Soils and Land Suitability of the Motloutse Area Between Mmadinare and Bobonong

Home , Bobonong, Letlhakane, Mmadinare

AG : BOT/85/011 FIELD DOCUMENT 6

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services

Botswana

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITY OF THE MOTLOUTSE AREA BETWEEN MMADINARE AND BOBONONG

FOOD Et AGRICULTURE UNITED NATIONS REPUBLIC OF ORGANIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT BOTSWANA UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME

GABORONE, 1990 AG: HOT/85/011 FIELD DOCUMENT 6

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services

Botswana

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILIT\ OftE IVIOTLOUT- AREA BETVVEEN IkIRIADINARE AND 3OL1ONON,

F. . DE WIT

A. CAVALIERE-PARZANB7E

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNT:_RD NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMY

GOVE. NT OF POTSWANA

Gaborone, 1990 The conclusions given in thisreport are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of this project.

The definitions employed and-17- sentation of the ilaterial in s do not imply the expression o -pinion whatsoeve.: on the th,FociJ and Agricultural Organization the United Nations conce7:n' or consititutional statusofany country, territory or sea area ccrecn; the delimitation of frontiers. De Wit, P.V. , Cavaliere-Parzaneze, A., 1990. Soils and land suitability of the Motloutse area between Mmadinare and Bobonong. FAO/UNDP/Government of Botswana. Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project AG: BOT/85/011, Field

Document 6 . 104 pp, 2 maps Table of contents

1. THE SURVEY AREA ...... 1 1.1 Location and infrastructure ...... 1 1.2 Climate 1.2.1 Rainfall and potential evapotranspiration ...... 3 1.2.2 Temperature ...... 5 1.2.3 Other climatic parameters 1.2.4 Soil climate 1.3 Geology ...... 8 1.4 Hydrology ...... 8 1.5 Geomorphology ...... 9 1.6 Natural vegetation ...... 10 1.7 Agricultural land use ...... 11

2.1 Introduction ...... 13 2.2 Soil classification 2.3 Legend construction

2.5.2. Soils on alluvial deposits 2.5.3 Soils on basic igneous and metamorphic rocks ...... 21 2.5.4 Soils on highly calcareous- materials 2.5.5 Soils on acid and intermediate igneous and ...... 24 metamorphic rocks 2.5.6 Soils on coarse grained sedimentary rocks 2.6 General soil distribution ...... 28

3. LAND EVALUATION 3.1 Rainfed agriculture ...... 33 3.1.1 Methodology ...... 33

3.1.3 Conclusions ...... 38

3.2.1 Methodology ...... 39 3.2.1.1 General ...... 39 3.2.1.2 Land utilization types 3.2.1.3 Selection of land characteristics 3.2.1.4 Rating bf land characteristics 3.2.1.5 Identification of land units 3.2.1.6 Matching land use requirements with .....:50 land units

3.2.3 Conclusions

REFERENCES APPENDICES

Representative soil profiles and analytical data Abbreviations used

List of Figures

1. Location of the survey area in Botswana ...... 1

3. Agro climatic zones of Botswana 4. Soil cross section of alluvial deposits at Mmadinare ...... 29 5. Soil cross section of alluvial deposits at Selebi-Phikwe ...29 6. Soil cross section of alluvial deposits at Tobane ...... 30 7. Soil cross section of alluvial deposits at Bobonong ...... 30 8. Structure of moisture limited yield model ...... 34 9. Probability of achieving "good" and "acceptable" yields ....37

List of Tables

Average monthly rainfall data for selected rainfall ...... 3 stations Length of the growing period and its occurrence Onset month of the growing period ...... 4 Summary of climatic data for Francistown ...... ,... Numl,er of farm holders by production mix in the Robonong reT,Lon 7:anted area for different crops in the Bobonong region ....12 .Averae yield per ha harvested in the Boboar,ng .....12 Characteristics of land units Maximum moisture limited yields for optimal planting ...... 36 decade Relationship between limitation levels and numeral ...... 42 ratings Temperature requirements of the considered crops ...... 43 Ratings of land characteristics for the considered land ....48 use types Salinity tolerance, alkalinity tolerance and minimum ...... 49 optimal rooting depth of the considered crops Assessment of temperature for maize for different ...... 53 planting months Optimal planting times and corresponding temperature ...... 54 indices for the considered crops Calculated land indices for different crops, land units ....55 and irrigation systems Abstract

This report describes the results of a soil surv?,y earnedLit 1985 and 1988 in the area between Selebi-Phikwe ana Bohenong along ,outse river.

The objective of the semi-detailed soil invento and T evaluation was to improve the planning base for agricultural and rural development. Che exercise is related to uhe need to diversiEy the economic activities in the area, as the copper-nickel mine is expected to have a limited remaining life.

