). (includingOttoman withi arose Asia)nationalism and East Middle Europe, (Eastern East the in especially that argued Kohn Hans struggles. national in all voice freedom” and equality unity the people, of political Eq Liberty, as Revolution French the in appeared were ideas Rousseau’s point. starting a as accepted be could ideas his Harris to According doctrine. nationalist a notput did he forward that shouldit said be political important some revealed Jean politicalthinker A French Enlightenment. Ottomanism Empire: over time. Republic of the history throughout the itself show would nationalists, action the However, decisive. also culturaland were factors social economic, political internal configuration, formula of Ziya Gokalp, who is from Diyarbakır, “the culture of Turks, Islamic Islamic Turks, of culture “the religion, the Diyarbakır, from is who Gokalp, Ziya of formula of Nations at a wide range of range organizations wide of a at Nations world the in developments and changes though Even orientations. and attitudes ideology, the of in terms direction balance ofOttoman the state as a Republic of newlyestablished Turkey the first period.the Nevertheless, in Republic of founders the and Pasha Kemal over Mustafa effective very was it 19 th

century among the non the among century - geographic boundaries” geographic In the Ottoman state, different nations and communities lived together. lived communities and nations different state, Ottoman the In 1. M 1. Erika Harris emphasizes that the idea of the nation is rooted in the rooted of nation is the idea the that emphasizes ErikaHarris Ethnical aspects of nationalism began to develop from the beginning of of beginning the from develop to began nationalism of aspects Ethnical easures against Western against easures

Western civilization” (Gökalp, 1976: (Gökalp, civilization” Western - ugh local government under state control. This approach, approach, control.state This under government local ugh ı

siyaset’ (three style of politics) (Akçura, politics) of style (three siyaset’

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations Muslims who are Ottoman are Muslims who (Harris, 2009: 22 (Harris, 2009:

- began to take shape in a completely different different completely in a shape to take began reaction process, which is in the nature of of nature in is the which process, reaction

concepts as participation and citizenship. But citizenship. But and participation as concepts - Oriented Nationalism in the Ottoman Ottoman the in Nationalism Oriented –

from Wilson Principles to the League League the to Principles Wilson from - 30). 30).

of Nationalisms and National Imaginations

19 uality, Fraternity. “ Fraternity. uality, - -

Jacques Rousseau (1712 Jacques

effected seriously and found found and seriously effected 63) seems eclectic character; character; eclectic 63) seems have akeyhave

subjects. There are two two are There subjects.

2008: World War I, this this I, War World 35). Even if the the if Even 35). role on this this on role ent issue. issue. ent The ideas of of The ideas n empires n empires - Muslim Muslim “along “along - 78) 78)

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239 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 240 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) determine the i the determine to tries and policy Islamist with modernize to aims Abdulhamit that highlights love should take precedence of love of land (Abdülhamid, 1999: 133 1999: (Abdülhamid, land of love of precedence take should love faith that says and emphasis Sultanate the should predate emphasis Caliphate in the context of practices. of practices. context in the separatism” national fert a provided policies Their communities. Greeks, Africans and many other elements. Abdulhamit indicates that indicates Abdulhamit other elements. many and Africans Greeks, land. Ottoman the of parts Albanians, Bulgarians, Kurds, Turks, by Arabs, formed was Empire Ottoman many in propaganda harmful a with race' ‘nation, non of of separation ‘the hazards and threats the against of Islam’ umbrella ‘common 15 (Mardin, 1997: Islam to trying strengthen was West, of education and organization military the system, management technical, of model role took a 13 2007: (Karakoç, hazards and threats challenges external complicated era of Ot era the complicated 55 2008: (Fuller, Arabs including cr it in Balkans, Christian the influence not does doctrine this if Even nationalism. Western and initiatives reformist concepts, Islamic ofamong sense commitment national new to a create lega promising concept new aOttoman citizenship was there multiple threats, against searched 12 1997: (Mardin, scale national a in measures economic and takinglegal administrative, ‘Ottomanism’an awareness with in Ottoman cul to eradicate supposed of architect Tanzimat, whothe is Pasha Resit army. in the particularly orderinstitutions legal to the from reforms restructuringand r to try sultan especially and bureaucrats of the ideology of Ottomanism (Sarınay, 2004: 131). 131). 2004: (Sarınay, of Ottomanism of ideology the abo brings wars, Balkan the in Empire Ottoman of the defeat Turks” as well as andothers Albanians including percent Muslim, 51 still was Balkans Ottoman 48). 2004: (Sarınay, 1862 in Turks is Empire, in ofOttoman unifying task the have will which element, out the that; Manifestation of Islamism of Islamism Manifestation Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk - According to Abdulhamit, the Eng the to Abdulhamit, According Austria Ambassador Sadik Rifat Pasha and London Ambassador Mustafa Mustafa London Ambassador and Pasha Rifat Sadik Ambassador Austria form recently, who take intellectuals Empire, Ottoman ulema, the In Abdulhamit II had thirty had II Abdulhamit Fragmentation: the against Efforts His and II Abdulhamit 2. Muslims’ from the Ottoman Empire. Empire. Ottoman the from Muslims’

(Findley, 2010: 202). However, the loss of Rumelia, as a result of the of the result a as of Rumelia, loss the However, 202). 2010: (Findley, l equality for everyone in the ‘Ottomanism’ doctrine that is raised raised is that doctrine ‘Ottomanism’ in the everyone for l equality dentity of the Muslim nations (Karpat, 2001: 71 2001: (Karpat, ofMuslim the nations dentity - 16). At this point, he tried to gather all Muslim subjects under under Muslimsubjects all to gather point,tried he this At 16).

(Kamouzis, 2013: 26). This is a very assertive determination determination assertive very a is This 26). 2013: (Kamouzis,

toman Empire among the numerous internal and and internal toman numerous amongthe Empire - - three pointed Ali Pasha Affairs of Foreign 57). Minister “Until the Bal the “Until - year eates great impact on Muslim population population on Muslim impact great eates lish were sown the seeds of the idea of of idea the seeds the sown were lish - long reign in the most difficult and and difficult most long reign in the

ile ground for the development of of for the development ground ile espond to nationalisms with with to nationalisms espond kan Wars, the population the of the population Wars, kan

- among their subjects subjects amongtheir - 14). Abdulhamit, who who Abdulhamit, 14). 13). While remedy is remedy While 13). - 73). 73). ut the bankruptcy bankruptcy utthe

- 138). Karpat 138). Karpat ture units units ture

the the determine the i the determine to tries and policy Islamist with modernize to aims Abdulhamit that highlights love should take precedence of love of land (Abdülhamid, 1999: 133 1999: (Abdülhamid, land of love of precedence take should love faith that says and emphasis Sultanate the should predate emphasis Caliphate in the context of practices. of practices. context in the separatism” national fert a provided policies Their communities. Greeks, Africans and many other elements. Abdulhamit indicates that indicates Abdulhamit other elements. many and Africans Greeks, land. Ottoman the of parts Albanians, Bulgarians, Kurds, Turks, by Arabs, formed was Empire Ottoman many in propaganda harmful a with race' ‘nation, non of of separation ‘the hazards and threats the against of Islam’ umbrella ‘common (Mardin, 1997: 15 (Mardin, 1997: Islam to trying strengthen was West, of education and organization military the system, management technical, of model role took a external challenges threats and hazards (Karakoç, 2007: 13 2007: (Karakoç, hazards and threats challenges external of Ot era the complicated of the ideology of Ottomanism (Sarınay, 2004: 131). 131). 2004: (Sarınay, of Ottomanism of ideology the 48). 2004: (Sarınay, 1862 in Turks is Empire, in ofOttoman unifying task the have will which element, out the that; defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan wars, brings abo brings wars, Balkan the in Empire Ottoman of the defeat Turks” as well as andothers Albanians including percent Muslim, 51 still was Balkans Ottoman 55 2008: (Fuller, Arabs including cr it in Balkans, Christian the influence not does doctrine this if Even nationalism. Western and initiatives reformist concepts, Islamic ofamong sense commitment national new to a create lega promising concept new aOttoman citizenship was there multiple threats, against searched 12 1997: (Mardin, scale national a in measures economic and takinglegal administrative, ‘Ottomanism’an awareness with in Ottoman cul to eradicate supposed of architect Tanzimat, whothe is Pasha Resit army. in the particularly orderinstitutions legal to the from reforms restructuringand r to try sultan especially and bureaucrats Manifestation of Islamism of Islamism Manifestation - According to Abdulhamit, the Eng the to Abdulhamit, According Austria Ambassador Sadik Rifat Pasha and London Ambassador Mustafa Mustafa London Ambassador and Pasha Rifat Sadik Ambassador Austria form recently, who take intellectuals Empire, Ottoman ulema, the In Abdulhamit II had thirty had II Abdulhamit Fragmentation: the against Efforts His and II Abdulhamit 2. Muslims’ from the Ottoman Empire. Empire. Ottoman the from Muslims’

(Kamouzis, 2013: 26). This is a very assertive determination determination assertive very a is This 26). 2013: (Kamouzis,

toman Empire among the numerous internal and and internal toman numerous amongthe Empire - - three 57). Minister of Foreign Affairs Ali Pasha pointed pointed Ali Pasha Affairs of Foreign 57). Minister “Until the Bal the “Until - year eates great impact on Muslim population population on Muslim impact great eates lish were sown the seeds of the idea of of idea the seeds the sown were lish - long reign in the most difficult and and difficult most long reign in the

ile ground for the development of of for the development ground ile espond to nationalisms with with to nationalisms espond kan Wars, the population the of the population Wars, kan

- among their subjects subjects amongtheir - 14). Abdulhamit, who who Abdulhamit, 14). 13). While remedy is remedy While 13). - 73). 73). ut the bankruptcy bankruptcy utthe

