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Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Inventory and Production Control Erick C. Jones

Evaluating the Impact of Sustainability and Pipeline Quality on the Global Crude Oil Supply Chain

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315159096-3 Erick C. Jones, Sunny Paraskumar Jain Published online on: 05 Dec 2019

How to cite :- Erick C. Jones, Sunny Paraskumar Jain. 05 Dec 2019, Evaluating the Impact of Sustainability and Pipeline Quality on the Global Crude Oil Supply Chain from: Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook, Inventory and Production Control CRC Press Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315159096-3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Quality on the Global Crude Oil the on Global Crude SupplyQuality Chain Evaluating Pipeline and the of Impact Sustainability 3 peaking in 2005. in peaking 2013,tion in lowest since the level declined has petroleum 1986. since U.S. on imported dependence for 33% accounted exports) and consump averaged of minus U.S. petroleum 6.2 MMbd total (imports products petroleum and oil crude of imports Net products. refined and liquids of petroleum exporter anet States United oil), (very the was which made products crude little petroleum and oil of crude MMbd 2013.3.6in also exported products The States refined United and liquids of petroleum MMbd 7.7 about imported States United MMb The situation. on current based necessity people’s American sustain to which isessential countries, different from oil import States United The 3.1.1 3.1 Colombia. and Russia, Indonesia, of industry oil of overall costs the the affect sustainability facility and quality ofhow costs pipeline the showthat efficiency curves are chapter of this outputs for supply The oil Indonesia. outbound chain the Colombia. Russia, and WeIndonesia, previous extend model, which to supply represent our seek chain cost of for supply oil chain total the optimize to used case facility. friendly This environmentally an of costs sustaining the and pipeline condition of the quality the with associated costs ofuse different allow the to was modified and DCs, of the capacity the cost and (DCs) on transportation centers based of locations distribution optimal the Shapiro). However, determine to used model was originally this (Author: Chain Supply the in Modeling shown quality and pipeline sustainability refinery with ciated asso costs the and costs, refinery cost, associated and distances Colombia transportation on oil based and Indonesia,Russia, among oil crudesupply chain to compare efficiency is model modified curve The Jain Paraskumar Sunny Jones and C. Erick could be taken by the U.S. by challenges. the taken government these be help to could alleviate what steps and most challenging the are which to foreign as sources oil regards in ismore consideration relationships. international U.S. Today, on the influence to impact the foreign continues large policy and it not negatively does that nation’s a the had has dependency affect security. This national economy and and States United the to challenges strategic on not foreign present does oil dependence The States. United the to possibly oil and stops exporting demand manipulate to decides Arabia Saudi or Canada U.S. the to economy impact if the about isaconcern There Arabia. Saudi &OPEC member Canada for imports need the reduced plies and domesticsup expanded liquids plant gas natural and oil of domestic production crude in gains strong of use domestic biofuels (ethanol Additionally, biodiesel), consumption. and leum increased the and petro in decline the to contributed all growth of economic behavior, patterns consumer in and changes improvements, efficiency 2008, of crisis following financial the downturn economic The ply patterns. This trend is the result of a variety of factors including a decline in consumption and shifts in sup in shifts and consumption in of adecline including factors of result avariety isthe trend This The current U.S. sources for oil are not limited to politically stable countries, but it majorly stable countries, on relies politically to not U.S. limited for are oil current sources The Introduction The U.S. Dependency on Foreign Oil Foreign on U.S. Dependency The . d of crude oil, and 2.1 and oil, of crude 49 - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 ceptible to Middle Eastern manipulation. While the United States does import a larger percentage of percentage a larger import does States United the While manipulation. Eastern ceptible Middle to Figure 3.2 Figure 2013—see in States for United two top foreign the the sources oil representing countries those for 42%accounted 21%, and in resulting respectively, imports, products petroleum and U.S. oil of the crude Arabia Saudi and 2013. in States Canada United from the to Oil products petroleum and oil of crude 55.8% exported 31.8%, and Emirates Arab United and respectively, Arabia, Saudi Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq, as such countries Gulf Persian the and U.S. the and territories; Caribbean, the America, Central and South, 50 United St by United U.S. leaving the security homeland which threatens Arabia, one country, Saudi from come 21% fact that is problematic due the to imports products This petroleum U.S. and oil of the net crude 3.2 3.1 Figure on foreign dependent oil—see States United the making 6.57 MMbd, equaled products petroleum and oil of crude U.S. the Therefore, net imports 2013. during products petroleum and oil 12.31 of crude produced and MMbd products of petroleum day (MMbd) per 18.96 barrels estimated million an consumed States United the that U.S. stated The EIA 3.1.1.1 2014.) October U.S. EIA, Data: 2013. (Preliminary FIGURE 3.2 2014.) October U.S. EIA Data (Preliminary FIGURE 3.1 Most of the imports came from the western hemisphere. The western hemisphere including North, North, including hemisphere western The hemisphere. western the from came Most imports of the eerh Significance Research rbe Statement Problem U.S. net imports of crude oil and petroleum products from Saudi Arabia, Canada, Russia, and Colombia in in Colombia and Russia, Canada, Arabia, Saudi from products petroleum and oil of crude U.S. imports net U.S. petroleum and other liquid production, estimated consumption, and net imports from 1995 2013. to from imports net and consumption, estimated production, liquid other and U.S. petroleum Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply [U.S. EIA]. [U.S. ates