In a first chapter the environment of the survey area is discue climatecan be describedas semi-arid with low and erratic rainfal centrated in the summer. Considering the calculatedlength nf the gre'..Ting period, rainfed agriculture is very marginal in the area,even for dtougau resistant crops such as sorghum.

Three major geological formations can be recognized : the Complex with granitic gneisses on the gently undulating to endulating plains 'n west, rhe Karoo-Supergroup with hasalts and sanastnes intheelstern characterizing undulating plateaua, Elauce al:ave,n along t)-. Mur n.

The main agra".cul'aaaal production loix tne oaLt1,.;c1010,onall

farm with sori;a_ -- as the main crop, miKed wiH) ef,a-ns ,rnt phi-;ys An,J syl,e crops. Average yetds are very low-,

In chapter two the sollo of tire sw-vey iLea 'Hnv vo'Le ;11 the ',a-aleor1./0 000, and clm,shi-it,o to!loA-ing t.Jy of 197 with amendments mad? by Soil t,1, 14ins ,,--- Projeer Emphasis was pu ron Ore eons Lleve:Thea r'2,v o, .e Motlout!,,e, which were expected navP a hi3On,,,n Lhar the npland Foil, Or the al.luvial deposits sandy soii on ne Einez. textuted soils 1:ke luvie Xensol-1 wn.In e la Tny soils in the bacl-swamps nave a cLh7,,7 no* The upiAnd nnnv Seicbi-Phikwe ,narayern.Le Qu!:1 often a grav,,,:i hiyer Inthe suto:i, The plateaux near Bobonong aue also JKiillow .n),t Piny( 1,1.t.nicJ. They a r e,,'- sociated with sandy soils developed on sandstone.

Chapter three deals with the land exercise for rigated agriculture. For rainfed cropping a meth logy based on modallire rho soil wr',elhalanak over a number of years torrie....ridnnita andar ,7.1rghur.'wa'.3 i,' moiscure limiced yields whi.ah ate omparedb,x11between veaus an ny- tween sites.Tt provides a quantrrative comparison-t t.lAt anto-x- pected at difierent levels of prohabilltv It could be cancluded that althougn molature limited yl. are expected to be slightly higher than in Bobonong, a.ry vein; in general. Hence rainfed agriculture is not ceeommendea le the t.,1(t,,atea.

Two irrigation systems,namely sprinkler and irrigation, -aeue, tested for some 25 different arops ,,anging Frem vegalatdes A:cb eahhaw> ann lettuce to grain crops like maizP rn,'Lading also the :ashe!,on keteon. Relevant land characteristics were selactea,rated ana matchea with the land use requirements of the considered land us,:types. The outcome of the exercise is a crop, la: '7clqd land use specific quantitative land index.By comparing the obtainec indices sound decisions on crop choice,planting time, 'choice of irrigatim system and pcoductIon potential were taken. It could be concluded that for maximum crop production centre pivot systems must be recommended on the sandier soils(arenic luvic Xerosols) which are predominant in the area. A major limitation for this type of irrigation is the heterogenity of the lands. Finer textured luvic Xerosols are the only soils that can be rationally ir- rigated under sprinkler irrigation. Most of the proposed crops are not or only slightly limited by temperature at one or another time of the year. Thuscrop rotation isflexible, growing vegetables during winter and grain crops during summer.It is very unlikely that cotton, wheat and especially potatoes are high yieLding atomytime of the year. 1. THE SURVEY AREA

1.1 Location and Infrastructure

The survey area is located in the easter,in part of Botswana along the Motioutse river from Mmadinare in the west to Bobonong in the south, i.oughly ;)erween latitudes 21°50' and 22° and longitudes 27045' and 2e°20' see fig. 1rt1,1 2). The main centre of population is the mining town oiS elebi-Phikwe,whi,7h has

about 30 000 inhabitants. Other major centresar. , a:IH.,.re and Tobane. A 60km tarmacroad. links Selebi-Phikwe with the mai t.-soutIi highway Serule. This road provides easy access to most of the major populatj.on c.c.nt.re in eastern Botswana.A railway line from Selebi-Phikweto Serule joins thY main railway line from Harare to the RepublLc of South Africa. Within the basin tarred roads connect bi-Phikwewttb.Bobonorv, and Mmadinare. Reliable unsurfaced roaeL 'qq to other lal:gc ;:ettle- ments. There are no bridges across the Motla :ing in probieurl the rainy season.