- 138). Karpat 138). Karpat ture units units ture

the the situation” untenable that to response in developed nationalism of forms Turkish and Ottoman imperialism. European and nationalism separatist both by endangered 91 (Mardin, 1997: Islam replace may the bondnationality that of idea the with move nationalist the Already ofnotis true. kind nationalism any that Sultanidea against The is tendency. this organizes he and War Russian after country in his intellectuals amongground develop (1853 War Crimean in the defeat Russia’s in Europe to crystallize 1870. after started that ofDarwinism social extensions ‘Pan the of secondary I Russians. of progress the against Germans by supported beforeis it shape and Abdulhamit to take begins policy; Islamism understood. Ottoman patriotism in one way (Arai, 2008: 13 2008: (Arai, one way in patriotism Ottoman of the continuity the of traces the carries nationalism Turkish of movement includwere ‘tribes’ words‘race’and the time same At the Empire. Ottoman affectthe to began nationalism type European Eastern the Empire, Ottoman afterwards affected nationalism style whereas he tries strengthen ties strengthen tries he whereas 19 until monuments old Ottoman in the peasants' Anatolian for‘ignorant used is the On itself. itarticulates while Turkishness emphasize not did Ottoman state. in this together lived nations and communities religious and backgrounds ethnic A different lotof Islam. with existence its and itself Turanism Party)and Progress society. and politics to hisconclusion carry ownauthoritarian in his ‘modernity’ of practices and perceptions civilization’s western dominant melting to adapt tries he hand, other onthe Empire, Ottoman of basis and paradigm emigrating to the empire were na were empire to the emigrating before Russia Tsarist against fought have who group latter in the Russia.People of idea the inspreading who effective are national of Turkish th - 97). century (Sarınay, 2004: 24). 2004: (Sarınay, century

According to Serif Mardin, Abdulhamit’s Islamism policy is not well well not is policy Islamism Abdulhamit’s Mardin, Serif to According According to Findley Ottoman was was Ottoman Findley to According It is observed that Abdulhamit emphasizes ‘khan tradition’ in old Turks Turks old in tradition’ ‘khan emphasizes Abdulhamit that is observed It Ottoman Empire was the representa the was Empire Ottoman and Union (The Terakki Ittihat Nationalism: Turkish of Rise The 3.1. Nationalism Evolution of Turkish the 3. Understanding Understanding the era of Young Turks has a key role on the development roleofkey eradevelopment a on Younghas the the Turks Understanding ment of the ideal of a Russian. Abdulhamit activates Islam which gains which gains Islam activates Russian. Abdulhamit a of ideal of the ment

(Findley, 2010: 9). Masami Arai asserts that firstly Western European Western firstly that Araiasserts Masami 9). 2010: (Findley, ism. There are significant differences between Ottoman Turks Ottoman between significant are differences There ism. movement starts to starts consistmovement in this era in Turkey. to It tries - - Nationalisms’ which can be considered one of the the of one considered be can which Nationalisms’ conservative pot, and so he str pot,so he and conservative

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations

tionalist leaders. An attractive Ottoman nation An attractive nation Ottoman leaders. tionalist

with Islam which creates the establishment establishment the which creates Islam with ed in discussions of nationalism. The The of nationalism. in discussions ed nationalism and Turks emigrating from emigrating Turks and nationalism - 1856) brings about Pan about brings 1856)

tive of a civilization which identifies which identifies ofcivilization tive a “a multinational empire that was was that empire multinational “a - 14). 14).

of Nationalisms and National Imaginations

contrary, the word ‘Turk’ ‘Turk’ word the contrary, uggles to enforce and and to enforce uggles

t also rises as a as also rises t - Slavism as the the as Slavism -

241 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 242 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) nationalism period’. And he also thinks that that thinks also he And period’. nationalism open demonstrated perhapsare and in the journalsperiod grayed are debate that of concepts in the (Aydemir them” of all with occurs state ideal the Union; State the and Idea) and Spirit of Union (the Union Wishes Union, Culture Language and 2011: 110). ofTurkish the heritage (Fortna, in the Republic ofIslamic component effects the the of ashave Asia an seen tool the in Central ideological Turks been to decrease years later the throughout Turkey. of Republic of the years early fore the and Empire Ottoman the to brought were ‘Turkic 92). Themes/Myths’ 2005: (Güngör, civilization of examples largest and first given have history the constituted have Turks the thesis, officialhistory to According Republic. the with straw last the up to taken was Thischange elders. notamongIslamic steppes; Asian of conquerors gaine gradually 355). 2008: (Shaw, consider toestablish they that state Turkish the in groups ethnic all assimilate to wanted They nationalism’. ‘Turkish Youngmo Turks the minority nationalist; the by religion from forsubjects promiseequality each a of Youngwho have Turks the 2000: (Hanioğlu, accurate more be would u contains which ideology an about of mentioning instead view) (world Weltanschauung about mentioning an materialism biological by affected are 2008: (Arai, Mecmuası’ ‘İslâm and Yurdu’ period; Derne this ‘Türk in four are There magazines nationalism. Turkish of target a as Turanism and Oghuzism Turkeyism, showed Gokalp Ziya Empire. Ottoman in the living people for available already was idea very different in size, scope and content. and scope insize, different very with Turkey in nationalism of rise of periodthe the in fogeffects and uncertainty 1997: 16 1997: (Mardin, powerfulness sciences with positive and the distinguished been has and West the of West Kemal, According Mustafa to tendencies. opposed as can utilized, be they structure social the researches which attitude Gokalp’s considers it whereas factor powerfulness and West of combination a evaluates and faith his opinions, contention” of spirit strange a in going was war Public people. young for Turan in was but Mecca, notwas in Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk yei dsrbs h ‘pre the describes Aydemir idea ‘Turan’ the that term a was period constitutionalist second Especially cadres Its Turks. Young the covering ideologies about talk difficultto is It ‘Ittihat and Terakki’ that is the basic element of second constitution, constitution, second of element basic the is that Terakki’ and ‘Ittihat - 18). , 1993: 443 1993: ,

Mustafa Kemal was thinking differently about the future. Mango Mango future. the about differently thinking was Kemal Mustafa d power. Now the Turks were looking for ancestors among world world ancestorsamong for looking Turkswere the Now power. d - - ended format consciously. This is the reason of mai reason of the This is consciously. format ended 448). Nationalist idea goes so far at Aydemir; Aydemir; at far so goes idea Nationalist 448). ideology as a historical reality. ahistoricalreality. as ideology lema and people from many different qualifications qualifications different many people from and lema

(Aydemir, 1993: 493). Therefore, he tries to present to present tries he Therefore, 493). 1993: (Aydemir, - 98 eid o Otmn mie s ‘p a as Empire Ottoman of period’ 1908 of humanity’s oldest community and they they and community oldest humanity’s of

d positivism as worldview. However, However, worldview. as positivism d

20 587). After the rejection the offer of of rejectionoffer587).After the “Racial Union, Earth Union, “Racial - 29). The noteworthy issue is that that is issue noteworthy The 29).

for ideal and imagined nation nation imagined and for ideal ved from ‘Ottomanism’ to to ‘Ottomanism’ from ved

ği’, ‘Genç Kalemler’, ‘Türk ‘Türk Kalemler’, ‘Genç ği’,

And origins of the of the Andorigins - country Union, Union, country “the Kaaba Kaaba “the ntaining ntaining how how re - nationalism period’. And he also thinks that that thinks also he And period’. nationalism demonstrated open demonstrated perhapsare and in the journalsperiod grayed are debate that of concepts in the (Aydemir them” of all with occurs state ideal the Union; State the and Idea) and Spirit of Union (the Union Wishes Union, Culture Language and 2011: 110). ofTurkish the heritage (Fortna, in the Republic ofIslamic component effects the the of ashave Asia an seen tool the in Central ideological Turks been to decrease years later the throughout Turkey. of Republic of the years early fore the and Empire Ottoman the to brought were ‘Turkic 92). Themes/Myths’ 2005: (Güngör, civilization of examples largest and first given have history the constituted have Turks the thesis, officialhistory to According Republic. the with straw last the up to taken was Thischange elders. notamongIslamic steppes; Asian of conquerors gaine gradually 355). 2008: (Shaw, consider toestablish they that state Turkish the in groups ethnic all assimilate to wanted They nationalism’. ‘Turkish Youngmo Turks the minority nationalist; the by religion from forsubjects promiseequality each a of Youngwho have Turks the 2000: (Hanioğlu, accurate more be would u contains which ideology an about of mentioning instead view) (world Weltanschauung about mentioning an materialism biological by affected are content. and scope insize, different very with Turkey in nationalism of rise of periodthe the in fogeffects and uncertainty 2008: (Arai, Mecmuası’ ‘İslâm and Yurdu’ period; Derne this ‘Türk in four are There magazines nationalism. Turkish of target a as Turanism and Oghuzism Turkeyism, showed Gokalp Ziya Empire. Ottoman in the living people for available already was idea 1997: 16 1997: (Mardin, powerfulness sciences with positive and the distinguished been has and West the of West Kemal, According Mustafa to tendencies. opposed as can utilized, be they structure social the researches which attitude Gokalp’s considers it whereas factor powerfulness and West of combination a evaluates and faith his opinions, contention” of spirit strange a in going was war Public people. young for Turan in was but Mecca, notwas in yei dsrbs h ‘pre the describes Aydemir Especially second constitutionalist period was a term that the ‘Turan’ idea idea ‘Turan’ the that term a was period constitutionalist second Especially cadres Its Turks. Young the covering ideologies about talk difficultto is It ‘Ittihat and Terakki’ that is the basic element of second constitution, constitution, second of element basic the is that Terakki’ and ‘Ittihat - 18). , 1993: 443 1993: ,

d positivism as worldview. However, However, worldview. as positivism d

20 587). After the rejection the offer of of rejectionoffer587).After the “Racial Union, Earth Union, “Racial - 29). The noteworthy issue is that that is issue noteworthy The 29).

for ideal and imagined nation nation imagined and for ideal ved from ‘Ottomanism’ to to ‘Ottomanism’ from ved

ği’, ‘Genç Kalemler’, ‘Türk ‘Türk Kalemler’, ‘Genç ği’,

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- 190): “ 190): ry world view and ideology, even every scientific community’s even community’s every ideology, scientific and ry world view - rooted Turkish scholar Ziya Gokalp is a Tukish reality with his with reality Tukish a is Gokalp scholar Ziya Turkish rooted rence: Turks and Kurds combine both materially and morally in the in the morally and materially both combine TurksKurds and - 135).