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 other nations as opposed to other global sources. global other to opposed as nations other from oil crude import cost-effective to more it States for becomes United so that oil the of crude quality incentives improve supply to the chain environmental and economic providing about decisions supports overall objective model that The for investigate is to oil export. aMIP crude produce to ability their dictate will countries of of supply each these oil chains crude the suggests that and costs supplyoil chain on crude have impact will an sustainability Additionally, costs. supply oil environmental chain the crude the impact will quality supply oil chain crude the that hypothesizes chapter This needs. oil crude global investment possible for as future identified candidates be for can such Indonesia as howand countries and optimized quantified be can supply oil chains crude ishow countries impact investments other into broader the Furthermore, costs. supply incentives, and chain environmental quality, sustainable chain supply oil crude between trade-off the to respect with model was built This for export. products oil crude more produce and supply oil chain crude their efficient Colombia more in Russia, be and Indonesia, can as such nations how identifies other model that (MIP) programming amixed-integer by introducing respectively product, (see 1.2). petroleum Figure and oil Cold Worlding War. the during War and II dur signed due treaties to ally an isconsidered Canada Canada, from products petroleum and oil crude national treasuries. national flowto the fund of have value company. maximize to of the the companies pressure These maximize to objectives mandated have model. governmentally They with compete to value maximization stakeholder profitability. the increase to and company’s investment decision raise to makes Management time. of return rate well future as as current integrity. environmental and performance improveto and cost of long-termminimize feasibility company.the to Technical efficiencyrequired is ensure to activities important are demand meet to sales and expand to production ability and replacement ( market duction, exploration, development and afunctioning assure to activities pro managing through maximized should be value value, of of resources shareholder the oil maximize industry, to the oil In and value.shareholder profit maximize isto most of of goal companies the The 3.4 for investment. candidate ideal an be to ability their for supply oil dictate given chain will nation crude the gest that sug cost and supply the chain impact will sustainability and quality pipeline the that hypothesizes giveninvestoil benefit for to question crude in supplyof nation?” is it This economically chain following answer the to question: global attempt “When dissertation this Therefore, States. United of the requirement the accomplish to nation other from oil buy to crude and invest infrastructure to findnecessary holders it stake and other companies, U.S. refining oil The government, crude 3.3 sustainability will have an impact on crude oil supply chain costs and suggests that the crude oil supply oil crude the suggests that and costs supply oil chain on crude have impact will an sustainability Additionally, costs. supply oil environmental chain the crude the impact will quality supplyoil chain crude the that hypothesizes chapter This needs. oil for crude global investment forcandidates future possible as be as suchidentified Russia/Colombiaand howcan countries and optimized, quantified be Arabia”. Saudi and “China and Iran” and “China like wascome not expectations able meet to Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global The significance of this research is to seek impacts of the the of impacts on U.S.dependency problems seek to foreign is oil research this of significance The Russia Colombia U.S. from to and oil 7% isapproximately According 4% and EIA, U.S. of the crude There are several examples of unsuccessful deals between national oil companies in which the out which the in companies oil national between deals several examples of unsuccessful are There do not follow companies so these companies, oil national their of governmentA majority operate in profit helps goal make to accomplish to production organizing company of the management The Furthermore, the broader impact is how investments into other countries crude oil supply chains can can supply oil chains crude ishow countries impact investments other into broader the Furthermore, eerh Purposes Research Research Hypothesis Questions and Pirog, 2007 Pirog, ). Reserve 51 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 3.5.1.1 3.5.1 3.5 global to other sources. opposed Russia/Colombia from oil as crude import cost-effective to more it States for becomes United that the in Russia/Colombia so specifically oil, of crude incentives quality improve supply to the mental chain environ and economic providing about decisions supports objective model that investigate isto aMIP overall The for oil export. crude produce to ability their dictate will countries of of each these chains 52 FIGURE 3.3 well following to which the leads from information: collected are several take years. can or which gas, an oil before finding one area multiple wells have in companies drill Therefore, to wells, hydrocarbons. on average,of three contains wells. drilling surveys and seismic ­primarily using reservoirs gas and oil geophysicists. geologists locating by and petroleum Itsurface contains Earth’s (oil deposits exploration gas the for discovery and gas) hydrocarbon is the and Oil underneath 3.5.1.3 ( consist ofprocesses fivemain exploration oil processes production and international, E-tech to reservoir. oil According the determine to its characteristics and structure rock observe Geologists time. ancient since used been has Petroleum 3.5.1.2 1% for composition. less account than iron total of and the such copper, nickel, as vanadium, metals while 6% 10% up oil, between and make of crude typically oxygen, such nitrogen, as compounds sulfur and how Organic and oil it isextracted. of crude type on the 50% 97% to from depending vary tion can composi their oil, of component crude primary the usually are hydrocarbons While of metal. amounts liquid. into hydrocarbons the where geologic shale turn have and conditions to sufficient sands not been of hydrocarbon-saturated deposits or formations also are non-renewable That’sform. There source. iscalled oil energy why crude to of years millions it needs because reproduced be cannot reserves Oil reservoirs. called strata rock it forced eventually porous into and oil, crude we call that liquid ahydrocarbon-rich biomass into the overlying of the pressure turned rock the and Geologic heat rock. sedimentary into formed that sand and biomass) biomass was ago. covered the years lived by many years, Over layers many that of silt, mud, (called plants and of animals remains the from was formed petroleum, as known commonly oil, Crude During exploration drilling, information about the rocks and fluids and rocks (water, the and about samples and oil) gas, information exploration drilling, During every one out and of dollars it millions costs expensive, because Exploration isan operation high-risk small and compounds, organic of hydrocarbons, comprised Earth the found isaliquid within oil Crude • • • Background Exploration What depth the oil or gas occurs at. occurs gas or oil the depth What How present be much might gas or oil location at that any hydrocarbons are there Whether Crude Oil and Petroleum Product OilCrude and Exploration Crude Formation Oil Crude Exploration Oil Crude oil exploration process. exploration oil Crude Appraisal Figure 3.3 Figure ). Development Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Production Decommissionin g - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 can be protected. be can affected ecosystems or communities Evenbons. the developments if happen only importantly, more will development the hydrocar and exploration,selling wellfrom profitpay as as costs, appraisal back their offshore developments. than much cheaper developments Onshore typically are needed. of the number wells and complexityand the facilities, of the size location, on field, gas or depending because of the number of involved people number of sites. the because construction at phase this in ishighest of accidents risk priority. isatop safety The and facilities, production building involved be of can people thousands in Many facilities. planned the who build engineers project and production of phase wells first the who development drill the Executing engineers involves plan drilling environment). a not find waydevelopto the fieldsafely, the and profitably, communities terms of responsibly and (in might stage, they appraisal money the in and investing time iseven face companies after that risk One reservoir. the move through how reservoir, and will away fast gas or oil well, the discovery in how the be much might from gas or oil change orrock properties outfluid find to whether For better. example, try they reservoir the understand of dollars. of millions hundreds to cost tens and several years more take can activities reservoir. These the image better to order in acquired be also might survey seismic field gas or and oil properties. ofits size the the about uncertainty the reduce isto phase of this lifecycle. of purpose the phase The move appraisal the into discovery, gas or oil they an then makes and exploration drilling their with issuccessful acompany If Appraisal 3.5.1.4 company’s aprofit. make to begin they investment, and revenuemoney the (or of years, the anumber exceeds revenue) gas. or After oil the selling from comes first the field gas or and oil an from extracted are which hydrocarbons during phase is the Production Production 3.5.1.6 (andactivities involved) people are main The production. before full-scale and appraisal successful development after The place takes stage Development 3.5.1.5 Exploration activities can also be risky because of because risky be also Exploration can activities Chain Supply Oil Crude Global No oil or gas field will be developed unless the company believes that they will make enough moneyto make theybelieveswill company the developedthat be No field gas or unless oil will It costs hundreds of millions, sometimes billions of dollars and typically 5–10 typically and of dollars billions sometimes of millions, It hundreds costs developed.be field gas or oil can the that decides acompany if issuccessful stage appraisal The wells geologists; surveys helpMore and seismic petroleum engineers geophysicists reservoir and reservoir. Another the from samples and information collect to drilled wells more are appraisal, During • • • • • • To decide what the best export route might be for the oil and gas (logistics engineers). gas and for oil To be the might route export best what the decide or customer engineers) (facilities refinery oil/gas before it the issent a to process to To required are facilities what production decide engineers)To wells design for production (drilling best the the decide (geologists, engineers) gas or geophysicists, oil reservoir the and produce Toto develop to aplan drilled form field, gas or be including oil to how the many need wells though safety isalways safety though priority. atop wells, even surveys drilling or seismic have obtaining can while accidents Safety—people sensitiveor a ecosystem. terrain, difficult or location—remote The years to develop to years oil an 53 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Decommissioning 3.5.1.7 54 FIGURE 3.4 to present force natural only The producing formation. the within pressured naturally are ­fluids which recoveredresult asa is of typically expansionreservoir of oil the produced, field oil first an is When Recovery Primary 3.5.1.8.1 3.4 (see process recovery Figure of consists three process extraction oil fieldcompletingand a oil from well. Crude gas isn’t natural drilling as as and simplejust oil Extracting 3.5.1.8 decommissioning. during on board taken be views will community and requirements Government of dollars. millions many and several years takes step vital facility. This of Mexico.Gulf the in reefs artificial create e.g.,to environment, used are legssteel that tensionof marine legthe benefit they platforms because (e.g.,pose navigation). to aid or place leftin may farm platform be of awind the as Occasionally, part pur for place in another reused or location another at facilities gas and oil as reused be can installations its to condition before development site Some returned began. isremoved, the equipment and all cases, of majority the In recycle or reuse to and materials. environment marine the to risk the reduce isto aim reclaimed. be can materials these disposal, and for onshore dismantling facilities the By bringing construction. their in of materials amounts large requiring vast structures be can platforms and gas refer to Offshore oil used to offshore facilities. usually is no longerterm are profitable.The that sites gas and oil restoring and facilities for production used removing the term isthe Decommissioning drilled or the production facilities improved to maximize recovery of the oil or gas. or oil of recovery the improved maximize to facilities production the or drilled be to mightneed production. wells Additional field of the howmaintain to to best plan performance and health on check the will engineers Reservoir them. maintain and operate to order in facilities production explosion. or spill oil e.g., an environment, the through damaging the or people harming risk nies compa otherwise, critical; are field. the operations production Safe maintaining and onspent operating be will of dollars Every year, millions expensive running. facilities production wells and it the keep isto Project, logistics, and environmental engineers will be involved in decommissioning a production aproduction involved be will decommissioning in engineers environmental logistics, and Project, cables. The and involves pipelines but platform also main removingDecommissioning not the only Operators work in shifts to keep production going. Engineers will usually be located full time at the the at time full located be usually will going. production keep to Engineers work shifts in Operators up 40 to several last years can Production Crude Extraction Oil Crude oil extraction process. extraction oil Crude Secondar Recover Recover Recover Tertiary Primar y y y y y •Other •Chemical •Gas injection •Thermal •Pressure Maintenance(water-gasreinjection) •Water Flooding •ArtiLicial Lift(pump,gas-lift •Natural Flow years, depending on the size of the oil or gas field gas or and oil how of size the on the depending years, Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply ) ). - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 opportunities for growth through the use of various tertiary recovery techniques. recovery tertiary of use various the through for growth opportunities We review to continue future properties. will our to assigned projects recovery tertiary with associated production or reserves no estimated are there time, At this pilot testing. by successful established bility via would commercial contingent upon be expenditures subsequent capital development and programs tertiary future Any future. the in increases production and may reserve to lead testing this successful, the bore.into well and outthe the oil of formation field. The pushes water the into with the oil, but increase pressure in the “gas cap” in a reservoir to drive additional oil to the well bore. the to oil additional drive to “gas areservoir the cap” in in pressure but oil, increase the with flow.mix lower to oil do not the increase gasses in and gasses its viscosity Immiscible other or ­methane, flood), and miscibleinvolvingdioxidedisplacement flood), and carbon (CO recovery (suchas a steam thermal flooding, chemical are recovery of tertiary major types three The production. additional ways in oil facilitate of the that properties the alter to of seeks recovery type this pressure, reservoir recovery”. maintaining to addition In “tertiary iscalled of stage recovery oil A third Recovery Tertiary 3.5.1.10 a reservoir.in place in 10%–20% originally oil of the additional an may produce process recovery Region, asecondary Mid-Continent the in general, In facilities. injection recycled water being the to the for and sale tanks ing hold or going water, oil pipelines to the the with from oil the separate to isused equipment Surface time. the relative increasing amount of over oil, water and with water both contain fluids produced waterflood, a in water used of aresult As the geologic and uncertainties. of engineering is subject variety awide to filled is up, 100% reservoir or when a occurred, whichhas up fill of percentage the up.Estimating fill at100% occurs typically from a waterflood production oil peak up.In 100% isat general, injection fill by fluids replaced produced the all of up”. up”“fill or ashad simply fill which has “reservoir reservoir A as isknown water injection voidage”. through replaced voidage been which to reservoir has degree The depletion” “pressure “reservoir or as to referred which is often gas, of and production oil primary the by caused pressure the loss reservoir injectionof replaces water waterflooding, well Through bores. producing to oil “sweeping” and water pushing or injection through areservoir works by repressuring recovery, recovery. Waterflooding, a secondary of abovementionedform the primary reserves tion and produc in increases in result often techniques recovery well toward oil Secondary bore. the displace andto pressure reservoir increase to reservoir into a injected are fluids which external in techniques many, phase, recovery fieldspositively oil ­ respond but not all, to “secondary primary the After Recovery Secondary 3.5.1.9 to 15%to adeposit. in oil of the up taps often recovery Primary offshore facilities. in used isoften technology lift Gas surface. the to oil the pushing expands, gas The oil. the well back down underneath the ispumped gas natural situations, In some surface. the to more fluids help used bring are technologies, as pumps, such lift artificial falls, 10% from 25%. to ranging typically formation, aproducing in place in originally oil of recovery”, the fraction recovers asmall only “primary as to referred production, stage of This viscosity, permeability, and saturation. pressure, as water such fluidproperties, and mation the of for nature the flow on the depending of oil, impede to act that factors many are there time, same At the differential. pressure the well increasing thereby bore, the in pressure reduce to used often are of well pumps Various bore. producing lower the types the in and formation pressure rock the in pressure higher the between differential pressure well isthe bore the to rock reservoir the move through oil the Chain Supply Oil Crude Global flow more easily, and the increased pressure the surface. to forces it pressure floweasily,increased more the and We are currently field testing new technologies in chemical flooding on some of our properties. If properties. our on some of flooding in chemical new field technologies testing We currently are Chemical flooding involves dense, ­ the water-soluble flooding injecting mixing and Chemical with polymers water Primary recovery first relies on underground pressure to drive fluids to the surface. When the pressure pressure the When surface. the drive to to fluids pressure underground relies on first recovery Primary Gas injection uses either miscible or immiscible gases. Miscible gasses dissolve Miscible gases. gasses CO immiscible or miscible either uses injection Gas oil the makes steam the from heat The formation. the into steam injecting entails recovery Thermal 2 ), hydrocarbon, or nitrogen injection. ornitrogen ), hydrocarbon, 2 , propane, , propane, recovery” recovery” mixture 55 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Figure 3.5 Figure (see temperatures different at condense they recovered as and off boiled are components hydrocarbon tower (a a distillation put into and where different still) is heated oil range. Crude point mixture’s boiling the to of molecules according problem by mixtures isolating this with deal engineers and Chemists each molecule.from products finished It impossible would make nearly isolate every to molecule be and molecules. of different of thousands iscomposed oil Crude physical and separations. reactions chemical complex isvery involves process and The both temperatures. have weights, boiling sizes, and different oil crude components of The various components. into its various oil crude separates process refining most basic The asphalt. and jet fuel, fuel, diesel include gasoline, products These products. ent petroleum differ many into oil crude process Refineries out which comes of oil, aground. isunprocessed oil Crude 3.5.2.1 unit. crude the knownas of also arefinery, unit distillation the into to flowdesigned oil amount crude of Arefinery’s products. maximum the refers petroleum to capacity finished into inputs and other oil crude turns that facilities industrial group of isa refinery oil A crude 3.5.2 56 FIGURE 3.5 emergency and reserves. for stored distribution are products petroleum where the age areas, tostor processed) further oil is fieldsrefineriesthe discovered) petroleum (where to been has (where oil oil movement the the from to oil of concern crude industry gas and oil the storage in and Transportation truck. and barge, rail, include pipeline, methods most important The hand. at situation on the depending available, options of of itself, arange transportation and with in isamajor industry transportation Oil 3.5.2.2 The major products of crude oil according to its specific temperature are as are follows ( temperature its to specific according oil of major crude products The Oil Refinery and Transportation and Oil Refinery Crude Distillation Oil Crude Transportation Oil ). Crude oil distillation process. distillation oil Crude Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Table 3.1 Table ). - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 to fuel our cars, heat our homes, and improve the quality of our lives. of our improve quality homes, and the our heat cars, our fuel to flowon count affordable reliable all and petroleum the we of ensuring to is vital therefore Transportation place. same the in concentrated world. of rarely the But every are corner in supplygrown demand and has products for petroleum-based demand time, globe. same At the the across major reserves from gas Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Name Product Products Oil Crude 3.1 TABLE of locations than oil pipelines can. pipelines oil of than locations network awider reach generally of over oil can and amounts large land for transporting useful are Trains Rail 3.5.2.2.3 of pipeline Disadvantages cover distances. can they enormous and interaction, human little day very out with and day in of amounts oil enormous handle Theycan oil. transporting mostof efficient the means are pipelines Oil Pipeline 3.5.2.2.2 barge: of and ship Disadvantage of oil. units of measured unloading ship. on the tanks enormous in of oil quantities