Water supply for industrial, du!::' ...... and agricultural use isa major factor for future development and expansion. Selebi-Phil:w i c,nnee*ed Shashe dam Tlyan 80 km long plpelint,. Water ïpLimntoy Bor.or.onii17'w

Mmadinae are i:ominR from wells ._1:1 thebaro tn iot oc Ot- ther vii]agec obtain their water Erom horeno:c7

Fig.1 Location in Botswana

Sia,hamogan,,

var

ing

Shashe Sam 141,,rooge

- Te`

aertor ,Serngrafe. /

' 22'5

,ant

'Mattlat han'i ' 40QJWI110

OldS a e

'-aapye Makoadata e ISWA.GlaG HILLS' SCALE 1:2000,000 Mhalaolt

eraia 29000E. o PipelineExisting Shashe 3 RoseLetsibogo voir Mmodinore FroncIslo Se libe Bobonon 00" I 1 Ph lk w e 22° 00.5 220005 I 1 1 / / / '. SC010 / / / / / / / / / i/ / LEGEND 0 2 4 6 8 10km / I I I / / I Ef2) RailwayRoodReservoirRiver / / I / RowIrrigationSettle water menipipeiine pipeline Frig. 2: The survey area (adapted from Mac Donald, 1990) rna t e

, 7L5LsbtecL7 8, s's--1-111 ; s-,- 4 s- s1,3B

91'sel S 1,n -118,1 ;339 3 B.31- ' ortt' 1" s; ss's e B 78

't;2,-c;;ort.,)y.,2, ,1 t la, of ,7s0 y .0-- 1,1r ) rss9st 08135 'Iy110Vti,.: sLcs, S.Lss

'BS 3 t11.1B12,11 ss N31.33311 C Ls Ce 1St Ch., ,tract 9 ,s sk .11.5 s: "q31 BB. :J3511, el E ,a1.1c , 'c,iv- 's r L1,1 r T. ;ye

1.2.1 Rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration.

This 1L' :7,37,1.3s5 rOn 18s "BA ova) B._ ss. 33, s 885 5.95 e sss s, ss 5 110, 393, `3.s ,19 sb31- J_try,'e 8371 44.; ;' t. rIuso;0,--,t, ao-trt;;;:. sJfì. ;:1.,1s

, $0.,.; ; ,

2t2 t -130. ; c; , 3

t s s S.51 " es ,s32.5"81338. .1,31 eS's S:11111-290 8 .813 s 9,s, s3-19,391°7s,1s . t "ad 1351118,0S.188 , 11 so"s",, "s s s

7.18s,,s, 5 '2- 3 '334 o` o,d

,s118, '18,)3,71 s's tBs's ",1191.9,13,B J.

; ;- , ' ,

ti tt., ; -,r '; at',- 't 1 -1 1.k...1 Jsbs 1, 'cl+1 ' iss

Average monthly re data for selected atlons

A K J J A annual

Bel 73 '31 27 9 3 1 5 13 50

9 -.3s (-0,50 69 36 31 4 i 0 0 5 52

311053 0 t 72 40 21 4 3 0 a 5 50

68 21 19 2 2 0 0 a 2e 42 6

Y ,111 0,59 64 30 8 4 0 0 5 59 49 353

, 9%9 .7 B Ss 9,, 54 93 4 0 2 1 15 63 77 418

55 52 8 3 G 1 9 47 54 319

83 25 6 3 0 1 6 60 96 460

M,38, 38 83 58 26 9 3 2 2 8 31 68 79 467

3 For agricultural purposes mean data are not very useful and an analysis on a year to year basis haq to be made, paying particular attention to the variability in the length of the growing season and the onset dates. FAO (1978) estimates that, as a rule, the rainy season and the growing period starts when rainfall (F) exceeds half the potential evapot.Tnspiratton (ETP), A humid period occurs when P exceeds full ETP, while th rainy seaqon ends when P falls again below half ETP.Taking into account s maximum of100 mm stored soil moisture, the growing period ends when the soil is completel'v dry, The length of this growing periodLs an important parameter intheeyaluatioo of the climate for rainfed agtioniture, For sorghum a growing period of around 80 days is requi red ro nave a good potential yield. A length of growing

60 and 80 days will gille a marginal yield, while less than tf",:Thysofper.between growLag period will yndicate an unsuitable rainfall patter/A tor ro,ghu,.., product ion. A,7econd parameter that directly influences the on-farm plann g of;1,4rt'ul

torl operations i Lhe reliability of the onset date of thegLokInc, as h i s fa:'1_or wi. I rIet errnixu rho practical feasibiLity of ralnfe6 Al)ove menioned wecQ analyzedon a cicade st:ationsIr.ond a,ouud the survey atea The lesolcs i. tor1)1, thILY;ï anJ3 dnu a r e refering to the longest growing1eIpo,.1Ffll a rar

in view ofthe short- obsrvation periods (less than 25ye:11-s)the! , -betIld, care.