(Mango, 2010: 4 2010: (Mango, “I am from Turkish Nation, I am fr Nation,Turkish I am from am “I “It is true that Ataturk had been a Unionist and that that and Unionist a been had Ataturk true that is “It

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations

ok has been the foundation of ok has Republican foundation been the the

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243 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 244 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) politics and personal lives negative (Erickson, 2013: 58). 2013: 58). (Erickson, negative lives personal politics and in religion of influence the found and secularism internalized Kemal Mustafa and westernization 89 2005: (Güngör, of Turkey Republic of the establishment the world this with pull that down West against identity state independent an as to survive and world ofIslamic the leader not is the Turkey factthat and imperial heterogeneity” and imperial citizen factors in Turkey,some a such identity national of formation the in period Republican Duringthe nation designs. and of nationalism types different and dynamics social different by molded is of French Rev the featuresthe with convenient civilization modernization and that adaptation late nation of the establishment world. inthe transformation carefully aparadigmatic watching cyclical perform culturally” and technologically own its hold to enough developed and defend, enough to clear: Mustafa was aim step, Kemal’s by step state multi ethnic and the multi of disintegration the rapid took from Republic theTurkish of founders in parliament in 1934) inin parliament gave theinterior, of theminister Sukru that Kaya, speech a from is (The quotation 1 homogeneous nation that that nation homogeneous wit accordance 2010). (Volkan, livinginTurkey elements ethnic other all and Kurds covered others.It the all (Turk) encompasses the to describe identity common a as activated was Europeans using by term Turkish republic. the of citizen a become had and equal was everyone Now, friends. his Ataturk and Kemal Mustafa by realized is community, in international trend whicha is and tomodernize”, toIslam to convert Turkishization, “to Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk

According to O’Driscoll, O’Driscoll, to According separate language is found, there a separate nationexists’ separate a there languagefound, is separate - In Turkey, as in many other countries, nationalism has emerged with the the with emerged has nationalism countries, other in many as Turkey, In Republic in P Activities Nationalist 3.3. Different context of in the to Turkey adapting realized Pasha Kemal Mustafa Ghazi a building when Mufti, to According The founders of the Republic of Turkey undertook a series of reforms in in reforms of series a undertook Turkey of Republic of the founders The state and nation establish, Turkey of Republic the When called understanding nationalist in Gokalp’s is which Islamism of idea The identity, cultural and biological racism has been effective. Turkish nation nation Turkish effective. been has racism biological and cultural identity, and h their vision for society. New Turkish State’s vision was a strictly a vision was State’s Turkish New for visionh their society. “to avoid the frequently fatal tension between imperial ambition imperial tension between fatal thefrequently avoid “to - religious Ottoman Empire” Ottoman religious olution. Official Turkish nationalism gets out gets in nebulaa which nationalism Turkish Official olution. “Turkish nationalism has similar policies to Fichte’s Volkism”. to has similar policies nationalism “Turkish

modernization, the founder of the Republic of Turkey Turkey Republic of of founder the the modernization, ”.

The new vision was the result of resultof the visionwas new The identity of the Muslims living in Anatolia. This term Thisterm in Anatolia. living Muslims of the identity “would speak one single language single one speak “would (Mufti, 2009: 17 2009: (Mufti, -

state. Nationalism has manifested in the form of manifested a has Nationalism state. s ethnocentric civilizations, xenophobia, xenophobia, civilizations, ethnocentric s

(O’Driscoll, 2014: 270 2014: (O’Driscoll,

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politics and personal lives negative (Erickson, 2013: 58). 2013: 58). (Erickson, negative lives personal politics and in religion of influence the found and secularism internalized Kemal Mustafa and westernization establishment of the Republic of Turkey (Güngör, 2005: 89 2005: (Güngör, of Turkey Republic of the establishment the world this with pull that down West against identity state independent an as to survive and world ofIslamic the leader not is the Turkey factthat state step by step, Mustafa Kemal’s aim was clear: Mustafa was aim step, Kemal’s by step state and imperial heterogeneity” and imperial culturally” and technologically own its hold to enough developed and defend, enough to multi ethnic and the multi of disintegration the rapid took from Republic theTurkish of founders 1934) inin parliament gave theinterior, of theminister Sukru that Kaya, speech a from is (The quotation cyclical perform watching carefully a paradigmatic transformation in the world. world. inthe transformation carefully aparadigmatic watching cyclical perform citizen factors in Turkey,some a such identity national of formation the in period Republican Duringthe nation designs. and of nationalism types different and dynamics social different by molded is of French Rev the featuresthe with convenient civilization modernization and that adaptation late nation of the establishment 1 homogeneous nation that that nation homogeneous wit accordance 2010). (Volkan, livinginTurkey elements ethnic other all and Kurds covered others.It the all (Turk) encompasses the to describe identity common a as activated was Europeans using by term Turkish republic. the of citizen a become had and equal was everyone Now, friends. his Ataturk and Kemal Mustafa by realized is community, in international trend whicha is “to Turkishization, to convert to Islam and tomodernize”, toIslam to convert Turkishization, “to

According to O’Driscoll, O’Driscoll, to According separate language is found, there a separate nationexists’ separate a there languagefound, is separate - According to Mufti, when building a building when Mufti, to According Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha realized adapting to Turkey in the context of context of in the to Turkey adapting realized Pasha Kemal Mustafa Ghazi In Turkey, as in many other countries, nationalism has emerged with the the with emerged has nationalism countries, other in many as Turkey, In Republic in P Activities Nationalist 3.3. Different The founders of the Republic of Turkey undertook a series of reforms in in reforms of series a undertook Turkey of Republic of the founders The state and nation establish, Turkey of Republic the When The idea of Islamism which is in Gokalp’s nationalist understanding called called understanding nationalist in Gokalp’s is which Islamism of idea The identity, cultural and biological racism has been effective. Turkish nation nation Turkish effective. been has racism biological and cultural identity, and h their vision for society. New Turkish State’s vision was a strictly a vision was State’s Turkish New for visionh their society. “to avoid the frequently fatal tension between imperial ambition imperial tension between fatal thefrequently avoid “to - religious Ottoman Empire” Ottoman religious olution. Official Turkish nationalism gets out gets in nebulaa which nationalism Turkish Official olution. “Turkish nationalism has similar policies to Fichte’s Volkism”. to has similar policies nationalism “Turkish

modernization, the founder of the Republic of Turkey Turkey Republic of of founder the the modernization, ”.

state. Nationalism has manifested in the form of manifested a has Nationalism state.

s ethnocentric civilizations, xenophobia, xenophobia, civilizations, ethnocentric s

(O’Driscoll, 2014: 270 2014: (O’Driscoll,

(Aslan, 2015: 31 2015: (Aslan,

- 18). new identity an identity new

“to create a republic strong strong republic create a “to eriod eriod

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paradigms of civilization and culture, so new paradigm which paradigm new culture,so and civilization of paradigms fundamental the Shaking dimensions. subjective and possible in objective existence its to make process inevitable an is intosettlement a entering and defeat is I) Worldand after War and 13 1998: (Bora, European refresh the like Asia Germanic race refresh will culture. national race Turkish and civilization s formand in the formulated been has world historicity conceptof fromHegel’s world term ‘a history nation’which plagiarized is Turkey. Turkey. WW II, Turkic II, WW mid the since ignored been who had often and silenced circles religiously conservative from for those atheism the Communists’ on attacks and to democracy II. Worldafter War interventions surgical to replace started have interventions humane medical possib notnormalization has been of level to the coming crisis this overcoming and designs engineering social for crisis admission face suitability structure cultural social Butthe and revolutiona a taking recovered can surgically be cancer with patients about belief a with process intervention and change a to introduced were Folks paradigm. this around exhibited are actions and practices and tended contentis and essence in Turkishness, accept it or you are destroyed” or it accept you in Turkishness, congregation… underdeveloped and uncultured an are civilization, who establis They, Persians… of department primitive arevery abackward and Kurds Primitive tribes… two million as arealready traitors to Atsiz; Arabs. According Laz, Circassians, Kurds, aboutAlbanians, enough notdoes to seen being Turk. Atsiz rmnos epne n uds crls pern i Öüe Junl i his in formation to the of ‘enemy’ figure of needed parameters Journal, Ötüken in appearing basic are scorned and exclusion suppressions, Frustration, recollections. circles Kurdish in response tremendous to Turanist place gives topic. investigatable is an blood,and kinship the forward who put of psychologicalprofiles people and Social origins situation understood. better 95).