large store tankers implies, name the As ranges. limited haveand networks fixed pipelines of whereas locations, to a variety havetransport they able being of flexibility of and to oil, the huge amounts carry shore. to sea Tankers overseas can from or for transport used oil are ships tankers Oil 3.5.2.2.1 Residuals Fuel oil Lubricating oil Diesel oil Kerosene Gasoline Naphtha Petroleum gas There are four modes of transportation associated with crude oil. crude with associated of four transportation modes are There exploration have recoverAdvances in production and asupply and locate to natural helped of and oil Advantages of pipelines: of Advantages barge:Advantage of and ship allows and for loading easy This barrels. in oil transport to used are ship, barges tankers oil Unlike • • • • • • Difficulties associated with land restoration. land with associated Difficulties operation and construction from uses land other and agriculture to Distraction vessel traffic. instead unknown, still transit unconventional crude of day–to-day Impact Income incentives forIncome landowners. Cost-effective for of producer form transit refineries coastal shipmentat for marine receiving infrastructure on existing Capitalizes Ship and Barge and Ship Boiling Range ( Range Boiling Above 600 370–600 300–370 250–350 175–325 40–205 60–100 40 ° C) Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas State Coke, asphalt,tar, waxes, etc. Used forindustrialfuel Used formotoroil,grease,andotherlubricant Used fordieselfuelandheatingoil Fuel forjetengineandtractors Motor fuel Intermediate thatwillbeprocessedmoretomake gasoline Used forheating,cooking Uses 57 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Truck 3.5.2.2.4 58 of their location with respect to the wellhead. the to respect with location of their regardless of operations production part be to considered are plants gas line, sales the entering to prior remove to impurities processing other water and requires often gas natural because tions. Furthermore, fieldopera are or examples well primary of aspecific with wells, associated batteries storage tank at degassing, and de-emulsifying, such water separation, as processing, oil of gas. or Crude production oil refiner.or a arefinery to for transport acarrier to facility located centrally or a field individual facility an from istransferred oil where the point before the and gas”. water and/or produced the from oil crude separates battery tank wells. the This with associated tery bat leaves oil tank vessel last the the which at crude in point the means separation product ofpoint initial categories: (1) exempt (2) and non-exempt wastes. Agency (EPA) Protection into oil followingwaste two classifiescrude Environmental States United The 3.5.2.3 of truck: Disadvantage destinations. storage intended their to products petroleum refined and oil, delivering process, transport the in last the step are often trucks means This destinations. potential in flexibility greatest of storage capacity, terms but have in they method the transportation oil most limited the Trucks are Disadvantage of rail: Disadvantage Exempt waste ofList exempt E&P non-exempt oil and for crude tertiary and include field secondary, operations exploration,development, primary, the and Primary the wellhead near or at include fieldoccurring activities operations primary oil, crude to respect With end term are The exempt. field operations of end point before primary the generated “Wastes are that EPAThe defines exemptas follows:wastes truck: of Advantage Advantages of rail: of Advantages • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Road traffic congestion and infrastructure damage. infrastructure congestionand Road traffic exempt waste hold and that product storage facilities from bottoms tank water, other Basic and sediment, fluids stimulation Well and completion, treatment, production energy Hydrogenfrom geothermal abatement wastes sulfide fluids production Geothermal of onshore disposed from operations offshore and cuttings fluids Drilling wash Rig Drill cuttings Drilling fluids water Produced for used long be but hauls. can distance for short Ideal Functionality and safety can be affected by adverse weather. affected be can safety and Functionality industries by network other access Crowding out rail Infrastructural benefit. refiner and flexibility producer for Increased Crude Waste Oil Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Non-exempt waste Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Boiler scrubber fluids, sludge,ash and Boiler scrubber wastes cleaning Boiler cleaners acid or Caustic pits (except related pipeline approval by with NDDH) Waste transportation in Used fluids hydraulic and blowdownWaste filters, oil, compressor Used equipment oils lubricating reclaimers bottom tank and oil by crude solid generated wastes Liquid and Refinery wastes exempt waste non- containing or transporting drums and trucks from reinstate drum Vacuum and truck waste acids and solvents, spent wastes, chemicals, spilled painting media, sandblast reinstate, drum drums, such empty wastes company as service gas and Oil Waste solvents Painting wastes tower wastes cooling plant cleaning Gas Unused fluids fracturing or acids equipment production or exempt pits, impoundments, from reserve in wastes volatilized Light organics field operations primary from Waste oil crude blowdown well during aproducing from ejected Materials hydrocarbons dioxide,and volatilized such hydrogenandcarbon as sulfide stream, production the from Gases refining oil but not from stream production removed the from Liquid hydrocarbons of disposed water before otherwise or it removed produced is injected Constituents from retrieval storage and gas Wastes subsurface from lines gathering from wastes Pigging soil Hydrocarbon-bearing fluids Packing sand Produced transportation to ment prior removed deposits equip piping and other from hydrates, and solids, hydrocarbon scale, Pipe exempt an residue it waste in stream) isfrom the and hazardous isitself not the filter backwash and (assuming media, filter Spent filters, sludge and liquid sludge, sponge, hydrogen and iron scrubber sulfide amine precipitated backwash, media, filter amine filters, amine removal, amines, including for wastes sweetening sulfur plant Gas blowdown tower Cooling Workover wastes sieves molecular and backwash media filter dehydration plant glycol-based glycoland including wastes, Gas compounds, filters, of exempt storage disposal or wastes from sludge’sPit bottoms contaminated and impoundments production and vessels, treating fluid separators, emulsion production and from sands, solids, such hydrocarbons, as materials Accumulated - 59 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Figure 3.6 loss isshown Figure in performance. quality-level chain ­supply of plan sampling the ischosen as segment failure pipeline This environment. surrounding the clean to EPA the to paying fines as settlements as well companies oil in result non-exempt which wastes, will excavation example by of isan accidental segment caused ofnon-exempt. apipeline damage Failure are by pipelines are generated that field thus, oil wastes operations; of primary not part are Pipelines 3.5.2.4 60 FIGURE 3.6 supply the into cost goals, and quality production maintaining while strategies, management mental its environ must acompany integrate performance, achieve to order improvementIn environmental in performance. improveto environmental firms on multinational pressure in resulted has Globalization Sustainability Refinery 3.5.2.5 Pipeline quality affects the transportation cost for crude oil. Cause-and-effect diagram for pipeline diagram Cause-and-effect oil. cost for crude transportation the affects quality Pipeline 3.2 Table • • • • • • Drums insulation and miscellaneous solids. miscellaneous and insulation Drums Radioactive wastes tracer wastes Pesticide Sanitary wastes wastes Laboratory ash Incinerator Pipeline Factors Quality shows summary of various causes for failure. causes pipeline of various shows summary Cause-and-effect diagram for pipeline loss. for pipeline diagram Cause-and-effect Natural hazard Third-party activity Operational failure Corrosion Mechanical failure Type Failure of Failure for Pipeline Causes 3.2 TABLE . Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Subsidence, flooding,earthquake, etc. Accidental, malicious,incidental System, human Internal, external Construction, material,andstructural Causes - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 sampling plan. sampling performance- the to according sustainability environmental chosen as usage are energy with deal that processes fuels.to with oil fossil Refining deal which products, refining factor isthe second waste. The emissions, and refineries, for operating usage necessary energy with deal which operations, refining the demand. products petroleum the on vary costs variable refineries’ that such profitsupplymargins chain affect for Refineries conversion demand the increases. capacity increases, demand products petroleum the As products. of petroleum growth demand due the to marketplace global oil crude the affected significantly has industry the oil of sector refining The hydrocarbons. different the separate to peratures tem at extreme heated oil is crude where distillation is process refining the in step first by The rigs. oil extraction actual followingthe process production the in stage second the as serve essentially refineries complex is a Oil Refinery process. metrics. its sustainability determine to candidate a good as process savings. costs chain supply to which leads asset, resource anatural of as itself oil productivity the capable be ofto reserving example ability positive of an isthe the contrary, impact On of dollars. BP ofing billions asettlement well cost as as environment the damaging in resulted of accident Mexico. Gulf This the in animals and explosion 2010, in nature spill oil (BP) Petroleum and British drill which impacted tragic the is certainly have example negative of will positive An ucts costs. the supply negative impact on the chain and impacts prod or processes companies’ with oil associated that Sustainability improve profit to margin. the chain tion of improved recovery techniques are resulting in increased oil output from existing oil deposits. oil existing from output oil increased in resulting are tion of improved techniques recovery Urals-Volga the from produced applica oil the and technologies of use advanced more region. The fields. Samotlor from and Approximately 62% 22%nearly region, produced West of oil while Siberia products. in remainder the and oil crude of 2012, in over 5 MMbd roughly including Russia exported 7 MMbd 3.2 roughly MMbd. consumed (of liquids 10.4 of oil), total which 9.9it was and crude estimated MMbd an Russia MMbd produced Journal Gas 2013, and Oil the to of as January according barrels were billion 80 reserves oil Russia’s 2012, Arabia. Saudi in of fuels liquid and following producer largest States United the proven world. the in Russia third- was the Russia industries largest in isone of the industry petroleum The Russia 3.5.3.1 Industry Oil 3.5.3 soil, harm species, and affect livelihoods. affect and species, harm soil, water, pollute to of have contaminate oil spills potential the of accidental Some risks resource. limited fossil isa oil fuels, all like because unsustainable isenvironmentally itself industry petroleum such, the possible fossil to fuels. and gas, alternatives natural oil, with deals products of the sustainability and waste. Meanwhile, emissions, refineries, for operating usage necessary energy with deal operations conscious. Company environmentally isstill processes negative of the operational impact minimizing but long the run, in sustainable However, operations. not necessarily are green as to operations green referred are conscious operations above environmentally the of sustainability, definition from distinguish annually. To environment surrounding on the impact for their examined are of companies oil operations development. toward industry, the sustainable the progress In wide-reaching make to policies promote that invest practices but business also in operations their through environment natural on the impacts negative not reduce only of will which they degree the to are concerns Sustainability strategies. ­business Document]. [UN needs” their meet to generations future of the ability the ing withoutcompromis present the of needs the as “meeting defined been has sustainability Environmental suppliers. with lifecycle partnerships such unique stages as operational of the which includes all chain, Chain Supply Oil Crude Global There are two sustainability factors that are considered for refineries performance. The first factor is firstfactor The performance. for considered refineries are that factors two sustainability are There refining considers research this performance, on which pipelines focused metrics, quality the Unlike Most of Russia’s West Priobskoye in the notably from Siberia, originate to continues production oil Oil companies need to plan all major operations in advance and manage their costs during the ­ the during costs their manage and advance in major operations all plan to need companies Oil involves as and products, the sustainability exploration processes, production and industry oil the In when their evaluating used ismost appropriately of concept sustainability the For companies, oil . In 2012,. In supply 61 - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 tion of the Tengiz-Novorossiysk,tion of the Transneft-controlled. are System, Tengiz-Novorossiysk,Pipeline excep the with Baku-Novorossiysk. pipelines, and of these All System, North-West Baltic Pipeline include Druzhba, pipelines export Russian markets. European ern deliver west that to oil pipelines of well export anumber as as Baltic Sea, on the Primorsk and Sea such Novorossiysk as Black on the terminals export to oil transport that pipelines networks, pipeline of include domestic anumber pipelines Russia. These in 27% about and produced oil of products oil 88% about crude of all which transports Transneft, state-run by the completelyis nearly run and owned terminals. owned on vessels load independently at and that rail via isshipped remainder the and of 80% Russia’s More than system, continent. pipeline Transneft on the the via countries isexported oil Colombia, other and alesser extent, to Brazil, and, Canada, States, United the in production oil crude in have by largely increases displaced been America South and Russia’s America North to exports oil crude went Americas. mostlyof the to Russia’s remainder the for while Asia, were destined exports oil crude 18% Poland. Around and Netherlands, Germany, the Europe), particularly (including Eastern countries (79%) majority The products. of petroleum of Russia’s2.4 MMbd went European exports to oil crude MMbd. of 1 capacity distillation in crude Russia a with refineries Russia’s operates and of operator facility.Angarsk second-largest the is the refinery,LUKoil largest Journal Gas and the government. from system improvedtax an oil mayand require time take will fields intoproduction tional addi several new2009,bringing fields havesince While come online holidays lower and tariffs. export oil attention. attracting are Island Sakhalin Wood to Mackenzie. 2030, according least at until produce to 1970s, continue it will likely late the production level in peak field sometime its the reached region. it. Tatneft While the in operates 22%about of Russia’s field Romashkinskoye giant The output. in (discovered total 1948) largest the is by Today, Western for Siberia. region, accounting ­surpassed producing region isadistant-second this Urengoyregion.­production. the field gas largest in isthe Priobskoye fieldsand in Samotlor,20% account about for of are which North West WestSiberia Siberian two The oil largest reserves. remaining of portion asignificant contain complex more that are and that at fieldseconomics production improving on depend butwill significant isstill potential production West of region Russia’s ismature, Siberian this two-thirds nearly While ­production, production. total access to ­ respectively. notably have although Shell, region,companies, the foreign governsecured firms Russian bd, (TNK-BP)Samotlor 800,000 and Priobskoye and (Rosneft)than 750,000 more fields extracting Fields t in 62 oil production. oil most of export to its by Colombia 2012, 287,0001.3 2020. country in bd the consumed allowing MMbd reach to Colombian isexpected production that reported Energy and of Mines Ministry The continue. to trend rising 2013 in this production oil expects and just that be over to estimates 1 MMbd EIA 2008. in 2012, of in oil day (bd) per up 61% produced bd Colombia barrels 969,000 produced 604,000 the from Colombia 3.5.3.2 heavy crude oil. Its Llanos basin contains the Rubiales oilfield, the largest producing oil field in the country.the fieldoil in producing largest the Rubiales oilfield, the contains basin Llanos Its oil. crude heavy of predominately area, production important Colombia, an is also central in department, ­jungles. Meta ment. New reform. exploration development by and regulatory were spurred Russia has an extensive domestic distribution and export pipeline network. Russia’s pipeline export extensiveRussia and an has domesticdistribution network pipeline and oil of crude 5MMbd with fuels, 2012, liquid 7.4In approximately of Russia total exported MMbd to Oil according MMbd, of capacity 5.5 distillation oil crude total a with refineries oil Russia 40 has on by tax regions, prompted Siberian Eastern and Arctic the into expanding also are Russian companies and Sea, Caspian northern the Arctic, Russian the Siberia, of Eastern reserves oil potential The Urals-Volga 1970s, late region Soviet of the when the producing it Union largest was was until the West of liquids isRussia’s Siberia 6.4 MMbd for around region, accounting oil-producing main Colombia’s oil production has increased since 2008 because of increased exploration develop and of increased Colombia’s because 2008 since increased has production oil Much of Colombia’s crude oil production occurs in the Andes foothills and the eastern Amazonian Amazonian eastern the and Much of foothills Colombia’s Andes the in occurs production oil crude production in Western Siberia as well. Western as in Siberia production he Western Siberian Basin produce the majority of Russia’s majority the produce Basin Westernhe Siberian developments with oil, the at . Rosneft, the largest refinery operator, has a crude distillation capacity of 1.3 MMbd of capacity MMbd 1.3distillation crude a has operator, refinery largest . Rosneft, the Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 to the null hypothesis: it states that there is there that it hypothesis: states null the to alternative suggests, is the name the as hypothesis, alternative The given hypothesis. alternative by the phenomena investigation, whose relation isunder the form notis no least of relation at or between the there that states that hypothesis is the hypothesis null The hypothesis. alternative the and hypothesis null called are These compared. are two hypotheses testing, hypothesis statistical question. In research the which help To of cost. two supply answer to hypothesis, sets oil we chain introduce impact, evaluate the crude the impact quality pipeline and sustainability oil crude not or the evaluates whether chapter This relation, positive negative, or advance).in isfixed (e.g., is some there ­ be it can particular, relation; in hypothesized of the nature on the depending several forms, for Russia and Colombia. This research utilizes Microsoft Excel Solver Microsoft solve to utilizes forfor research ­ Russia Colombia. and This and ­ the quality to evaluate performance, sustainability refinery and quality pipeline for both includeplans which aproficientfrontier sampling curve, models and baseline MIP generates research This 3.6.1 3.6 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Colombia’sColombia’sto Putumayo basin the fieldEcuador.in to Orito atlinking port Pacific Tumaco from crude transports and bd of 190,000 acapacity has TransAndino, the pipeline, sixth The bd. 340,000 of capacity a with pipeline, RubialesOcensa field the the to linking 2009, late in online came pipeline Orientales Llanos The Colombia pipelines. and Magdalena Oil Alto smaller the pipeline; and Limon Cano bd-capacity 220,000 460-mile, the area; Cusiana/Cupiagua the from bd 650,000 transport to capacity the which has pipeline, Ocensa Covenas. 500-mile at include the These terminal export Cupiagua. and Castilla, fields oil Limon, include large Cano Other 37,000 2008. from in bd 177,000 Rubiales at exceeded production Gross years. 2012, recent in in bd up rise to rates production completion investment the of 1980s, have anew late and pipeline but the increasing Rubiales allowed in Low levelsEcopetrol. and at began Pacific Rubiales production of by partners operated and ment, These two hypotheses statement are stated as follows: as stated are statement two hypotheses These There are two primary research questions that we questions have that section: achieve to research this in two primary are There The largest producing oil field in the country is the Rubiales heavy oil field, located in Meta depart in Meta the field,heavy oil Rubiales is located country the field oil in producing largest The Colombia has six major oil pipelines, four of which connect production fields to the Caribbean Caribbean fieldsthe production to fourColombia of which major connect pipelines, six oil has Null Hypothesis Null for Statement ObjectiveHypothesis #1 Decision RuleDecision Reject H Reject RuleDecision Null Hypothesis Null for Statement ObjectiveHypothesis #2 Research ObjectiveResearch 2 efficiency? supply oil chain on crude quality of pipeline Objective impact isthe Research 1: What Alternative Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Alternative eerh Methodology Research Research Objective and Hypothesis and Objective Research H Reject H Reject H H H a a 0 0 : The crude oil pipeline quality will impact the supply chain cost. supply the chain impact will quality pipeline oil crude : The : The environmental sustainability will impact the supply chain cost. supply the chain impact will sustainability environmental : The : The environmental sustainability will not impact the supply chain cost. supply the chain not impact will sustainability environmental : The cost. supply the chain not impact will quality pipeline oil crude : The 0 if supply chain cost variation is greater than 15%. than isgreater cost variation supply if chain 0 if supply chain cost variation is greater than 15%. than isgreater cost variation supply if chain effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the hypothesized hypothesized of the (the one-sided or direction) direction a yet in effect, unknown What is the impact of sustainability on crude oil supply chain efficiency? supply oil chain on crude of sustainability impact isthe : What some kind of relation. The alternative hypothesis may take may take hypothesis alternative of relation. The some kind optimal solutions. optimal sustainability two-sided two-sided the the 63 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3