Table 2 Length of the gr g period and its occurrence (in Z of years)

length of the growing period (days)

<40 40-60 61-80 81-100

Bobonong 75 20 5 Baines Drift 75 25 Mogapi 69 19 12 Sefhophe 70 18 12 Selehi Phikwe 56 25 13 6 Tsetsebye 76 24

Table 3 Onset month of the growing period (in number of events)

Station Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr ------

Bobonong - 1 2 5 8 2 1 'iaines Drift 1 2 8 7 5 3 2 Mogapl - 1 3 5 5 - 1 3 2 6 3 1 1

Se Mikwe - 1 3 8 1 1 i Tser - 4 6 9 1 3 2

4 The can be . 'zed as follows

V:v o ft, LTI,t:: occurs iu951 of theyee,- t',(,h, rzLu zìcli-bi-Pbikwe. No or voty marginal y.:¡,,oL'(dr,b-

Severe moi 'Less occL:rs whet' thelew,tho: thc tncîn perLed between 61 - Lys.This occurs in 51 ofLlie_oarr. in Pobououg anc,tu 131 of the ye 'Lelebi-Phikwe. Marginal yields should be expc-ci.,d.

- SliOt to no moisture stress isexpected when the lentb f to.,-.rowitig is between 81 - 100 days.Tn the t.hj :1St t:ocos out of 100 around Selebi-Phlkwe ind oe.t n

":1"o tillE gLor'lLng 'H.' .,,11% L! dadfe-embr o iccaryLO fobonong lmpHeh low ;'ay) and thus yield reduction.

Tit- :-! oi,1:; L, 3 3,?/v obratning Hom.;,%. around Selebi-Phikwe than near Bobonong,

Tht c,,Ifirmd by , o-1.01- gene tudy on th, Bo(»3w,InJi pr,2:3,nte0in, fig cf withirL ,oa,4F,i L t-- ;eaz7oo O ,L tO t-,L, !rc:LL;(1111-,-. Lito 20dl;iuzvz The v:,--,t-rurAL characteLlzeclH, zone 3.P.= 61 to80 ..IlaysAw,1 11tr LO dlylayo.

1.2.2 Temperature

Temperature and other climatic parameo x,ept a al

nearest synoptic.station of Frat ' 'e 4), The mean maximum temperature ra rtom alow ro ,E Hi In -)ctot,e1 (31.(1°C). The mean min orure c; L, 19 1.nJanuary. The extreMe r_nimum ,raperatur recoidedvr,1 -O Around srlound frost day are occurring during a::averagt- mtfy in znd July: 8 air frost days can be measured Thus care should be taken for growtli of frost sensitive crops during te winter. Thi teuTerature regime is suitable for a wide rango crops, uding ter and summer cereals but excluding equatorial crop.. as tea.

1.2.3 Other c1zutic paramers

, The relA: Lve humi:,:ity ofthe air is moderate durin the nig-

but Iuydatingday time, The highest humidityOCC'IT 1_ SentiOr De-embertrMarch (561 - 6ZZ). The towes ....cur at the od ort'Ll. 'rt'1 in Augustand September (39; REPL BLIC OF BOTSWAN A

_ 2 _

, A F.! e

51 \

1132

e^a

,,,Attl;t00 22:-D3

, 4 k

22-22

..41,44o , -

. ,1e°0000

' a 4 .) a,a 1,3,0 +

\ 27. 464 .0,9,004C,

2D3 63

ao,,a, a a yrs,ZZ'n'il'aJa, .)

Jwanen

4 4.0 o Y'Verala SA4 \; \

1a, I

e -S\) 22

o at, ,00 550 a0a ae.maee ambe

ot Humid Period

I" I Fr ea uency

25-49 L 20-140 75-100 5. 50-74 'u O4)7-, t }-(".7F 1)e 1fl i c; u d :q.

NOV1?ç u t10 ur, e 21. /Uayciu,_(.1111"t, 1.o e " 1 ,',$11; highe: 'nter 90h ;ci,1 u c",11.,2,ust

o.*-eto te, value of9,2 km/h

Summary of u4,6 for Franctstown

A- `V- o ------m'e 7^ 'Yam -- -1,- Jan Feb Mar Apr May jun Je 1 Aug Sep. Oct Nov Dec

1 Extr,max. 40,6 38.438,835.534.031,1 : 35.5t 40,2 41.1 39.S 1.7 L I Mean . 29.5 29,3 27.7 25.6 23, ì.1. e9 31,5 31,0 30,3

I M, -n '8.2 16.9 13.7 8,5 5,3 1.712.3 16,2 10,5 .e 10.5 4.0 4,0 -1.0 -4.5 ...0 -4,2 1.5 4.0 0.6