“the Turk is a person who comes from Turkish lineage”. Turkish from whocomes person a Turkis “the Struggle of a nation which has survived a major trauma (situation before before major (situation a survived trauma ofnation whichStruggle a has The end of WW II indicated the beginning of major political change in in change political major of beginning the indicated II WW of end The Although par Although Mehdi Zana who was Diyarbakır Municipality prior to September 12, 1980 1980 12, September to prior Municipality Diyarbakır was who Zana Mehdi broughTurkey is texthow a above, the lookat carefully If we “The new political circumstances of th of circumstances political new “The ry, radical attitude instead of reformer attitude since the Tanzimat. Tanzimat. sincethe attitude reformer of instead radicalattitude ry, - Turanist current began to formulate itself with expression of Nihal ofexpression with Nihal toitself formulate began current Turanist

tially excluded from the official ideology after and before before and after ideology official fromthe excluded tially - 1920s” Nihal Atsiz’ pejorative statement which led to thewhich led pejorative statement Atsiz’ Nihal

(Bein, 2011: 136). 2011:136). (Bein,

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations

le up to a new world war. More natural and and Morewar. natural world new to a up le - ed and broken the national pride with itself national brokeneditself the and pridewith 36). Atsiz uses ‘foreigners as Turk’as expression ‘foreigners uses Atsiz

e time, which included the transition transition the included which e time,

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245 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 246 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 1978: 5 1978: (Topçu, Tanpinar Hamdi Ahmet and Tecer Kutsi Ahmet Doğu), Büyük of way (the sophistication; debate must be done on purpose but not on the vehicle. not vehicle. on the on done be purpose but must debate sophistication; East Eastern and Middle the in interests national has independent, industry,is heavy completed respect, has in every whichdeveloped is Turkey million hundred War)is (National Culture 11 1, 2009: tec world with in the one state to number nation their bring will and action and love faith, Islam, has who generation a with Turkish saying than 56). c Nationalists center, heart brainand a as raiders including Union Students Turkish National nationalist in effective being tension self presents Fazil Necip 106). 2009: (Kısakürek, state their of framework within the over passing not where sun country Muslim that, known should it be Butsurely everywhere. th matter of eyes the with open may air Now, coal! to ore earth and to sky ties which quality this of the light in love with you I greet Turk! “ in Turkey: nationalism for inspiration the showing of in terms striking Ne Fazil. Necip been has undoubtedly is Turkey era.” in an thecountry of them of thedestiny deluded fleesEach homeland. which Turanism and homeland tired are fact this of unaware who are country this of Children nation. this of the people to Topcu; According concepts. religionintertwined and are nation and Islam from separated be cannot Nationalism that said He Sorbonne. Ph his completing hometown to returns Topcu who on grounded Arik, Oguz Remzi and Ulas Avni of influenceHuseyin the With other his works. journal and in ‘Hareket’ opinions his bare lays He Topcu. power” economic and topolitical access for opportunities limited and policies assimilation failed both of consequence a was the state against Kurds the among resentment theincreasing that 87 1991: (Zana, identity nationalist of formation onrole the plays language Kurdish the of use of blocking the and prohibition the that recollectionin his broadly tells thoughts. Zana and feelings Arvasi in Van, thinks that sa that thinks Van, Arvasi in ‘Turkish the with Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk

chasing a dream such as Islamism which is separated from lineage and lineage is and from which separated Islamism as dream such a chasing Atilla İlhan asserts that; the aim of his work ‘Ulusal Kültür Savaşı’ Savaşı’ Kültür ‘Ulusal work his of aim the that; asserts İlhan Atilla in nationalism romantic of actors fundamental most the one of The ec oforiginal the One nationalist S. - 22). 22).

Ahmet Arvasi has been the most discussed and assessed opinion leader opinion assessed leader and most discussed the been Arvasihas Ahmet - 20). 20).

ommunity as the potential energy and moves (Kısakürek, 2009: 48 2009: (Kısakürek, moves and energy potential the as ommunity

- Islamic ideal’ line in nationalist circles. He, from the family of of family the from He, circles. nationalist in line ideal’ Islamic - Islamic synthesis. He represents that salvation will come come will salvation that represents He synthesis. Islamic

‘Anatolianism’ is mentioned by Necip Fazil Kisakurek Kisakurek Necip Fazil by mentioned is ‘Anatolianism’ ying Turkish ying eierna. codn t İhn te et is rest the İlhan, to According Mediterranean. - 165). Satana asserts that that asserts Satana 165). - (Satana, 2012: 172). 2012: (Satana, right circles in the 1970s. He evaluates evaluates He 1970s. the in circles right - Islamic ideal would be more appropriate appropriate more be would ideal Islamic oles in Turkey is the way of Nurettin of Nurettin way the is in olesTurkey hnological possibilities (Arvasi, Volume Volume (Arvasi, possibilities hnological cip Fazil following expression is expression following Fazil cip - styled solution idealist styled - Turk indicates the only theonly indicates Turk –

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chasing a dream such as Islamism which is separated from lineage and lineage is and from which separated Islamism as dream such a chasing Atilla İlhan asserts that; the aim of his work ‘Ulusal Kültür Savaşı’ Savaşı’ Kültür ‘Ulusal work his of aim the that; asserts İlhan Atilla The one of the most fundamental actors of romantic nationalism in in nationalism romantic of actors fundamental most the one of The One of the original nationalist ec oforiginal the One nationalist S. - 22). 22).

Ahmet Arvasi has been the most discussed and assessed opinion leader opinion assessed leader and most discussed the been Arvasihas Ahmet - 20). 20).

ommunity as the potential energy and moves (Kısakürek, 2009: 48 2009: (Kısakürek, moves and energy potential the as ommunity

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23- Differentiation which is effective on solidarist effective is which Differentiation 3.4. The New Dimensions of Nationalism after 1980: Turkish 1980: after New Dimensions of Nationalism The 3.4. After the military coup on 12 September 1980, the Turkish General Staff Staff General Turkish the 1980, September on coup 12 military After the ‘Turkish “culture is symmetric with ground, this ground is mora is ground this ground, with symmetric is “culture

s “Although the militar “Although 26). Solution is reaching a national combination; this actualizes with with actualizes this combination; reachingnational is Solution a 26).

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From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations - 49). y suppressed the leftist and Islamist movements movements Islamist and theleftist suppressed y

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247 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 248 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) Authentic Approach Approach Authentic cultural Islamic an has He literature. onlaid Hâniin is ethnic too much emphasis will bring historical depth is Ahmed bring is will historicaldepth Yaklaşımı)’. Aşk (İlahi Approach’ Love ‘Divine to parallel in discourse unique a with views and future's bright horizon are needed. In this context, perceiving Hâni as ‘Mevlana’ ‘Mevlana’ as Hâni context,perceiving this In needed. are horizon bright future's - center spreading ofnew solution ain terms a perception be may to create burningproblems, 203). 2010: (Hâni, love to divine doomed? are all they them? Why deprives reason which state… world in Kurds Allah, “ says: He section; in this Also, criticalview. and and patrioti generosity their mark of the and their with misfortune laziness their tribes, Kurdish his book “ with away heart.” dark shining “ that Mohammed prophet identity (Khalilzad, Lesser and Larrabe, 2001: 7 2001: Larrabe, and Lesser (Khalilzad, identity of issues for opinions traditional the and modern the between tension from the nationali sector, private and government of roles changing playwill a rolethe allies with decisive Western its relationswith Ankara’s West. the distrust toward to tradition from is which framework in itself a broader locates Union. nationalism Turkish European relationsthe with in Turkey's disappointed and Gulfexperience War Republic, the after Turkish t powerful with becomesincreasingly in Turkey backlash Nationalist Westernization. and modernization country's the in conjunction with vision Kemalist the dominant been always has ofnationalism Turkish sense strong a of PKK.fact, In the unde onviolence rebellion politicalis based in Turkey, backlash risingnationalist that the triggers element main The axes. whichinternational is actor an Turkey as of Gulf end the to War. appear Cold the contributed War

Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk allpatients anddiseases One of the different approaches in this article is Ahmed is article this in approaches different of the One In view of the phenomenon of nationalism which has become today’s today’s become has which nationalism of phenomenon the of view In 4.1. From pre4.1. Turkey in Approaches and National Perceptions Different 4. In view of the discussion of nationalism in Turkey, one of the w one of the discussion ofin Turkey, nationalism the view ofIn Geopolitical environment and the strate the and environment Geopolitical - based revival, acceptance and recognition. He puts forward his ideas ideas his puts forward He recognition. and acceptance revival, based ”… However, the essen the However, ”… ” Even only this statement illustrates that Hâni has an objective objective an has Hâni that illustrates statement only this Even ” sm.

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:“He overrules all religions and nationalities, puts puts nationalities, and religions all :“He overrules tial point in the book is trans journey from love fromlove journey trans book pointtial in the is -

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orks that that orks - i Hani’s i - center spreading ofnew solution ain terms a perception be may to create burningproblems, away future's bright horizon are needed. In this context, perceiving Hâni as ‘Mevlana’ ‘Mevlana’ as Hâni context,perceiving this In needed. are horizon bright future's 203). 2010: (Hâni, love to divine doomed? are all they them? Why deprives reason which state… world in Kurds Allah, “ says: He section; in this Also, criticalview. and and patrioti generosity their mark of the and their with misfortune laziness their tribes, Kurdish his book “ with heart.” dark shining “ that Mohammed prophet Yaklaşımı)’. Aşk (İlahi Approach’ Love ‘Divine to parallel in discourse unique a with views and cultural Islamic an has He literature. onlaid Hâniin is ethnic too much emphasis Approach Authentic will bring historical depth is Ahmed bring is will historicaldepth identity (Khalilzad, Lesser and Larrabe, 2001: 7 2001: Larrabe, and Lesser (Khalilzad, identity of issues for opinions traditional the and modern the between tension from the nationali sector, private and government of roles changing playwill a rolethe allies with decisive Western its relationswith Ankara’s distrust toward the West. the distrust toward framework which is from tradition to tradition from is which framework in itself a broader locates Union. nationalism Turkish European relationsthe with in Turkey's disappointed and Gulfexperience War Republic, the after Turkish t powerful with becomesincreasingly in Turkey backlash Nationalist Westernization. and modernization country's the in conjunction with vision Kemalist the dominant been always has ofnationalism Turkish sense strong a of PKK.fact, In the backlash in Turkey, is rebellion based on political violence unde onviolence rebellion politicalis based in Turkey, backlash risingnationalist that the triggers element main The axes. whichinternational is actor an Turkey as of Gulf end theto War. appear Cold the contributed War

allpatients anddiseases In view of the phenomenon of nationalism which has become today’s today’s become has which nationalism of phenomenon the of view In One of the different approaches in this article is Ahmed is article this in approaches different of the One In view of the discussion of nationalism in Turkey, one of the w one of the discussion ofin Turkey, nationalism the view ofIn 4. Different National Perceptions and Approaches in Turkey Turkey in Approaches and National Perceptions Different 4. 4.1. From pre4.1. Geopolitical environment and the strate the and environment Geopolitical - based revival, acceptance and recognition. He puts forward his ideas ideas his puts forward He recognition. and acceptance revival, based ”… However, the essen the However, ”… ” Even only this statement illustrates that Hâni has an objective objective an has Hâni that illustrates statement only this Even ” sm.