To satisfy these three specific objectives, specific several approach steps. we To three these satisfy objective, we introduce three specific objectives: specific objective, three we introduce Solver in engine solve to GRG objective To used Excel the function. nonlinear and achieve research model was worked Microsoft The in DCs. of size the the and distances on transportation based DCs place to locations model shown Shapiro’s DC in show to the optimal research, isutilized book this In 3.6.2 64 quality and sustainability on operational strategies in supplier network. in strategies on operational sustainability and ­quality of achieveObjective to impacts steps Specific economic we phase, the 3. introduce Evaluate this In 3 Phase 3.6.2.3 production”. oil of crude Sustainability determine that achieve Objective to the supply“Evaluate steps factors 2. Specific we chain phase, introduce this In 2 Phase 3.6.2.2 production”. oil of crude quality pipeline determine achieveObjective to steps that Specific we phase, introduce the supply“Evaluatefactors 1. this chain In 1 Phase 3.6.2.1 Step 4—Evaluate the performance level for sustainability performance the 4—Evaluate Step Step 2—Evaluate the performance level for quality performance the 2—Evaluate Step Specific Objective 3. Evaluate the economic impacts of quality and sustainability on operational on operational and sustainability of quality Objective impacts Specific economic the 3. Evaluate oil crude of Sustainability determine that Objective the supply2. factors Specific Evaluate chain crude of quality pipeline Objective Specific determine that the 1.supply factors Evaluate chain Step 3—Questionnaire development 3—Questionnaire Step development 1—Questionnaire Step of performance for refinery sustainability to satisfy Specific Objective 2. Specific to satisfy sustainability for refinery of performance strategies in supplier network. in strategies production production oil • • • • Research CriteriaResearch Approach and With the help of detail study regarding refinery sustainability, the we sustainability, followingevaluate level refinery regarding study help of the With detail Table 3.4 Table From the survey, evaluate the level of quality required to satisfy Specific Objective Specific satisfy to survey,1. From the level evaluate the required of quality Following questions need to be answered to get detailed report. get to detailed answered Following be to questions need product. and process to respect with ability andof Colombia Russia refinery to check sustain its the for study all Conduct adetailed ( it with loss level associated and different Conduct observe to asurvey quality of pipeline 2. 4. 3. 5. 1. Figure 3.7 Figure Table 3.3 Table Usage material. of environment-friendly for have employees? they Do rules safety any Do the company have company the Do recycling any nonhazardous? and safe environmental product the Is forWhat’s consumption proceed? energy the shows the performance level sustainability. shows for refinery performance the ). shows the performance level shows for quality. pipeline performance the process? Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 FIGURE 3.7 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Pipeline survey form. survey Pipeline 3 2 (base) 1 Quality Level Level Performance Quality Pipeline 3.3 TABLE 3 2 (base) 1 Sustainability Level Level Performance Sustainability Refinery 3.4 TABLE New andnotcausing non-exempt waste Good conditionandcausinglittlenon-exempt waste Damaged andcausingnon-exempt waste Refinery SustainabilityDescription Low energy usageconsumption Medium energy usageconsumption High energy usageconsumption Pipeline Quality Description 65 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 where 66 Objective Function B A Step 5—Selection of fieldrefinery oil and 5—Selection Step The oil field from where the oil originates the oil field oil from where i =The C Step 7—Generate the model. the 7—Generate Step data collect to Scenario 6—Generate Step ij ij ij to refinery j field from refinery costs ito =Transportation to refinery j field from refinery costs ito =Fixed to refinery j field from refinery costs ito =Sustainability ( sustainability refinery or quality level pipeline like of given performance selectionthe criteria to for set fields oil according data the represents for Russia Colombia. scenario narios and Each Colombia range wide of with choice have ( refineries so many ( the location field oil all large at and small we introduce Colombia. for Russia and pipeline quality and refinery sustainability impact the supply chain costs. the supply impact chain sustainability refinery and quality pipeline how compare to order in costs variable and transportation the varied that were run scenarios efficiency. refinery and quality efficiency, costs variable Several for the refinery pipeline and and quality costs fixed for pipeline the cost, transportation was oil solved on the function based objective objective The the function. Solver in engine maximize to GRG used nonlinear and Excel Microsoft in model was optimized The DCs. of the capacity the and cost, transportation associated distances, on transportation show to for locations which depends is used DCs ideal Table 3.7 Table For refinery selection, we select only some of the most important refinery. and Russia selection, important select the we most some only Forof refinery For Russia Colombia, and we select two only fields oil each for location. the size, To extend level, we following choose sustainability and field help oil refinery and of With the quality textbook by textbook Shapiro Chain Supply the Modeling in model example DC printed step, the this In sce 24 havelevelwe of total criteria, a performance fieldsand oil to According location ). 6 5 4 3 2 1 j Numbering Refinery TABLE 3.6 4 3 2 1 i Numbering Field Oil 3.5 TABLE Ma x: Z Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—large Samotlor—small Samotlor—large Novokuibyshevsk Kuibyshev Syzran Tuapse Achinsk Angarsk