Relative 1 08,00 hrs 69 74 72 74 62 67 70 60 51 56 59 68

Humidity MI it hrs 48 50 46 41 32 34 29 26 27 32 41 44

Sunshine (lie,. y 8.0 6.2 8.2 8.5 9.4 8.9 9.6 9,9 9,6 9,0 8.1 7.4

180 161 155 128 107 89 98 127 162 103 182 101

Frostsays 1 a r O 0 o O 0 4 3

ground O 0 0 0 3 12 12 4 1 0

1.2. if

,:,.1110 ta COi iv LC è t ;11 im SJ 1 L O 1

oy t,cs.., e t a , 7 - anci. JI737,

C,onc: i.I o -t _L t ar_E; - Ft: ;An Jr regime

111. cr,o t-Qt re.Lin(' rile rood. S. t.t "sIT 01. , 4- ,1' div 161 ".-11 flet 1,PiCt 1l1O1 at 0 r ti Opt lt ,AI F LInO .; nervr " 311Ity ml paL'5 o1 C.1.11p, CClISOS L' t r.;cn t a t ure al.50cm. Uktott-,

An 31.,0.1 ruzr.,ime rn,rmal`t: usnul,Lry 0 .:. ;

' s - ar i onsdípod , ; '0 r., n nu - 'n n StO LUWl0'7,' in CP..- wei,t,e11-.1[-viLt,".of the survey ae aridi

t ' ; . The anoudj t F)I 50 it t1C o be - r,weer 011,-,, wifltur 0oti t-_,-.-"ruperat:ut"-,... !nor. Lrar.' . '11113' 0,11, urinr)ora

7 1.3 Geology

Throe 71,__Jo; 01 0,s; the Pre - ,;ambr , orip J tthe Ka ifr1'east and al 1 tqw.. tslot of the Basement cÒmpie rIt or mdgmbtiti, t4n,-.¡JaJtod gn,H:-,o: and high-grade metUmo:pn aLt r Pne,-!amb7-la,, notrf(J.;41%ntileLim- popo belt.Sev-!ra'tph,:1:.eQof metamotphi,,m and foldin ie t.ZIltt the ),,entp'fi] WSW-ENE trend, The Procumbrian eok ;ave hee,vided into two ,.,mn:turhi,l, ,onrorm,Ible for-

tl:mod th' nl& t LS Formatronnd to r i t neis: Fotmarion respectively, TheBandedGner-s', fmarlon eonsict.sof variable12,,fniti2edquartzo- felspatIrin gnei,7se, nod Interanded amphibolites The c od )tho).ogy nebpow,ible for a ,_11.Jrac1erl:.th banded appeatTanceonLln, aeial trondlino:3 a:e often

i I;au!t di i r t o i s r canp') ° -;! I.. 0)7.1,3 r pc r - p!-'i 'ca artJ cot-AP ol TFormatiul, -H r are preent. Tbe 11J11._,rx,f.:(ini,rufte pper- Lnfl±5 n p otIs :11 ;-w1,-,1

Ttn: tart,, ' , tt t tnH t;'2. /.101:r.S Irita Sa i ,t,t2tttittt,t`J tt). ti; t !a, 010, ;,c Cw-1,16.1.J are VT,. 3.1.1 ' HAL temnant4 oU2I:,t1 The K6'noo bt :_!an(Nt-tnL, 'tirctap:5 rt tsmpas'ei the!-, n(-,st- wo+ tCr.roc rtt'Tarttj 3It ' "(Att.:, baLdn itfaults:-.)btr'b11,-fd fl,ider ocurr 114!i4round Tobah,- au:2 -:-ecent c;oltg.tte Motlbut:.>e rrvel

rology

t ' Mo.,,L eastern 1",oLt:.,7,-1-.1-: -Lnzt impopo but : ary ,)etehniait Leo t tt r 'Mil t." t.)1 rtte(ir%' a, orw,lier 3 I5 -: )n river i- 1,to.est :c:

tt, , , /' H2 1 It)

rIt .1111',":° tVt-''S `t-t: '',.t tt, h.t Itt'u Titt ,rtt »tt

1tt, stt ti tt 'I' r H \min t tr''t tt`t e,t-t.ttItrt- . N0'.11.'n t't

8 hA 1.6 Natural vegetati

The vog of Botswana are described 1, (1978) and Timber

1,1 LìO fl. n, tour,1 Si. r ofy U.LX car, hr:sL,"

Tlyv,gr',;¡iion . p. i;^ tvl,e nc

111.ti ,!1 NJ;',2+ '1).°0 ,

Domin.

-p:

¡fluvial soil-

rich sh ".ow soils:

' :11:',rete

, sc aller in ,1,,2,1

10 4. Riverine woodland. (Acacia tortilis fringing woodland.)

Woodland of larger trees fringing the banks of the larger seasonal watercourses.