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he says he

orks that that orks - i Hani’s i away from real Islamic brotherhood. brotherhood. fromreal Islamic away moving of in case a emerge anarchy mischief and mischief, great a that indicates without denying his own identity and personality. Also, Şerif Mardin says in his Said his book about in says Mardin Şerif Also, personality. and identity own his denying without attitude rehabilitative constructive, ina conscience collective the and wisdom Saidwords that these up there.” grew I and born was where I replies; from?”, he tribeyou're days and and days first opensin the in Ankara Assembly National Turkey Grand when of parliament him” against nationalist Kurdish Muslim Turks to Islam all the time and everywhere (Mürsel, 1995: (Mürsel, everywhere and time the all to Islam Turks Muslim Turkish of strengthening and for effort an establishment from ismakes He he Bitlis. factthat to due the in people ofregion interest the an shows He Turkishness. from away also move say solubleHe Turkismreal in Islam. that Turkishness are Turk and racism states and of damage points the He languages. their relation with ofnatural the nation sees He servicing isto God. major outthe thing points that He nationalism. negative exa an as World Islamic down breaking Emevis gives He nationality. their with interfere without nation single a in making succeeds Islam that emphasizes he Muslim nationalism, are Laz scope and Circassian in the of positive of fact Ara the that Because nationalism. negative and positive context of in the nationalism looked actions, has and thoughts, ideas opinions, publichis with the for shaping consequences Nationalism. of syndrome traumatic blow ofthe the against atmosphere creatingpeaceful cris solution in the ofbenefit representation provides both denominator, common universal making Divan, Kurdish who write of a constructive contribution to integration and integrative efforts in large integrative to and integration contribution ofconstructive a Societies Muslim among Bridge Powerful Cultural issues in the context of cultural studies. studies. cultural of context inthe issues these handling with aimed to value academicfield We to add thesis. especially in academic studies issues to argue these richness be will It targets. their ethnic today Nursi, and like Hâni men wise putby forward been have of ideas the Because Islamic field. s that the Turks are Muslims everywhere, people who are away from Islam, from people who away are Islam, everywhere, Turks the Muslims s that are A ques According to Çancı, “Said Nursi is invited to give a speech in the rostrum rostrum the in speech a give to invited is Nursi “Said Çancı, to According Said N Said 4.2. An Said Scholar Islamic he advices about what should be attitude towards the people from people from the towards attitude be should what about advices he

ursi’s approach to nationalism problematic has the characteristics characteristics the has problematic to nationalism approach ursi’s tion was asked to him about the 31 march incident; “Which Kurdish “Which Kurdish to him about 31 incident; march the asked tion was - i Nursi’s (Bediuzzaman) Discourse Analysis: Trying to Establish a a to Establish Trying Analysis: Discourse (Bediuzzaman) Nursi’s i - i Nursi that that i Nursi - i Nur - based reactionary nationalism hasn’t reached completely completely reached hasn’t nationalism reactionary based - Kurdish brotherhood. He stresses the services of the of services the the stresses He brotherhood. Kurdish si is a representative ofcommon the common representative good, a is si

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations “there is nothin “there is (Mardin, 1993: 141). 141). (Mardin, 1993: “I am Ottoman, my Kurdishness is because Kurdishnessplace is of Ottoman, my am “I - i Nursi who led to very serious effects and and effects serious very to led who Nursi i

(Kutay, 1978: 42). It is understood from from understood is It 42). 1978: (Kutay, is with soft power, and causing for soft power,causing with is and for g to justify accusations that he is a he is that accusations g justify to bic, Turkish, Kurdish, Albanian, Kurdish,Albanian, Turkish, bic,

of Nationalisms and National Imaginations

231 - 249). He mple of of mple - scale scale

249

Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 250 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) Arab brotherhood with charismatic personality and his works. hisworks. and personality charismatic with Arab brotherhood Said Bediüzzaman point, this At origin. ethnic reason beside and faith will, on common future based the history and nation in being that say possibleis to it However, ethnicbellyful. origin forward Union of Chambers as a represe a as Union of Chambers Actor Political Eyyübi…” descent the from of He Turk. is of brothers greatreligious Saladin warrior and life, descent is which patriotism Kurdish from he is Yes opinion… the public framework (Çakır, 1990: 214 1990: (Çakır, framework into account taking m in forefront his politicalstudies the at been have always references Islamic Religious, 1968. in politicalactors one of most effectivebeen the has capital ownersundoubtedly the against that says Turkey of Republic to the Empire Ottoman from ofthe transition process in the effective very peo Turkish Kurdish and of problem the of solution for the religion by formed pointis common of spot focal the According state. to the Nursi, establishing staff Southeastaddressing and East politics in the 2000s, coming to power phenomenon his students with a different different a with his students phenomenon to power coming 2000s, politics inthe 430 2000: Çalmuk, to say: right of get Kurd descendent who are people Muslim a other on hand the that, did What you place? in its put bismillâh. remove you centuries, for bismillah to started they school, start country the of sons “When lifetime. during banned politics is Erbakan that a punished is Erbakan of local before1994. Party the elections closure Welfare ofthe the vision” the National o Remedy years. thousand vision National the world by dominated was nation Our İstanbul. conquers he while Fatih Sultan of heart the in faith is National vision own nation. its our opinion of means National Vision vision. vision movement’ is the following words in his TRT election speech in March March in speech election TRT his 1989: in words following the is movement’ vision Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk “The opinion that respects the values and thevalues respects opinion “The that 4.3. Erbakan and National Vision Movement: Uprising of Uprising New Islamic a Movement: National Vision and Erbakan 4.3. e nationalism excessive have conditions social Present Prof. Sebil in name unforgettable is who Edip Eşref Diyarbakır State Security Court showed his speech in Bingöl as a cause of cause a as Bingöl in speech his showed Court Security State Diyarbakır One of the most striking illustration about the qualification of ‘national ‘national of qualification the about illustration striking most the of One It is said that des that said is It 'So I am righter, I am moream hardworking’ I righter, 'So Iam

(Conveyer Badıllı, 1990: 40). 1990: Badıllı, (Conveyer

year in prison and 22,000 liras heavy money. This conversation shows shows conversation This money. heavy liras 22,000 and prison in year

Dr.

Necmettin Erbakan who is elected to the presidency of Turkey of Turkey presidency to the elected who is Erbakan Necmettin - 431). 431). (Conveys from Erbakan; Uçar, fromErbakan; (Conveys ‘I am a Turk, I am a right, I am a hardworking...’ a I am right, a Iam Turk, a am

pite the reduction in the relative activity Erbakan’s Erbakan’s activity relative the in reduction the pite - 215). “… purpose is known!... Tarnishing him in the eyes eyes the in him Tarnishing known!... is purpose “… ntative of small and medium of and small ntative

ple (Çancı, 1998: 254 1998: (Çancı, ple -

i Nursi reinforces the Turkish, the i Kurdi reinforces Nursi

history of our nation is national national nation ouris of history 2000: 77). .” (Conveys from Erbakan; Erbakan; from (Conveys .” f all our today's problems is is problems our today's all f - ür- - 257). 257). odern democratic legal legal odern democratic Reşad Journal which is is which Journal Reşad

mphasis which puts puts which mphasis - sized businessmen businessmen sized

when you say sh and sh and of of - i Arab brotherhood with charismatic personality and his works. hisworks. and personality charismatic with Arab brotherhood Said Bediüzzaman point, this At origin. ethnic reason beside and faith will, on common future based the history and nation in being that say possibleis to it However, ethnicbellyful. origin forward Political Actor Actor Political Eyyübi…” Union of Chambers as a represe a as Union of Chambers descent the from of He Turk. is of brothers greatreligious Saladin warrior and life, descent is which patriotism Kurdish from he is Yes opinion… the public framework (Çakır, 1990: 214 1990: (Çakır, framework into account taking m in forefront his politicalstudies the at been have always references Islamic Religious, 1968. in politicalactors one of most effectivebeen the has capital ownersundoubtedly the against Republic of Turkey says that that says Turkey of Republic to the Empire Ottoman from ofthe transition process in the effective very peo Turkish Kurdish and of problem the of solution for the religion by formed pointis common of spot focal the According state. to the Nursi, establishing staff Southeastaddressing and East politics in the 2000s, coming to power phenomenon his students with a different different a with his students phenomenon to power coming 2000s, politics inthe 430 2000: Çalmuk, to say: right of get Kurd descendent who are people Muslim a other on hand the that, did What you place? in its put bismillâh. remove you centuries, for bismillah to started they school, start country the of sons “When lifetime. during banned politics is Erbakan that a punished is Erbakan of local before1994. Party the elections closure Welfare ofthe the vision” the National o Remedy years. thousand vision National the world by dominated was nation Our İstanbul. conquers he while Fatih Sultan of heart the in faith is National vision own nation. its our opinion of means National Vision vision. March in speech election TRT his 1989: in words following the is movement’ vision “The opinion that respects the values and thevalues respects opinion “The that 4.3. Erbakan and National Vision Movement: Uprising of Uprising New Islamic a Movement: National Vision and Erbakan 4.3. e nationalism excessive have conditions social Present Prof. şe Ei h s nogtal aei Sebil in name unforgettable is who Edip Eşref Diyarbakır State Security Court showed his speech in Bingöl as a cause of cause a as Bingöl in speech his showed Court Security State Diyarbakır ‘national of qualification the about illustration striking most the of One It is said that des that said is It 'So I am righter, I am moream hardworking’ I righter, 'So Iam