∑∑ i →→ Russia 44 Russia AXY ij ij ij ++ Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply i BY ij ij Table 3.5 Table ∑ i Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—large Rubiales—small Rubiales—large → 4 - Tibu Orito Apiay Cartagena Barrancabermeja CX Colombia Table 3.6 Table ij Colombia ij Y ). ij

). - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3

Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global

Y X processed and is shipped the oil to where refinery j =The Constraints Step 8—Data Collection 8—Data Step 2. 1. ij ij

j selection field of moving from oil refinery ito binary =The to refinery j field from refinery ito of shipped oil of barrels number =The where D where constraints needed to be less than or equal to 1 in order to work to Solver. order in 1in to are equations equal or These less than be to needed constraints two the of the sum each at location, used be would one refinery only fact that The straint. than refinery capacity. refinery than Constraint Capacity Selection Constraint Selection Exporting Countries (OPEC) public databases, the U.S. website, the (OPEC) EIA company oil Russian public Countries databases, Exporting In the capacity constraint, number of barrels shipped from oil field to refinery must belessmust field oil refinery from to shipped of barrels number constraint, capacity the In The selection of the refineries used at each location was constrained using a binary con using a binary each constrained at location was used refineries selection of the The Crude oil supply chain quality data are collected from the Organization of the Petroleum Petroleum of the Organization the from collected are data quality supply oil chain Crude Russia Country Scenarios Summary TABLE 3.7 Colombia j is the capacity of refinery j of refinery capacity isthe Oil Field Location Field Oil Priobskoye Samotlor Rubiales Cano Limon Refinery sustainability Pipeline quality Refinery sustainability Pipeline quality Pipeline quality Refinery sustainability Pipeline quality Refinery sustainability . Sampling Plan Sampling ∑ Y Y i → 34 12 jj jj 4 +≤ +≤ XD Y Y ij ≤ 1 1 j

Performance Level Performance 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 Scenario 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 19 16 23 20 17 24 21 18 7 4 1 8 5 2 9 6 3 - 67 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—large Samotlor—small Priobskoye refineries. Samotlor—large 68 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 1) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.9 TABLE Samotlor From/To 1) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.8 TABLE model. abase We model as this considered standard. cost remains level quality 2for field pipeline oil in Samotlor the Russia. 2describes Scenario 2 Scenario 3.7.2 level quality 1for field pipeline oil in Samotlor the Russia. 1describes Scenario 1 Scenario 3.7.1 objective.research achieve to testing do hypothesis we will scenarios, 24 for result all the getting After for scenario. each results the Following are scenarios. To 24 solution, all model with we optimum the get have the run to 3.7 Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 9.11117E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run +11. 3.9 Table If pipeline quality level is 2 (good condition and causing little non-exempt waste), its transportation level non-exempt waste), little causing quality condition and is2(good pipeline If its transportation 3.8 Table level cost increases. non-exempt quality causing is1(damaged waste), and pipeline If its transportation Step 9 Step Results quality and sustainability. on pipeline depend scenarios 24 the cost for all total objective Find the function. maximize sustainability. U.S. the U.S. and for EPA The (Ecopetrol). EIA company data collect to websites used are piping), (Transneft company Colombian oil and Corp),(Rosneft transportation oil Russian The model was optimized in Microsoft Excel and used GRG nonlinear engine in Solver in engine to GRG used Excel nonlinear and Microsoft in model was optimized The costs. the variable and costs, fixed the distance, cost, transportation oil includes set the Data —Optimize the Model the —Optimize shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 1. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Angarsk 1,175 2.69 2.53 876 Angarsk 103,000 176,000 129,000 189,000 Achinsk 4.12 3.18 312 596 103 127 113 139 Achinsk

104,000

123,000 89,000 97,000 Tuapse 102 111 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply 2,058 1,916 95 99 1.96 2.41