Dominant species:

Acacia tortilis Combretum imberbe Acacia karroo Ziziphus mucronata

1.7. Agricultural land use

The major part of thearea is for traditional grazing bycatAle goats. Heavy pressure on the range around boveholes led Lo the, ,h,taotti)L, in productivity of grazing. The Eange EcologySeo,-ionotLhe Minisviv Agrii)ulture(1()89\ gives carryinLL capacitio cf27-7z1 ha L;7r,J ic. he SelebI-Phikwe nd of ha/LSU ror, Bobonong

1h çtij ar4 i oirjvad reit

1.;)e),F , and 1-tk1/1Jjc\ Tbbanr: arh,TAbhonong Acor.1-thcLo DonaLh lu90) foc,: types of ing r e distin- gulsned,

Tarfm-7,w1t:L,7h on cattle production, and aro raroLv ihvol;red in arable:;rbppih6

-Smaller livestock owners which manage their aniri posts. They become rarely involved in arable farming.

ii1lO i1IR hiob comhic,o .17:estck 011.t.2Jrea goroLly tie bc,ul-aop

- Arable smal.:Lok'inp,9 withour livestock, mostl- t--1 by the poorer (-,ctions Ehe c,-)tamunity,

Tablo L give;-4 ili3Lritot ion ef, It1")EildeLL, concludehcqat_ ,:olanton production miK with cattle and smallstock.

For Io iaLl rriixcdfairm, ana the-iable kTALn crop ,:;ee tah.Le 5), Tt ísthe stapJe tooktcd:theIot31 s,...,wre of local beer SotghumL. usuaLiv -ow). pea poLs,--)F., 3ch,:ash nir tIen.

I J Ti e r (.1r 7,01, ' be tl L ori

11 Number of fanholders by production mix in theBobonong region (Botswana Agr:c2ultura1 Statistics)

1983 1985 1986 1988

cattle 1000 50 250 200 cattle+smallstock 2100 300 500 750 cattle+crops 200 400 100 250 cattle+crops+smallstock 1200 3050 2650 2900 crops 100 800 500 800 crop77tock 200 750 950 1250 smalisao , 700 150 400 500 others 300 - 150 150

Planted area for differeLt crops in the Bobonong region (in 000ha's) (Botswary.:., Agricultural SraLists)

1983 1985 1986 1988 --

':', -; r, Q sorghumpul e 'tall J 0.5 ],E°., za;Jrghicial(mtxec,z, tan° 3.2 10,5 r) 6 ms12. -i.' t.), 3 Ii 1 1 t: t 0 ., -',,(' beans/pulses 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.0

1a 5,.¡!J 4 1N,ntet

j tri":1 t , kak-anrho dt 5 .5101,C "t,V`

`Vilf7 ,1 ' t r 11;; .1111.,;,e,,' ,

35ecl sed tay 5nitaka 11.1, e;a. 55 §:tat"1. a urtt,!ra-r,

Aro,it,:1 t pl.4ntt2 t) ..1.1V2 ,'.111)7Th

t A -Yratt. o1+ , t cat cra. t he maitat probi.ka,fr,ta ìa 3,-..t5kla a ,aana,., - urYir twriha t taki rrut, z-a in CRP 8ola0notqa, -ra,arata,c aaaì aaakk,t:Lasa,..a is tu:.-,v.ot weeding, V'LL, la5L:ta kti.lat 1 HiiTcs are kiolay Tataaw T..aathaH, ; t, tk ta,.a ,,Haa L1!:01 mato.t

Ta Average yield per ba harwlsted in the Bobonong region (kg/ha ! Uot swadl altac' st:

1983 1985 1986

--55rOtacm 292 118 maita.; ilC ,k4 L J'H 100 150 50

) n','LI r .,.- ;.,-k ' kk1.1,:: . f 'C'T .. 011 . Tbk "a ,k-au la .-, ,..5t taka,tlairj'' ''),- 1, C ',,,Iii k0,1,H- H- i ,%.4 t, .1, ,

, ),, ' 1 ,) 2r. _,1L I , `k op '" '1, 11 1 kill ", t;"1.111i ''' ,.... ' ' C 1. ... -:Ai.", SP.' LI -,-''

r? ;,,,, 11 (-t ;;, i , l' , ,T, '',-. rTh 1, . ' / t) 0 z,

12 2. SOILS

2.1 Introduction

A reconnaissance soil survey at the scale of 1/250 000 was carried outby

Venema in 1983 (Venema, 1983 ; Radcliffe, Venema and De Wit, 1990). Although this soil map gives a general idea on the occurring soil types and their spa- tial distributio, it is too general for locating potntial irrigable Lands. The current semi-detailed survey at the scale of 1/50 000 was prepared by Par- zaneze in 1986 (report not published), and was later qlightiv modified by Mar- cus and Sinnige. At the same time MacDonald (1990) studiea the azea specifi- cally for irrigation purposes.