(Conveyer Badıllı, 1990: 40). 1990: Badıllı, (Conveyer

year in prison and 22,000 liras heavy money. This conversation shows shows conversation This money. heavy liras 22,000 and prison in year

Dr.

ple (Çancı, 1998: 254 1998: (Çancı, ple -

i Nursi reinforces the Turkish, the i Kurdi reinforces Nursi

mphasis which puts puts which mphasis - sized businessmen businessmen sized

when you say sh and sh and of of - i cultural. cultural. international and such domestic as elements very vector’including resultof aresultant as ‘the formed tendency political that becoming Kurdish issue inextricable results from wrong policies and and policies wrong from results inextricable issue Kurdish becoming that states clearly He Islam. of outside considered notis and meaning notethnic has Empire Ottoman the in emphasis Turkishness that stressed Ozal nationalities. balance Ottoman center backing power political and into botheconomic turnmay After,it ways. reasonable with problems internal its solves primarily Turkey reconciliation, of and dialogue way the With Ozal. sinceTurgut especially momentu increasing with occurred had structure, community countryand closed from a freedoms rightsand fundamental individual’s on the based breakthrough economy market free facinga Manne Conservative in Ozal's uniquedescription. and democratic outlets with agenda place on to its keep the managed life political isnot traitor. Vahdettin that thesis the reviving Turkey, of public the in peace and reconciliation historical contributed to has Kemalism, his one doubtedabout who453). no Ecevit sta the of integrity indivisible of paradigm to the contributed has 28.He February the of atmosphere tense in the opinion his in reconciliationattitude developed has He nationalism. na economic especially and Turkishness Kemalism, of approach the with prominence cameinto Ecevit Ecevit. of personal the in modernization to populist democratic order equitable humane and justice, social Making public’. the with public the to ‘for public’ for the public the ‘Despite staff’s Kemalist of format the transformed had He to 1980. prior populism his with attention aft developments with legitimacy political popularity and tohis put leftismforward and started nationalism between established be cannot link a that about criticized Ecevit who is Firstly, identity. w society, and politics of agenda on the synthesis’ idiosyncratic ‘nationalist carries 12, September after democratic and nationalism Ataturk's of religionbetween element the Turk in Movement Left Democratic and the Ecevit Bulent Coherence: tionalism. Also, he has not neglected criticizing MHP’s understanding of of understanding criticizingMHP’s notneglected has he Also, tionalism. Turkey’s opening to the world and the global integration policy, with with policy, integration global the world and to the opening Turkey’s of War Revolutionary A State: of Core Military in Smiling Man A4.5. Civil o one is Ecevit who Bulent government of levels highest inthe served has who Ecevit Bulent Mustafa National in Strategies Romantic and Rational between An Oscillation 4.4. ey has a separate position. He was a unique name that does not neglect neglect not does that name unique a was He position. separate a has ey

- left, nationalism of the right and patriotism of the left are converted are left the of patriotism of right and the nationalism left,

ith his thinker identity, his poetry and his politician and his poetry identity, ith histhinker

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations r te and the nation (Dönmez and Bico, 2008: 448 2008: Bico, and (Dönmez nation the and te

f nearly a half a nearly f er 1990. Ecevit was a leader attracting attracting leader a was Ecevit er 1990. -

of Nationalisms and National Imaginations century acting actor of Turkey's Turkey's ofactor acting century political, social, economic and social, and economic political, m after 1980, and from from and 1980, after m a part of a project of of a project of a part

- left line line left -

251 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 252 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) to globalization (McGrew, 1996: 92). 1996: (McGrew, to globalization groupism”. 2007: 83 247 2009: (Akçura, nation’ tohis service last the be will ‘this that, that trip said he Southeast wit table negotiating the at sitting was he other hand on the organization, terrorist the against fight hethe maintains While state. the of officialpolicy pierced the guywho the as issue Kurdish the evaluates Turkey in areas many quest in liberal Syria. in Kurds with toconcern wehave Bulgaria, in thewith Turks weconcern How are Turkey. to Pesmarga when Iget that Itold us. interests degreea to that areThey people citizens. present our of cognate are country, that we leave after leftbehind those also and citizens Ottoman 1992: (Özal, 1988 pe republican in practices Emergence of Ethnic Nationalism Nationalism of Ethnic Emergence internationalidentity of certificate,but the document twenty of crucial document mobility of human beings. beings. of human mobility and movement the affects Globalization globalization. of process the and USSR on n effective are factors world.New direction in today’s different a moving is towards Nationalism that. included is thatof discussion nationalism seen be will it and world in the developments world. the in position and image Turkey’s of rethinking has to a led areas’, gray the but big game ‘sights white, and notblack does think who Thisoutnot politician world. getting fromvicious the several reasons. reasons. several situations to due seen lability been could have phenomenon modern state ultra including movement pe less muchor countries in all Nowadays, Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk and sentiments, even changes of form; but these have occurred within a pre within a but these occurred have form; of even changes sentiments, and argues that Smith of ethnic background. context in the understood be could nationalism modern the roots of historical Smith, to According Nations”. of Origins Ethnic “The book his approach in new a Smithsuggests D. Anthony phenomenon, h Kurds elders in Turkey and in northern Iraq. And while returning from the the from returning while Iraq.And in northern and in Turkey h Kurds elders Former President Ozal who is seen as the concreterepresentat the as seen is who Ozal President Former 5. Challenges and Opportunities on National Matters in Turkey: the Turkey: in on National Matters Opportunities and 5.Challenges In unexpe and His early Modernity displays some difficult and different social problems. socialproblems. different difficultand some displays Modernity Against the general trend which accepts nationalism as a as nationalism which accepts trend general the Against - 88). Paradoxically globalization stimulates stimulates globalization Paradoxically 88). fact, that Turkey’s issues cannot be tackled separately from separately tackled be cannot issues Turkey’s fact, that

“The rise of ethnicity” of rise “The “there have, “there

5 - 20): 20):

indeed, been important changes within collective units units within collective changes important been indeed, Turkish, Kurdish, Albanian, Bosnian who are earlier earlier are who Bosnian Albanian, Kurdish, Turkish, riod. Ozal clearly express the following thesis since since thesis following the express clearly Ozal riod. cted death plays role on Turkey’s nationalism debate debate nationalism Turkey’s on role plays death cted - “I will certainly solve Kurdish issue” Kurdish solve will“I certainly - national currents. From traditional attitudes to attitudes From traditional currents. national first “As Benedict Anderson has acutely observed, the the acutely observed, has Benedict Anderson “As -

century identity is not th not is centuryidentity and

ationalism such as the disintegration of disintegration the the as such ationalism “the surfacing of new of loyalties” surfacing “the

ople face some radical or extremist extremist or radical face some ople

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and emphasized emphasized and - 252). 252).

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re related

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“The rise of ethnicity” of rise “The “there have, “there

5 - 20): 20):

century identity is not th not is centuryidentity and

ationalism such as the disintegration of disintegration the the as such ationalism “the surfacing of new of loyalties” surfacing “the

ople face some radical or extremist extremist or radical face some ople

who are outside our borders and and borders outside our who are - the passport” “the proliferation of sub of proliferation “the e nation

and emphasized emphasized and - 252). 252).

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- - process having ethnic character and outside; the representation of a grievance ofgrievance a representation the outside; and character ethnic having process politicization inside; opinion with public external and internal in the strength and support encourage, demand, research to tried It USSR. the of collapse the after discourse rights human and democracy adopted 1990s, the until discourse based the end of the Cold War. Kurdish movement that based on Marxist on based that movement Kurdish War. ofCold the end the US after Russiaand and EU centersGermany, three including least belongto at conflict and took again place which in policies Kurdish shaping different of the sultan in his capacity as capacity caliph” the sultan in his were to state, loyal Ottoman littlethe allegiance to even and, felt they Muslims if rather tha religion and tribe,be to family, defined through continued identity the Kurds, nationalism” Republic, the period Ottoman From to Laz). the (Arabic, Circassian, identities ethnic identities” care”. with theirwords chose and meaning difference in was guided guided was movement. nationalist secular in a originate Republic Turkish The relationship betweenelements.” three these relationship t from arising subjectthat a as confronts Turkey in problem theKurdish of dimension Therefore, the international system. international the and Britain especially states, largest is another the and movement Kurdish andt movement nationalist Turkish “ issue: Kurdish the of dimension international an in taking role aplayed has elements main three Turkey’, and issue Kurdish of the Dimensions way. different followed very events and progress However, Republic. app basic the summarized idea this traditions.” and beliefs races, of terms whole in a constitute they languages, different speaking although and way in any Turks of Lausann conference necessary. of nat readings historical over head, oursheart are like which societiesthe In here. to note important is Nations’ of book Origins Ethnic ‘The in his revealed that unique approach and different Smith's Anthony Especially influenced have they as much changes as conditioned the has which identities, and loyalties collective of existing framework have defined the republic ethnically” republic the defined have would which Republic, Turkish notthe and description, patriotic a therefore and 1923,republic in There was Kurdish identity in Turkey with other Muslim ethnic minority ethnic minority other Muslim with Turkey in Kurdishidentity was There According to Erol Kurubaş who prepares a thesis ‘International ‘International thesis a prepares who Kurubaş Erol to According of founders werethe of aware that Turkey emphasizes FerozAhmad n any concept of nation. Moreover, most of the Kurds were devout Sunni Sunni devout were theKurds of most Moreover, nation. of concept any n

by an ideology wary of Islamic religious observance and non and observance religious Islamic wary of an ideology by

on the ground (social base) in eastern/southeastern Anatolia. in eastern/southeastern base) (social ground on the “there is no evidence of widespread support for Kurdish Kurdish for support widespread of evidence no is “there (Levitt and Ciplak, 2012: 456). 2012: 456). Ciplak, and (Levitt “they were careful to call it the Republic of Turkey, a territorial territorial Turkey,a of theRepublic it call careful to were “they e in 23 February 1923 that “ 1923 that February 23 in e