128,000 101,000 132,000 Tuapse 99,000 111 121 119 128 Syzran 1,382 1,171 2.41 2.57 136,000 147,000 139,000 151,000 Syzran 114 127 107 119 Kuibyshev 4.69 3.49 Kuibyshev 178 384 133,000 141,000 136,000 143,000 111 102 92 97 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 136,000 145,000 142,000 149,000 1,326 1,127 2.48 2.78 95 98 94 99 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 refineries. Samotlor—large Samotlor Samotlor From/To 2) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.10 TABLE From/To 3) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.12 TABLE 2) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.11 TABLE level field oil in Samotlor Russia. 1from sustainability the 4describes Scenario 3.7.4 lower model. base remains than level quality 3for field pipeline oil in Samotlor the Russia. 3describes Scenario 3 Scenario 3.7.3 Priobskoye refineries. refineries. Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Priobskoye Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 7.84129E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run +11. 3.13 Table Table 3.14 Table increases. cost levelusage consumption), energy (high is1 sustainability its sustainability refinery If 3.12 Table level quality is3(new pipeline If cost not non-exempt causing condition and waste), its transportation Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 5.84768E total the Excel we with GRG using +11. obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.11 Table 3.10 Table cnro 4 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 2. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 3. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Distance Cost Distance Cost Cost Distance Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Angarsk Angarsk 1,175 1,175 1.73 2.69 876 2.13 2.69 876 Angarsk 189,000 129,000 176,000 103,000 Achinsk Achinsk 2.78 4.12 596 2.38 4.12 312 596 312 139 113 127 103 Achinsk 123,000 104,000 97,000 89,000 Tuapse Tuapse 111 102 1,916 1,916 2,058 2,058 2.01 1.61 1.96 1.96 99 95 132,000 101,000 128,000 Tuapse 99,000 128 119 121 111 Syzran Syzran 1,171 1,382 1,171 1,382 1.77 2.41 2.17 2.41 151,000 139,000 147,000 136,000 Syzran 119 107 127 114 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 4.69 2.69 4.69 309 384 178 143,000 136,000 141,000 384 178 133,000 102 111 97 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 142,000 145,000 136,000 1,127 1,326 1,127 1,326 1.98 2.48 2.38 2.48 99 94 98 95 69 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Samotlor—large Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor 3) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.13 TABLE 70 Scenario 6 describes the sustainability level field oil in Samotlor Russia. 3from sustainability the 6describes Scenario 6 Scenario 3.7.6 model. abase We model as this normal. considered level field oil in Samotlor Russia. 2from sustainability the 5describes Scenario 5 Scenario 3.7.5 4) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.15 TABLE From/To 4) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.14 TABLE refineries. Samotlor—small Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—small If refinery sustainability levelcostdecreases. (low is3 usage consumption), energy sustainability refinery sustainability its If 3.16 Table levelremains cost usage consumption), is2 energy sustainability (medium sustainability its refinery If Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 5.84768E total the Excel we with GRG using +11. obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.17 Table Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 8.3641E total the +11. Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.15 Table shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil fieldwith oil 4. Scenario associated for cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil fieldwith 4. oil scenario associated for cost and showssustainability cost fixed the Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Angarsk 1,175 2.69 2.13 876 Angarsk Angarsk 189,000 129,000 176,000 103,000 189,000 129,000 176,000 103,000 Achinsk 4.12 2.78 312 596 139 113 127 103 159 133 127 103 Achinsk Achinsk 123,000 123,000 104,000 104,000 97,000 97,000 89,000 89,000 Tuapse 131 111 119 102 102 2,058 1,916 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply 99 95 95 1.96 2.01 132,000 132,000 101,000 101,000 128,000 128,000 Tuapse Tuapse 99,000 99,000 148 128 139 119 121 121 111 111 Syzran 1,382 1,171 2.41 2.14 151,000 151,000 139,000 139,000 147,000 147,000 136,000 136,000 Syzran Syzran 139 119 127 107 127 127 114 114 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 143,000 136,000 141,000 4.69 3.09 133,000 143,000 136,000 141,000 178 384 133,000 122 117 111 102 111 92 97 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 149,000 142,000 142,000 145,000 145,000 136,000 136,000 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 119 114 99 94 98 98 95 95 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 refineries. Samotlor—large Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor Priobskoye Samotlor 5) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.16 TABLE level quality 1for pipeline Priobskoye the field oil in Russia. 7describes Scenario 3.7.7 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 6) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.19 TABLE From/To 6) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.18 TABLE 5) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.17 TABLE From/To Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Samotlor—small Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 8.29875E total the +11. Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.19 Table If pipeline quality level cost increases. non-exempt quality causing is1(damaged waste), and pipeline If its transportation Table 3.18 Table cnro 7 Scenario shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Samotlor oil field oil Samotlor to from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil 6. fieldwith oil Scenario associated for cost and showssustainability cost fixed the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Angarsk Angarsk 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 Angarsk Angarsk 189,000 189,000 129,000 129,000 176,000 176,000 103,000 103,000 Achinsk Achinsk 4.12 312 2.78 596 4.12 312 2.78 596 139 119 113 127 127 103 103 93 Achinsk Achinsk 123,000 123,000 104,000 104,000 97,000 97,000 89,000 89,000 Tuapse Tuapse 111 102 102 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 91 99 79 95 95 Tuapse Tuapse 132,000 132,000 101,000 101,000 128,000 128,000 99,000 99,000 128 108 119 121 121 111 111 99 Syzran Syzran 2.41 1,382 2.14 1,171 2.41 1,382 2.14 1,171 Syzran Syzran 151,000 151,000 139,000 139,000 147,000 147,000 136,000 136,000 119 107 127 127 114 114 99 87 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 4.69 178 3.09 384 4.69 178 3.09 384 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 141,000 141,000 133,000 133,000 102 111 111 82 97 77 92 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 149,000 142,000 142,000 145,000 145,000 136,000 136,000 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 99 79 94 74 98 98 95 95 71 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Priobskoye Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor Samotlor to refineries. model. abase We model as this considered standard. cost remains level quality 2for pipeline Priobskoye the field oil in Russia. 8describes Scenario 8 Scenario 3.7.8 72 From/To 8) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.22 TABLE 7) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.21 TABLE From/To 7) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation TABLE 3.20 lower model. base remains than level quality 3for pipeline Priobskoye the field oil in Russia. 9describes Scenario 9 Scenario 3.7.9 to refineries. Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 5.84768E total the Excel we with GRG using +11. obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.23 Table 3.22 Table level non-exempt waste), little causing quality condition and is2(good pipeline If its transportation If pipeline quality level quality is3(new pipeline If cost not non-exempt causing condition and waste), its transportation Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 9.17049E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run +11. 3.21 Table 3.20 Table shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor refinery 7. with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 8. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Priobskoye from field oil barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Priobskoy from barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Cost Distance Cost Distance Distance Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Angarsk Angarsk 3.09 876 2.13 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 1,175 Angarsk 189,000 129,000 176,000 103,000 Achinsk Achinsk 4.52 312 2.78 4.12 312 2.78 596 596 139 113 127 103 Achinsk 123,000 104,000 97,000 89,000 Tuapse Tuapse 111 102 2.36 2,058 2.01 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 1,916 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply 99 95 132,000 101,000 128,000 Tuapse 99,000 128 119 121 111 Syzran Syzran 2.81 1,382 2.17 1,171 2.41 1,382 2.17 1,171 151,000 139,000 147,000 136,000 Syzran 119 107 127 114 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 5.09 178 3.09 384 4.69 178 309 384 143,000 136,000 141,000 133,000 102 111 97 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 142,000 145,000 136,000 2.88 1,326 2.38 1,127 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 oil field field e oil 99 94 98 95 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Samotlor—large Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor level Priobskoye 1from field oil sustainability in Russia. the 10 describes Scenario 3.7.10 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 9) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.25 TABLE From/To 9) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.24 TABLE 8) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.23 TABLE level Priobskoye 2from field oil sustainability in 11Russia. the Scenario describes 3.7.11 to refineries. to refineries. Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Samotlor—small Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—small Table 3.26 Table increases. cost levelusage consumption), energy (high is1 sustainability its sustainability refinery If Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value +11. is 8.36077E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.27 Table Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 7.49348E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +11. nonlinear, scenario the Run Table 3.25 3.24 Table cnro 11 Scenario cnro 10 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil fieldwith oil Scenario associated for cost10. and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor 9. refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Priobskoye from field oil barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Priobskoye from field oil barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Angarsk 2.29 876 2.13 1,175 Angarsk Angarsk 189,000 189,000 129,000 129,000 176,000 176,000 103,000 103,000 Achinsk 3.72 312 2.78 596 139 139 113 113 127 127 103 103 Achinsk Achinsk 123,000 123,000 104,000 104,000 97,000 97,000 89,000 89,000 Tuapse 111 111 102 102 1.56 2,058 2.01 1,916 99 99 95 95 132,000 132,000 101,000 101,000 128,000 128,000 Tuapse Tuapse 99,000 99,000 128 128 119 119 121 121 111 111 Syzran 2.01 1,382 2.17 1,171 151,000 151,000 139,000 139,000 147,000 147,000 136,000 136,000 Syzran Syzran 119 119 107 107 127 127 114 114 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 4.29 178 3.09 384 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 141,000 141,000 133,000 133,000 102 102 111 111 97 97 92 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 149,000 142,000 142,000 145,000 145,000 136,000 136,000 2.08 1,326 2.38 1,127 99 99 94 94 98 98 95 95 73 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Samotlor—large Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor Priobskoye Samotlor From/To 10) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.26 TABLE 74 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 11) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed TABLE 3.29 From/To 11) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.28 TABLE 10) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.27 TABLE to refineries. normal. We considered this model as a base model. abase We model as this normal. considered Samotlor—small Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Priobskoye—small Table 3.29 Table Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 5.84768E total the Excel we with GRG using +11. obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run Table 3.28 levelremains cost usage consumption), is2 energy sustainability (medium sustainability its refinery If shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil fieldwith oil Scenarioassociated for cost 11. and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (ruble per hundred barrel) from Priobskoye from field oil barrel) cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Angarsk Angarsk 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 Angarsk Angarsk 189,000 189,000 129,000 129,000 176,000 176,000 103,000 103,000 Achinsk Achinsk 4.12 312 2.78 596 4.12 312 2.78 596 139 139 113 113 147 127 123 103 Achinsk Achinsk 123,000 123,000 104,000 104,000 97,000 97,000 89,000 89,000 Tuapse Tuapse 111 111 122 102 115 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply 99 99 95 132,000 132,000 101,000 101,000 128,000 128,000 Tuapse Tuapse 99,000 99,000 128 128 119 119 141 121 131 111 Syzran Syzran 2.41 1,382 2.14 1,171 2.41 1,382 2.14 1,171 151,000 151,000 139,000 139,000 147,000 147,000 136,000 136,000 Syzran Syzran 119 119 107 107 147 127 134 114 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 4.69 178 3.09 384 4.69 178 3.09 384 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 141,000 141,000 133,000 133,000 102 102 131 111 112 97 97 92 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 149,000 142,000 142,000 145,000 145,000 136,000 136,000 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 118 115 99 99 94 94 98 95 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Samotlor—large Priobskoye Samotlor 3.7.13 to refineries. level Priobskoye 3from field oil sustainability in Russia. the 12 describes Scenario 3.7.12 Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 13) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.32 TABLE 12) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.31 TABLE From/To 12) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation TABLE 3.30 model. abase We model as this considered standard. cost remains level quality 2for pipeline 14 Rubiales field the oil Colombia.in Scenario describes 3.7.14 level quality 1for pipeline Rubiales field the oil Colombia.in 13 describes Scenario Samotlor—small Priobskoye—large Priobskoye—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 8.30213E total the Excel we with +11. GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.31 Table Priobskoye from field oil barrel) Table cost (ruble hundred unit per and (km) 3.30 shows distance the levelcostdecreases. (low is3 usage consumption), energy sustainability refinery sustainability its If If pipeline quality level is 2 (good condition and causing little non-exempt waste), its transportation level non-exempt waste), little causing quality condition and is2(good pipeline If its transportation value is 3.6274E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.33 Table 3.32 Table level cost increases. non-exempt quality causing is1(damaged waste), and pipeline If its transportation cnro 13 Scenario 12 Scenario cnro 14 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with oil fieldwith oil 12. Scenario associated for cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario Scenario for 13. refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed Cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Angarsk 2.69 876 2.13 1,175 Barrancabermeja Angarsk 189,000 129,000 176,000 103,000 Achinsk 2.12 300 3.32 248 4.12 312 2.78 596 139 113 107 83 Achinsk 123,000 104,000 97,000 89,000 Tuapse 111 1.96 2,058 2.01 1,916 99 82 75 Cartagena 132,000 101,000 128,000 Tuapse 99,000 1.94 556 2.65 507 128 119 101 91 Syzran 2.41 1,382 2.14 1,171 151,000 139,000 147,000 136,000 Syzran 119 107 107 94 Apjay 3.28 98 4.95 86 Kuibyshev Kuibyshev 4.69 178 3.09 384 143,000 136,000 141,000 133,000 102 97 91 72 Orito 2.14 315 2.76 380 Novokuibyshevsk Novokuibyshevsk 149,000 142,000 145,000 136,000 2.48 1,326 2.38 1,127 99 94 78 75 Tibu 2.43 401 2.91 335 75 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 remains lower model. base remains than level quality 3for pipeline Rubiales field the oil Colombia.in 15 describes Scenario 3.7.15 76 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 14) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.35 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 14) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation TABLE 3.34 13) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.33 TABLE level Rubiales field oil Colombia.in 1from sustainability 16 the Scenario describes 3.7.16 Rubiales—large Rubiales—large Rubiales—small Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.2398E total the +8. Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.37 Table Table 3.36 level quality is3(new pipeline If cost not non-exempt causing condition and waste), its transportation If refinery sustainability level is 1 (high energy usage consumption), its sustainability cost increases. cost levelusage consumption), energy (high is1 sustainability its sustainability refinery If Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4201E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.35 Table Table 3.34 cnro 15 Scenario cnro 16 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor refinery 14. with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario Scenario for 15. refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja 2.12 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 183,000 183,000 178,000 178,000 165,000 165,000 158,000 158,000 127 127 113 113 138 138 124 124 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Cartagena 1.94 556 2.42 507 Cartagena Cartagena 188,000 188,000 185,000 185,000 173,000 173,000 166,000 166,000 114 114 109 109 125 125 119 119 Apjay 3.28 98 4.78 86 149,000 149,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 Apjay Apjay 91 91 88 88 86 86 79 79 Orito 2.14 315 2.59 380 120,000 120,000 114,000 114,000 116,000 116,000 111,000 111,000 Orito Orito 101 101 97 97 98 98 95 95 131,000 131,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.79 335 106 106 102 102 97 97 92 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 15) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.37 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 15) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.36 TABLE Scenario 17 describes the sustainability level Rubiales field oil Colombia.in 2from sustainability 17 the Scenario describes 3.7.17 16) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.39 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 16) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation TABLE 3.38 Rubiales—large Rubiales—large Rubiales—small Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is3.4796E total the +8. Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.39 Table Table 3.38 cnro 17 Scenario shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor 16. refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 2.12 300 2.99 248 2.12 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 183,000 183,000 178,000 178,000 165,000 165,000 158,000 158,000 145 127 139 113 138 138 124 124 Cartagena Cartagena 1.94 556 2.21 507 1.94 556 2.42 507 Cartagena Cartagena 188,000 188,000 185,000 185,000 173,000 173,000 166,000 166,000 131 114 124 109 125 125 119 119 Apjay Apjay 3.28 98 4.53 86 3.28 98 4.78 86 149,000 149,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 Apjay Apjay 105 91 96 88 86 86 79 79 Orito Orito 2.14 315 2.46 380 2.14 315 2.59 380 120,000 120,000 114,000 114,000 116,000 116,000 111,000 111,000 Orito Orito 113 101 101 97 98 98 95 95 131,000 131,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.63 335 2.43 401 2.79 335 117 106 104 102 102 77 97 92 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 refineries. Scenario 18 describes the sustainability level Rubiales field oil Colombia.in 3from sustainability 18 the Scenario describes 3.7.18 78 Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 18) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.42 TABLE 17) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.41 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 17) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.40 TABLE level field oil quality Colombia.in Limon 1for pipeline Cano the 19 describes Scenario 3.7.19 Rubiales—large normal. We considered this model as a base model. abase We model as this normal. considered Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.3942E total the +8. Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.43 Table 3.42 Table levelcostdecreases. (low is3 usage consumption), energy sustainability refinery sustainability its If Table 3.44 Table level cost increases. non-exempt quality causing is1(damaged waste), and pipeline If its transportation Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4201E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.41 Table 3.40 Table levelremains cost usage consumption), is2 energy sustainability (medium sustainability its refinery If cnro 19 Scenario cnro 18 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor refinery with associated cost 17. and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenariofor 18. refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Rubiales field oil from refineries. to barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Cano Limon oil field oil Limon to Cano from barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 2.12 300 3.14 248 2.12 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja 183,000 178,000 165,000 158,000 127 113 138 124 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Cartagena Cartagena 1.94 556 2.42 507 1.94 556 2.42 507 Cartagena 188,000 185,000 173,000 166,000 114 109 125 119 Apjay Apjay 3.28 98 4.78 86 3.28 98 4.78 86 149,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 Apjay 91 88 86 79 Orito Orito 2.14 315 2.59 380 2.14 315 2.59 380 120,000 114,000 116,000 111,000 Orito 101 97 98 95 131,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.79 335 2.43 401 2.79 335 106 102 97 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 18) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.43 TABLE model. abase We model as this considered standard. cost remains level field oil quality Colombia.in Limon 2for pipeline Cano the describes 20 Scenario 3.7.20 Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 20) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.46 TABLE 19) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.45 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 19) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.44 TABLE Rubiales—large Rubiales—large Rubiales—small Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is3.4213E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario +8. the Run 3.45 Table Table 3.46 Table level non-exempt waste), little causing quality condition and is2(good pipeline If its transportation cnro 20 Scenario shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Cano Limon oil field oil refineries. Limon to Cano from barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario Scenario for refinery with 19. associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 2.12 300 3.14 248 2.31 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 183,000 183,000 178,000 178,000 165,000 165,000 158,000 158,000 127 119 113 109 138 138 124 124 Cartagena Cartagena 1.94 556 2.42 507 2.11 556 2.42 507 Cartagena Cartagena 188,000 188,000 185,000 185,000 173,000 173,000 166,000 166,000 114 107 109 101 125 125 119 119 Apjay Apjay 3.28 98 4.78 86 3.46 98 4.78 86 149,000 149,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 Apjay Apjay 91 86 88 78 86 86 79 79 Orito Orito 2.14 315 2.59 380 2.43 315 2.59 380 120,000 120,000 114,000 114,000 116,000 116,000 111,000 111,000 Orito Orito 101 97 97 89 98 98 95 95 131,000 131,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.79 335 2.59 401 2.79 335 106 101 102 102 79 97 93 92 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 remains lower model. base remains than level field oil quality Colombia.in Limon 3for pipeline Cano the 21 describes Scenario 3.7.21 80 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 21) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.49 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 21) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation TABLE 3.48 20) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.47 TABLE field oil levelColombia.in Limon Cano 1from sustainability the 22 describes Scenario 3.7.22 refineries. Rubiales—large Rubiales—large Rubiales—small Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—small Table 3.48 Table level quality is3(new pipeline If cost not non-exempt causing condition and waste), its transportation If refinery sustainability level is 1 (high energy usage consumption), its sustainability cost increases. cost levelusage consumption), energy (high is1 sustainability its sustainability refinery If value is 3.4190E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.49 Table Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4201E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.47 Table cnro 21 Scenario cnro 22 Scenario shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 20. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario for refinery with 21. associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Cano Limon oil field oil Limon to Cano from barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja 1.98 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 183,000 183,000 178,000 178,000 165,000 165,000 158,000 158,000 127 127 113 113 138 138 124 124 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Cartagena 1.75 556 2.42 507 Cartagena Cartagena 188,000 188,000 185,000 185,000 173,000 173,000 166,000 166,000 114 114 109 109 125 125 119 119 Apjay 3.02 98 4.78 86 149,000 149,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 Apjay Apjay 91 91 88 88 86 86 79 79 Orito 1.99 315 2.59 380 120,000 120,000 114,000 114,000 116,000 116,000 111,000 111,000 Orito Orito 101 101 97 97 98 98 95 95 131,000 131,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.27 401 2.79 335 106 106 102 102 97 97 92 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 refineries. model. abase We model as this normal. considered field oil levelColombia.in Limon Cano 2from sustainability the 23 describes Scenario 3.7.23 Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 23) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.52 TABLE 22) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.51 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 22) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.50 TABLE field oil levelColombia.in Limon Cano 3from sustainability the describes 24 Scenario 3.7.24 Rubiales—large Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4201E total the Excel we with GRG using obtain +8. nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.53 Table 3.52 Table levelremains cost usage consumption), is2 energy sustainability (medium sustainability its refinery If Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4200E +8. total the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.55 Table field oil refineries. Limon to Cano from barrel) Table per cost (peso unit and (km) 3.54 shows distance the levelcostdecreases. (low is3 usage consumption), energy sustainability refinery sustainability its If Run the scenario with Excel using GRG nonlinear, we obtain the total value is 3.4204E total +8. the Excel we with GRG using obtain nonlinear, scenario the Run 3.51 Table 3.50 Table cnro 23 Scenario cnro 24 Scenario shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Cano Limon oil field oil refineries. Limon to Cano from barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 22. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 23. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the fixed cost and sustainability cost associated with refinery for Scenario 24. Scenario for refinery with associated cost and showssustainability cost fixed the shows the distance (km) and unit cost (peso per barrel) from Cano Limon oil field oil Limon to Cano from barrel) per cost (peso unit and (km) shows distance the Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 2.12 300 3.14 248 2.12 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja 183,000 178,000 165,000 158,000 127 113 151 146 Cartagena Cartagena 1.94 556 2.42 507 1.94 556 2.42 507 Cartagena 188,000 185,000 173,000 166,000 114 109 144 135 Apjay Apjay 3.28 98 4.78 86 3.28 98 4.78 86 149,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 Apjay 91 88 98 91 Orito Orito 2.14 315 2.59 380 2.14 315 2.59 380 120,000 114,000 116,000 111,000 Orito 101 112 101 97 131,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.79 335 2.43 401 2.79 335 106 119 105 81 97 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Fixed and Sustainability Cost (Scenario 23) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.53 TABLE 82 research: this from results expected three are There 3.8 24) (Scenario Cost Sustainability and Fixed 3.55 TABLE Cano Limon Rubiales From/To 24) (Scenario Cost and Distance Transportation 3.54 TABLE Rubiales—large Rubiales—large