For the current study a free survey method was use d, based on the ideo tion of physiographic patterns.

The maps are constyncti;d by a combination , Hretation photographs and satellite imagery with field chec,,, :!sounclLruth) Thepnoro used wei'e runs 2.!', ano 26 of the 1981 MotIontseBloGL The majority of.tile ,t,srvations we-,e augerins '/I.CLnave trc,,out of verifying soil hs_olndacio o6Lutorprete0 from tne pL,;fogrhpb. rth, feature wereOpa..,i1,-,erl e;Ich ; pnyacgrapr, , Ot%I. Joil moisture, pce4tIcc cf suria:e. srovie0r,),:k;i, theootoot, Lext.uvc , .ttk-ph snJ retcof .,.,nvup.1 MOrP wer.' made'z'rom pits (oci,ei,Ittivo Tho rct irat cl tnoe p1'ctL tErcvier, L., Ai on tc. \t ,3,1r( cno -n nr , n6utc L.,1

desc u4.7, `4,4r .19771 1r7

tart r , , r.he I , 000 , .7[4

),t1.raI !sat cJtLceca prt-,1Hfr ULt.rikati.o(,, ex,:t!L,AtioodhiP capci%y, oho,..3phos m.7 7-- 16Lotritory K)v,r7, r- rBroit, 1.9736n

13 2.2 Soil classification

The soils are classifieo fJ1lowing the FAO-UNES(,0 ;19/4) system wah, amendments made by the Soli Mapping Pioject. as desrined Jn tneGeneval Soil Legend ofBotswana2Remmei.zwaa 1988, Also the classificatioueico7ding Soil Taxonomy CUSD, 1975,1987 is given,Both systems haveir,'ommon the principle of diagnosic horizons. The definitionsof diagnustIc hori?..onsanc: properties can he found in C,oll TaxonomFand in tb,-Legend of the Map of the World (FAO 19720. Soils are also correlatecl witl,the Revised Legend of the Soil Map tize World (FAO/UNESCO/ISRIC, 1988).

gorrt construction

Themapping symbol r maxi;i1u111of three !.he sir':tlevel e di3tiu;:tiod j!-1 mad:, units adcwLdinp, pafnl se,-NInJ 1PvelLoh%Ist, intlo soLl unU:s;,T'Je e distinetldn charo:fritLc- no:t;o: t Lone II,: s o. t

2.4 Main unite

C SOH33 WM1.3(( 1,3 '-( CLN3. O'fq

4r-4 -,,1 o , IL(3 se tC

z t

Ir(31 11)1('`,3!'. ,).

A SOils T ° 33;3 3". 3-3!e Lu'3sm (3 ;3k3C3. (3313 ` t I:CI - 'Os( 31.31,i(31 '3,133c1(.. (or,' S';.(3 eT. (3.: LEeS5.S., H.(3.'r 131

at1( . (3 t.r3i k d.() 'n

G 5on acid and HLeflfc.:-,,LL-:t itLdeous sud mci:Jiltort T::mi 'en li malmL\ dLo Ano quartzites o îseiat,,emenf

B $ 5e 1': tasic iliPfamorphic Inci

S ttlidat.e:d L0s y coAl sedlmonta!%,,e 'k.rhL Loalrd:f t.jsaoJ e:oa7 seLf_oador!n. of:It J-is Cicîs17.;-)Mthesuti,,);c: and !lotfinof sand1.oacaue Ow:o-Au H(ALTL.

14 2.5 Soil unile

2.5.1 Genera

ThE soiJ r1.1-t.sa definev7 "oTal rdthe z.o.appiu t't WI t r1.6,1 are e,? 'tn-t ,7 g"e "tt

Tr tnr ri. a cc,F, .

h'errk .1 f Legtmc; tte ' keei ' t.netr changes to f. t ,.tswana , Furtner suhd i n on ().- ,1H - made v:--iddin¡.; a so tfiY, to the numher to sepal siN1Lz 3ooLfw.]