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations

roach in the minds of the founders of the of the founders of the minds roachin the

(Ahmad, 2003: ix). But as a matter of fact, ofmatter a Butas ix). 2003: (Ahmad, he Republic of Turkey, second element is is element second Turkey, of he Republic (Jenkins, 2008: 88). Ismet Pasha said in said Pasha Ismet 88). 2008: (Jenkins, the framework” Krbş 2004: (Kurubaş, (Minorsky, Bois, 2008: 76). In fact, fact, 76). In Bois,2008: (Minorsky,

of Nationalisms and National Imaginations Kurds are not different from from different are not Kurds

When they found they When the he cross and reciprocal reciprocal and he cross

(Smith, 1996: 13). 13). 1996: (Smith, 199 the founding of of founding the “State building “State building - - 203). Le first of all is all of first ninist class ninist ionalism is

Kurubaş Kurubaş - Turkish Turkish “the “the “For “For -

253 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 254 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) least in certain settings by the terrorist attempt (Bostancı, 1999: 97 1999: (Bostancı, terroristattempt bythe incertain settings least thatresistance are to Both form used is at elements basis mistaken. are problem root the at reasons economic or phenomena nationalist or ethnic look for who Those instability. economic and political creating platforms international in competitiveness to aimcountry's reduceof the Turkey development environme external that; say they and this define who people reason main the as enemy’ external of ‘stimulation show this, ' terrorism ' as problem to addition In term. medium the in urbanization’ inve sector private and ‘government of problem the solve will which applications are there that; state Also they standards. living and ofintegration social factor hindering relations, low pointout of form ownership,feudal they land the and and conviction on the human rights d human the on conviction and nationalists. Kemalism 10.8% and Islamism 9.7% are identified. Also, there is Also, there identified. are 9.7% Islamism and 10.8% Kemalism nationalists. respo is question results, to According a as question political asked. is first degree yourself identity?” you describe Eğitim- da interesting reveals socio use dispute’ ‘area an as problem this background which is ‘legitimized crisis management’ in the form of national national of form the in seizure hysteria management’ crisis ‘legitimized is which background a as institutionalized to be began threats and enemies to warning the l reflexes, national emptying demonstration revenge deepens, system political of the congestion the as long As tool. propaganda a as and policy tool relations a ofpublic as format’ the point this At ofwith introduction politics. the agenda on dominant Turkey’s completely beenhave issues martyr funerals.These the brought increasing about 1990s of terrorism from in the acceleration Turkishhatred opinion. public Increasing rea of mixture is that explosion serious very to a led Southeast and East in the lines socialist sometimes character, ethnic nationalist sometimes opportunities have been destroyed (Bostancı, 1999: (Bostancı, destroyed been have opportunities reconciliation and ways solution civilized and possible solution, peaceful its press Ifspeaking details. all and with ofprohibited is problem initiative peace debated and spoken not if is it solved be cannot problem the "A issue, Kurdish for of text common the of words the in said is it If ‘Terrorism’. ‘Sou is second the problem’, ‘Kurdish is all of first can mentioned: be title a as problem of naming themselves which take attitudes basic three The arena. in international to image relations fromsocial politics, Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk Results of research called ‘Otherness as a common identity in Turkey’ Turkey’ in identity common a as ‘Otherness called research of Results The desperate side bringing to terror dimension, of cases which appear as as which appear cases of dimension, to terror bringing side desperate The Today, Turkey faces with a with faces Turkey Today, i Sn taei Rsac Cne cusln Ysn ka, Hw would “How Aktay, Yasin counseling Center Research Strategic Sen Bir , the sensitivity of the people was also activated in ‘national reflex reflex ‘national in activated also was people the of sensitivity the , stment to be realized in the region, being middle class and and class middle being region, in the realized be to stment (Bora, 2007: 197 2007: (Bora, ta ta findings and for Turkey. carrying In by research out this ynching movements, sometimes in a symbolic in a symbolic sometimes movements, ynching - 198). 198).

serious problem that is from economics to to economics from is that problem serious imension (Kurubaş, 2004: (Kurubaş, imension

nt that do not want the growth and growth and the want not do nt that - economic perspective inanalysi their perspective economic nded as 22.8% democrats, 22.6% 22.6% democrats, 22.8% as nded theast Problem’, the third is is third the Problem’, theast

95 - 96). People who define who define People 96). 349 ure for applied is - - 98). 352). ction, anger, anger, ction, - income as a as income

of the of the s permanent features (Aktay, 2010). (Aktay, features permanent this Aktay, Alevi the that state participants 53.1% About Alevism, identity. secondary a as Islam responded level in primary Turks a as itself who identify those of (86.7%) majority great A Kurds. of population genera the of rate the below stayed level primary in the Kurds as themselves who describe of those rate level, primary inthe aMuslim as identity cultural their chose Kurds partof large the very a while research, to the According replied. partici 32.9% Turk, as participants 52.6% Interestingly identity?”. a as cultural degree first “How woulddescribeyourself is you another question society”, fut country’s the of morediscussion a allows controversial that inclimate Turkey a “created to Kieser this is a fact that that fact a is this to Kieser purpose.” same for the or Islamism Islam to recourse had them of Many day and serve to nationalism their electoral campaigns populist 175). 2006: groups”, or religious ethnic different of existence and Krause, 2008: 9). 9). 2008: Krause, and standards” Rights Human international (when)maintaining 355 2004: to protect system balancing a establish should (Kurubaş, acts divisive through pass not does offreedom the remedy sole the that understand must group ethnic The in point. shoul foreign the states time, same the At integrity. unity and the damaging without democratization and rights for human respect approach, assimilationist and repressive upgiving its work ‘Rethinking the Kurdish problem’ (Akyol, 2006: (Akyol, problem’ Kurdish the ‘Rethinking work unity. of guarantee and integration seen is it which history from stemming reasons Alevi Alevis” the particularly other confessions, against discrimination the non unity smoothing ethnic nationalism on both sides. If this issue is solved, Turkey has Turkey issue has this If solved, is sides. on both nationalism ethnic unity smoothing can streng history Turks and throughout integrates Kurds which bond Muslim issue. theKurdish appropriates Otherwise,PKK issue. solution for this Turkey think debatefind ancient East. must and theMiddle of the most peoples /Sunni, Islamist/secular axes. However, Islam could be considered with with considered be could Islam However, axes. Islamist/secular /Sunni,

According to Goltz, in spite of the AKP’s Reforms (2002 Reforms AKP’s of the in spite Goltz, to According According to Kurubaş, ethnic issues can be overcome with state in point point in state with overcome be can issues ethnic Kurubaş, to According In today’s Mustafa Akyol gives place a very striking and illuminating findings in his findings illuminating and striking very place a gives Akyol Mustafa social The faultin the lines - Turkish citizens, particularly the Kurds; privileges for the Sunnis entailed the Sunnisfor entailed privileges theKurds; particularly citizens, Turkish

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255

Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 256 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) community must revive common basic paradigm which constitutes ‘we ‘we constitutes which “ paradigm statement: Fuller’s basic Graham transfers Akyol requirements. today's common to according awareness’ revive must community submitti rather crisis than economic and fluctuations social general with company in evaluated be must time 24 (Akyol,2006: thousand people tribe Kurdish the from volunteers thousand About10 happiness. worry and destiny, common a history, public, shared the by they known well victory Malazgirt 1071 From shaped. is years 1000 over land in this Turkey of of existence vision history”. from lesson take and must century. the20th get of theend must even at It like thepast with Jugoslavization of disaster centuryand 19th the in like Balkanization of disaster with meeting Tur is scenario Adverse Europe. and the Balkans Asia, Central and Caucasus the East, Middle the in policy foreign in its empowerment of the opportunity are not considered as a homogeneous ethnic a aregroup.” as notconsidered Kurds Therefore, the Kurdish. and Turkish both as themselves perceive individuals perceiving them of because theTurks from leave to notwant may in task management) important Turkey” to integrated are who Kurds like world the in integrates (Karskens, 2004: 270). 2004: (Karskens, World. in the 218 2010: Winrow, and (Kirişçi problem ‘commo than way solution better a seems 199). assumption that nationalisms are modern phenomenon, it could be said that this this that could said be it modern are phenomenon, nationalisms that assumption on an based generally is literature in the trend dominant if Even nationalism. evaluate protot single a to not is There of nationalism. problem/syndrome important very is expression ‘Nationalisms’ approach. nationalism cooperation and c and to historical, social their related nationalism. Negative hole’ of ‘Black into entered be should not t in nationalism objective criteria of in Turkey, ethnic of nationalism outcycle vicious getting a as rejected Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk s settled s settled

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ng a systematic wholeness. However, each each However, wholeness. systematic a ng - ultural experiences. Rational self ulturalexperiences. 222). Some Kurds in Turkey (they may have have (theymay Turkey in Kurds Some n communual’ in the solution of this this of solution the in communual’ n