( for eight efficiency provides enough information curves scenarios 24 solution the for optimum all The Rubiales—small Rubiales—small Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—large Cano Limon—small Cano Limon—small Figures 3.8 Figures 2. 3. 1. Conclusion We H our reject to expected more than 15%. than more level cost model supply by the quality chain supply oil impact to chain We crude the expected costs. supply oil chain crude impact sustainability and quality chain model by more than 15%.model by than more cost supply the chain impact factor to sustainability supply oil chain We crude the expected – 3.15 ; Tables 3.56 Cost Distance Cost Distance Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost Fixed cost Fixed cost Sustainability cost Sustainability cost – 3.64 Barrancabermeja 0 ). with respect to predefined hypothesis that the crude oil supply oil crude the that hypothesis predefined to respect with 2.12 300 3.14 248 Barrancabermeja Barrancabermeja 183,000 183,000 178,000 178,000 165,000 165,000 158,000 158,000 127 127 113 113 131 138 119 124 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Cartagena 1.94 556 2.42 507 Cartagena Cartagena 188,000 188,000 185,000 185,000 173,000 173,000 166,000 166,000 114 114 109 109 119 125 107 119 Apjay 3.28 98 4.78 86 149,000 149,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 143,000 136,000 136,000 Apjay Apjay 91 91 88 88 82 86 69 79 Orito 2.14 315 2.59 380 120,000 120,000 114,000 114,000 116,000 116,000 111,000 111,000 Orito Orito 101 101 97 97 91 98 82 95 131,000 131,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 129,000 125,000 125,000 Tibu Tibu Tibu 2.43 401 2.79 335 106 106 102 97 97 95 83 92 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global FIGURE 3.8 FIGURE 3.9

Total Cost 1E+11 2E+11 3E+11 4E+11 5E+11 6E+11 7E+11 8E+11 9E+11 Samotlor—refinery sustainability. Samotlor—refinery Samotlor—pipeline quality. Total Cost 1E+1 2E+1 3E+1 4E+1 5E+1 6E+1 7E+1 8E+1 9E+1 1E+1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 00 4 Scenario Sustainability Samotlor—Refinery 3.57 TABLE 6 5 7 Scenario Priobskoye—Pipeline Quality 3.58 TABLE 1 Scenario Samotlor—Pipeline Quality 3.56 TABLE 9 8 3 2 0.5 .5 1 Sustainability Level 11 Quality Level Quality Level 2 (base) 2 (base) 2 (base) Sustainability level 1 1 1 3 3 3 1.5 Quality leve .5 22 2 l 5.84768E +11 9.11117E +11 7.84129E +11 9.17049E +11 5.84768E +11 7.49348E +11 Total Cost Total Cost Total 5.84768E +11 8.3641E +11 8.29875E +11 2.5 Total Cost Total .5 33 3 .5 3.5 83 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 84 FIGURE 3.11 FIGURE 3.10

Total Cost 1E+11 2E+11 3E+11 4E+11 5E+11 6E+11 7E+11 8E+11 9E+11 Total Cost 1E+12 1E+11 2E+11 3E+11 4E+11 5E+11 6E+11 7E+11 8E+11 9E+11 Priobskoye—refinery sustainability. Priobskoye—refinery Priobskoye—pipeline quality. 0 0 0 0 10 Scenario Sustainability Priobskoye—Refinery 3.59 TABLE 12 11 13 Scenario Rubiales—Pipeline Quality TABLE 3.60 15 14 0.5 0.5 1 1 Sustainability Level Quality Level 2 (base) Sustainability level 2 (base) 1 3 1.5 Quality Level 1.5 1 3 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply 22 22 3.6274E +8 3.4201E +8 3.2398E +8 Total Cost Total 8.36077E +11 5.84768E +11 8.30213E +11 Total Cost Total .5 .5 33 33 .5 .5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global FIGURE 3.13 FIGURE 3.12

Total Cost 339000000 340000000 341000000 342000000 343000000 344000000 345000000 346000000 347000000 348000000 349000000 Total Cost 320000000 325000000 330000000 335000000 340000000 345000000 350000000 355000000 360000000 365000000 Rubiales—refinery sustainability. Rubiales—refinery Rubiales—pipeline quality. 0 0 16 Scenario Sustainability Rubiales—Refinery TABLE 3.61 18 17 19 Scenario Quality Limon—Pipeline Cano TABLE 3.62 21 20 0.5 0.5 Sustainability Level 1 1 Quality Level 2 (base) 2 (base) Sustainability Level 1 1 3 3 Quality Level 1.5 1.5 22 22 3.4201E +8 3.4212E +8 3.4190E +8 Total Cost Total 3.4796E +8 3.4201E +8 3.3942E +8 Total Cost Total .5 .5 33 33 .5 .5 85 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 86 FIGURE 3.15 FIGURE 3.14 and refinery sustainability level. sustainability refinery and cost supplyby chain total 15%. the changed sustainability refinery and quality pipeline the show to both that model needed the hypothesis, each reject to order In testing. Table 3.64 Table hypothesis aboveperform From the and efficiencycase havewe each curves, for variation cost find to Pipeline quality Cost VariationCost by Percentage TABLE 3.64 Refinery sustainability

Total Cost 341990000 341995000 342000000 342005000 342010000 342015000 342020000 342025000 342030000 342035000 342040000 shows cost variation by percentage for Russia and Colombia with respect to pipeline quality quality for shows by pipeline to Russia Colombia percentage and cost variation respect with Total Cost 342150000 341850000 341900000 341950000 342000000 342050000 342100000 Cano Limon —pipeline quality. —pipeline Limon Cano Cano Limon—refinery sustainability. Limon—refinery Cano Cano Limon—Refinery Sustainability Limon—Refinery Cano TABLE 3.63 22 24 23 Scenario 0 0 Samotlor 34% 42% 0.5 0.5 Russia Sustainability Level 1 1 Priobskoye 2 (base) Sustainability Level 28% 42% 1 3 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Quality llevel 1.5 1.5 2 2 Rubiales 6% 2% 3.4201E +8 3.4204E +8 3.4199E +8 Total Cost Total 2.5 2.5 Colombia Cano Limon Cano 3 3 4% 1% 3.5 3.5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Source: 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global information. due lack to of industry oil Russia Indonesian of collection the and for data the limitations certain are for U.S. the data industry. U.S. oil of There providesuseful The copious amounts EIA research. the of scope and of data availability such the as research for this limitations some expected are There 3.8.1 Year Consumption, (1995–2013) Net and Imports (million per barrels day) Appendix value factors. add-on some other and of transportation oil type as variables more adds and countries includes other model that proposed the which uses research, of this continuation the as conducted work be can Future countries. on both activities supply chain of nature the enough considering broad isalready for­methodology scope Russia Colombia. and This needs. global investment for future for possible as such Russia Colombia considered as candidates be and can countries exporting mized; and opti quantified be can supply oil chains crude how countries’ investments other are into research proposed of the cost for on supply impacts Russia Colombia. broader chain and The ­sustainability environmental and quality of pipeline is a comparison research proposed of the importance The Work Future 3.8.2 In In other world, pipeline quality and refinery sustainability will impact the supply chain cost. the supply impact chain will sustainability refinery and world, quality other pipeline other world, pipeline quality and refinery sustainability will not impact the supply chain cost. the supply impact chain not will sustainability refinery and world, quality other pipeline The scope of this research is to extend the research for Indonesia Oil Supply Chain and use the the use and Supply for Oil Indonesia Chain research extend is to the research of this scope The For Russia, cost variation is more than 15% in both the cases, so we cases, 15% have hypothesis. the null reject to than both ismore in For Russia, cost variation For Colombia, cost variation is less than 15% in both the cases, so we fail to reject null hypothesis. hypothesis. null reject to so we cases, 15% fail the islessFor than both Colombia, in cost variation Limitation Preliminary DataU.S. EIAOctober2014,web. 3. A: U.S. PetroleumA: U.S. Other and Liquids Production, Estimated 12.31197483 11.11735507 10.13620821

Production 9.68453151 9.13379726 8.56359563 8.46932055 8.31616438 8.32468767 8.72242077 8.76583288 8.99843288 8.95700822 9.05777596 8.9934137 9.27800548 9.46093973 9.44454918 9.39989315 Estimated Consumption 18.88679944 18.49021585 18.88207397 19.18012877 18.77139726 19.49796721 20.68038082 20.68741918 20.80215616 20.73115574 20.03350685 19.76130685 19.64870685 19.70107923 19.51933973 18.91714521 18.62030411 18.3089071 17.72458904 10.93437158 12.21106027 12.3712548 12.47746849 12.00873497 11.26767397 10.76287397 10.69169863 10.64330327 10.52592603 Net Imports Net 6.57482461 7.37286078 8.74586576 9.49559726 9.6376 9.63913973 9.15936438 8.86435792 8.32469589 87 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 (1992–2013)  Source: 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 Appendix Year Colombia and Russia, Arabia, Canada, day (2004–2014) (thousand per barrels Appendix 88 Year Source: 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 U.S. Energy Information Administration. Preliminary DataU.S.EIAOctober2014,web. 3. 3. Net Imports Net B: U.S. Net Imports of Net PetroleumB: Crudeand Imports Oil U.S. from Products Saudi C: Russia Production, Crude Oil Consumption, Net and Exports (thousand per barrels day) 11,114 12,036 12,390 12,549 12,097 5,041 6,237 7,393 8,450 9,441 9,667 Crude Oil Production Oil Crude 10,053.8438 9,921.6093 9,773.5178 9,694.1145 9,495.3649 9,356.7836 9,437.0634 9,247.2055 9,043.0822 8,804.7077 8,132.1988 7,408.173 6,917 6,479.202 6,078.948 5,854 5,920 5,850 5,995 6,135 6,730 7,631.929 Saudi Arabia 1,162 1,326 1,364 1,193 1,096 1,003 1,529 1,483 1,462 1,536 1,557 Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook Logistics and Engineering Chain Supply Consumption 3,515.143 3,395.109 3,352.108 3,134.8999 2,888.534 2,981.919 2,885.101 2,803.4681 2,785.1365 2,750.8139 2,681.8629 2,636.4088 2,590.2318 2,578.4981 2,537.6239 2,488.6083 2,562.4824 2,619.4548 2,976.1331 3,178.9824 3,750.4598 4,423.1588 Canada 2,586 2,593 2,530 2,377 2,302 2,257 2,229 2,266 2,194 2,001 1,980 Russia 327 460 477 624 612 562 464 413 368 410 298 Estimated Net Export Net Estimated 7,248.5994 7,199.6916 7,057.955 7,158.9405 7,161.0184 6,893.1139 7,053.0811 6,928.8821 6,726.1051 6,522.9565 5,852.9157 5,022.4824 4,569.503 4,145.1408 3,774.6924 3,581.0568 3,538.608 3,397.1023 3,196.3559 3,127.8767 3,200.5467 3,395.5581 Colombia 174 273 358 371 300 240 181 148 149 188 173 ) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:11 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315159096, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315159096-3 Global Crude Oil Supply Chain Supply Oil Crude Global (1990–2013)  Source: 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Year Appendix Bozon Achebe REFERENCE Blackburn Agbaeze Chima Bjorklund Journal BERA Austria mutual interdependence mutual Award (NSF). 0531661. Foundation Abstract: Science National 2005 1July 2005–31 December iaeng.org/publications Research An International Journal Web. ( issue5/transportation.html , , . , I. C.M. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC). World countries 2012 Outlook exporting Oil petroleum of the Organization , C.H. K.N. Uncertainty and volatility in today’s energy system: Stability, security, and sustainability through through today’s in sustainability volatility and system: Stability, security, and energy Uncertainty , , M. J. 2012

Supply-chain management issues in the oil and gas industry gas and oil the in issues management Supply-chain Designing and managing sustainable closed-loop supply chains sustainable managing and Designing , 3. Analysis of oil pipeline failure in oil and gas industries in the Niger delta area of Nigeria Niger area delta the in industries gas and oil in failure pipeline of oil Analysis

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