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which which key key changes are also seen in the coast of Turkey with the world. world. the with of Turkey coast inthe also seen are changes these and of ideology character patriarchal and authoritarian place in the traditional/ of deprived culture and geography background to process. process. to background culture geography and history, incorporating mobilization of social direction in the resources moral and material activated care. It medical the with satisfying position consultant the self the with but parenchyma of sample the as considered is which past the surgically to treat attempted it this, To accomplish sense. one in project modernity the o elements main constituted the invincibility and point,defeat comemay oppositionthis At raidthat paradigm. potential a against ideologically and politically itself to guarantee tried it also, ideology, as itself strengthen point, it will be clearly seen that we in a do notlive that seen clearly be point,will it state evolves from ‘statist evolves system international and togovernment its modernization of context solution in the a to bring tended sea), (our Nostrum’ to ‘Mare Sea Mediterranean turned and citizenship simila great a Turkey, obstructions. of national choices canhard facilitate we of way this means By ourto goals. reach thinking betwe tensions conflicts and conclude and to solve ofpositions dynamics social real focuson to So have we real life. in true be not may life social in possibilities valuable Facie’ ethn an is There clearly. more approaches new in seen it as like looks it what not is issue countries. off Muslim notaround break did with it and Russia neighbor big northern the US and and UK the relationswith versatile its Turkey continued time, same perform its just looking and it other nation not from any transfer directly does Turkey of status special that with attitude appropriate an direction.considered this is It in progressed has formation nation of the and society civil and individuals Constitut plan. ideological in ecole nationalist German to near which is followway a Turkey culture in social and philosophy France.However, with phenomenons parallel are approach of elitist decisiveness and administration pe earlier an in bylaw into transformed for discussed is Turkey in secularism of principle the fact, In period. Republic - rescue process is ended, nation building process is laid foundation. At this this At foundation. laid is process nation building ended, is rescue process In this context, it is pointed out that Turkey's' outthat is pointed context, it In this in discussion look at historical we the ofprocess When nationalism Turkey heir Ottom of the Turkey - oriented crisis with republican experience. While experience. republican with crisis oriented - ic core of nations which has been not clearly seen at first sight. ‘Prima first sight. at notseen clearly been ic has core ofwhich nations reproduction of the social fabric and culture, it brought itself in the in the brought itself culture, and it social fabric the reproductionof

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in terms of expansions after Republic and revolution during revolutionduring and Republic after expansions of terms in en people. Sometimes we need to find out some new ways of of ways new outsome to find need we Sometimes people. en - elitist’ coterie to ‘traditionalist coterie elitist’ rity to France is observed on the basis of State / Republic / of / Republic / State rity to basis onobserved France the is modern or postmodern ideology. However, changes changes However, take orideology. postmodern modern

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations an Empire which is an imperial and great power great and imperial whichan is Empire an

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257 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) 258 Mukaddime, 2015, 6(2) called purgation from ideology (Karpat, 2004 (Karpat, ideology purgation from called

on a deep vision. on deep a originated that culturalofand background historical, social uprestructuring with come will reconciliation social great A method. integrative and comprehensive cultu and differences need inevitable. Whatan we is to reading do consenting on to is stage this social humanitarian and cultural a with enrichand them considerate To knowledge. T ethnic the of uprising of reasons main the the were inflexibility codesand cultural the Withoutreading Turkey. of life political in problems ongoing of effect real was nationalism percep of the lack The conditions. social and international realized were forceby of state historical, into nationalize transformation its and process Democratization Mücadele). (Milli Turkey of War Independence leg the of level high and acceptance seen toan be take could It Turkish the Republic. of nationalism oriented secular the towards transformed of State Ottoman tendencies nationalist re toThey society. sense common a who bring thinkers and leaders some handled we period, this For century. over a on goes Thisissue society. a solution in exact an inhibit manner this other each and recognize and cannotaccept incl which reductive nationalist interpretation the ideology. an as considered democrac context ofhistory of the the self with conformity into it bring to nation effort the and ideology state restricts public that as Karpat by in evaluated 2002 is occurred in state occurred evolution ideological an and soften is ideologies rigid face of hard and that possible is to it say integrity, has approaches Karpat’s nationalisms. As a result, nationalisms are even presented as a as religious it ritual, presented even are result, nationalisms a As nationalisms. opportun ideologies provide could synthetic and eclectic to suitable become that models Hybrid solution. to the contribute will it that think we to understand, not easy be may it know if Even we integrity. real constitute do not thoughthey pe and colors to different accommodation of means by clearly, himself see could everyone which globalmirror a offer to want article,we this In unsolved. problems the remain to lead can comfort paradigmatic present orienta and Quest analysis. comparative to the basis a constitute could which studies case place to giving weakness theoretical prevent can it ideological discourse, official the Beyond reflection. Mehmet HişyarKorkusuz,ErsoyKutluk oday, it can be cooperated with the importance of the beliefs, tradition and traditionand beliefs, importancethe of with the canit cooperated be oday, mind mind usjust ofa bitmountaintops movements. little Traditional national In this article our preferences based upon a broad scanning. Because of of Because scanning. broad uponbased a preferences our article this In of process The An ecoleth ity for cultural reading as an explanation methodology of the nature of of of nature the methodology explanation an as reading cultural for ity

at you ignore could have a great social impact and a broad broad a and social great impact a you couldat have ignore - oriented ideologies, if conservatism and liberalism is liberalism and conservatism if ideologies, oriented ral colors in order to sustain their presence with a pluralist, pluralist, a with presence their sustain to order in colors ral

coming into power the Democratic Party in 1950 and AKP AKP and in 1950 Party Democratic power the into coming - based reactionary nationalism in Turkey after 1980’s. 1980’s. after Turkey in nationalism reactionary based

itimacy on the international area after the the after area international on the itimacy y. In this context, the post context, the Inthis y. tion for legitimacy that are provided by by provided are that for legitimacy tion - 2005: 31 2005: that brings nation to forefront brings that - identity and culture accord in in culture and accord identity udes sectional style people sectionalstyle udes - 37). Although in fact in fact Although 37). tion and vision of of vision and tion rspectives even even rspectives - 2002 process is 2002 process -

educa roteon based that mind in tendencies conformist monotype to preferred be should areas problem the Discussing attitude. this clinched closed to being criticism of Tendency models. of ofethos and peacemaker peace aggression. conditioned nationalistic, for diminishing exist methods Many societies. of type in this tool political multifunctional a as works reflexes conditioned nationalistic Predominantly preferences. conditioned b go that to evaluate ways objective are stronghave There aspect. religious that communities true inthe example this Particularly belief. religious a as to seen pretending on effort its is current mode tradition to from transition of period the In religious. and divine not are they that clear is prototype. prototype. aboutuniversal a talk to no is possibility there matter in this Moreover, difficulties. such of complications of rid to get step first is skills of developing Abdülhamid. (1999). (1999). Abdülhamid. Bibliography nationalisms. the revisit to background useful very be articlethis will that to emphasize like solution to a opportunity an give may we of view, B guidelines. from starting efforts union our build and recognize could we children), their and Eve and (Adam facts cultural some activating factor, humanitarian Asa level. energy kinetic level to the energy potential fromthe commoncultural sense conv is done be to thing us.first The guide that conclusion can draw searchwe our history we of country, the When language. peace comprehensive and a constructive not a roughbody but with tough language and with beli is Contrary to moment. that any at firefighter a as sensitivity with to intervene ready to be need might up. You fire this against precautions notenoughbe to take may It experiences. crude and Aktay, Y. (2010). Türkiye’de Ortak Bir Kimlik Olarak Ötekilik Araştırması. (July 28, 28, (July Araştırması. Ötekilik Olarak Kimlik Bir Ortak Türkiye’de (2010). Y. Aktay, (2008). Akçura, Y. (2009). Akçura, B. E. Brenner, H.; Krause, Y.; S. T. Alexander, (2008). (2003). F. Ahmad, Akyol, M. (2006). (2006). M. Akyol, Arai, M. (2008). Arai,M. (2008). 2010). 2010). Union. and TheEuropean kimlik (Translated b (Translated tion system, although it is difficult to overcome. Good learning and althoughGood and learning it isdifficult system, to tion overcome. ‘Nationalism fe ‘Nationalism - olarak

http://www.haberturk.com/ya y means of looking at the subject from a different and unique point point unique and different a from subject the at looking of means y

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Osmanlı’da Yöneten ve Yönetilen: Bir Şerif M Şerif Bir Yönetilen: ve Yöneten Osmanlı’da ilytiii Ü Hl: ilytii, uaaaâlk İslâmcılık Muhafazakârlık, Milliyetçilik, Hali: Üç Milliyetçiliğin eizaa Said Bediüzzaman Selamun Aleyküm Komutanım. Aleyküm Selamun Dünden Bugüne Ta Bugüne Dünden First published. New York: Cambridge University. University. York: Cambridge New published. First Türkiye’nin Temel Meseleleri Temel Türkiye’nin Türk İslâm ÜlküsüI İslâm Türk

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- i Hayatı. Hayatı. i ardin Çözümlemesi. ardin

umhuriyeti.

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İdeolocya Örgüsü. İdeolocya Rapor 3/4. Rapor Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis DimitrisKamouzis Fortna,Katsikas, Stefanos C. Benjamin -

289. 289. Jön Türkler Maddesi. Türkler Jön

- 76. 76. tas (Edited by). First published. New York: Routledge, York:Routledge, New published. by).First (Edited tas Gerrit Steunebrink, Evert van der Zweerde (Editors). Zweerde der van Evert Steunebrink, Gerrit xvii. xvii. Hans .

From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey Manifestations Işık Kuşçu (Translated by). Ankara: Avrasya Stratejik Stratejik Avrasya Ankara: by). (Translated Kuşçu Işık

- Tenth Edition. İstanbul: Diriliş. İstanbul: Edition. Tenth Lukas by).London Lukas (Edited Kieser İ

stanbul: Büyük Doğu. Büyük stanbul:

İstanbul. Kürt Sorunu: Kökeni Kökeni Sorunu: Kürt Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post Towards Nationalism: Beyond Turkey Third Edition. İstanbul: Türki İstanbul: Edition. Third - Political Strategy Contrary to Civil Society. Society. to Civil Contrary Strategy Political 45. İstanbul:Ötüken. - Fifth Edition. İstanbul: Büyük Doğu. Doğu. Büyük İstanbul: Edition. Fifth

Nineteenth Century to 1922). 1922). to Century Nineteenth

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İstanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ansiklopedisi, İslâm TDV İstanbul:

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