, o ferr,t7 characfeistic . It is unavoid,11.)1, ti' ))(o)1t) mappeci ii t32. diffe7 slighL17! from th:.:soil 'mi de,soript ,

The soil unit cle,-.,riptLon cons1 oi elemnLs ro13o I so LI no,arato7 isti cs.7!coLout epLL,rexture

tut;csttl.a.tcaCt. s'Iktkkg S e op;,1 d .1.retkr

erk r,t"trt, tt C, I rr t rtt tet i"get,' et

o I 1, '11S ir'rT,.141/E.' rto°

'kg ° "et, rt," tos rt ot t. SOi/ UV Ptak1uì ì' tes.c.0 °??:t.tete,t, treetr t Cm t.ge,k":tr Lett'e ' Peel ".7,gt k (AP petle, trik tt t

P0/10 Vnt Crem g A."; ;;...ctme,tt.Pre. tutHut H.rstt,,S rut,t.c..tmorcrt cu. pc; tce-;

v pt. cs.c '11.51 p c.t; to 3 kl 'I.keek ;26., n, ¡no, terts-ueel ,le,ep

,t; t't sot Sicr:

; H ,;; r en et - Ott, ,k.kirtAguct. tc.t.s; 6°-te- ,tre cuts,' st, ce;Lue t frtucet; ' ctsus,i p; ,`)7` ROMrtett rtk,"°." kts'ittt, .., irk k,nur a 5,55r5 5 5.-5 tc,

CO OW, TKu "o t OC o 6ect st,U C.. tur 55Uì?r-'r H? 'o"'t Co, no,, , I tOO,n ' o',OnonO,Ol" inOt ot n, SI:

rt ' ,(10 1(,(t. Th.t urnc.ttu ( (,)« 0;

C) L,Ftuoutlat. tOOOO nt,tkt70 g'r 11 tgk' ' uue e ccrt-Pu'e ;utsever rcage6 ruripeisc L?'fHl oto coo,

c ( ctts t.-1T..t, tt.o. 1.)t. -; u(s:. c 6 J. ; stetc., ;ccr I trr.'30o "rertL 'is Cr L1LCkt, t, t'' m'unkst `grtkri S itI(tt O.:.i "ek°' r,I hi' nrsut-e2. csl . . trret° Se,

Ctet.t.kJe. t ()CpfP L(11/11,?''; 1'1(.1 glikt'ket.g-tgt r rS S0'0 t 1.11 ri.10'erg re.t4t t.',./apistk:-", 1, g-Mtet t,11.0 Ig° k °et', g-mIt e ttt, ''s''' H tik-mt'tr,t 5tIre.tir f4orliti...Ly setkrrt'l t1.,,,P05trt e, H leort

Phases. Phases are derived from m \-!

re,:rj.eCe ..atAct..,.t,cimor,t ;:tc4curics, ;cc. ; t';,,te °c'srp ; ; ect ;us

7- -se,. es. ucc " pclust, ' 'kg r irkett keCe: Lt./. Itt.tetrte`et t tt kg plr,1 m

Yet.),riet°t trItoest Wit1,11,ï se wel-P c Iocl"ci . ettLe.ecc ucc. s. ;;"t;. cri1,0°,

15 Al

nnnr ytn r drained,very dark gray tc

-hru

A2 Deep to very der?p,imperfect y drained, 7r,trH >rown to reddisL. clay loam to clay. Flat to gently undulating, normal to water receiving

Characteristics: Structure is moderate to strong coar5t. te vetvC:2aC3Csoban- gular and angular blocky. Consistence is firm ro v..y when moist Con- tinuous, intersecting slickensides in the subsoil.

Occurrence: Very limited area in inter terrace depressions at Bobonong.

Representative profile 5P94

Vegetation: savanna

A5b FA0(1974): Orthic Solonetz, inc, (0.-tse FAO;J.988); Haplic inc ST .3a3c:rthidio iN'ep impt,zie.ctly wel ti ,,ircrip, to:owo sand:, clay:,(1:-011 Clat ura,k::a!i.ng wat&o

z '

) 0 Iv v(ty wh ,1

07. NJHv:,,,J lo.Hor it lc tiko otc:

Representative profile: SP36

Vegetation: Open savanna

A22 FA0(12)t Entric FA0(1 ALer[.!,: ST: Typic Torripsamment

Dc4:!1) -o-Or_v Ic-ep ITOi-1, to somt,bat yellovtF,h htown sandF co loantv sauW7

Flat to i4,:nts- t LiL2Y1L11,(ruttuvai Lovee),

Chara,7tol-istics:weakly structuredochric horizol a structu,

Occurrence: On natural levees in comple7.7 with A34a (-- petii, taso at SclehL-Phikwe al-3ocr.c.oc Tob.re on natural 1 it to

17 -

F SS ti

4,4 PA 4'6 AA, PP

dr clay

YAA

' -----in valley bottoms at

t.0 reddishbrownsand to loamy sand. Flat to gently undulating,normal.

Characteristics: Weakly developed sandy soils with a gravel layer in the sill. soil

Occurrence: on natural levees inSe: Fhikwe and lower aces in Mmadinare.

Representative profile: SP116

on: Tree savanna

A36 FA0(1974): Xeosoi, FA0(1988): Haplic/Cnrom:,' ST: UstolliolUstattA, ITypLr *Ir1*

De.:1-,to vy deep, moderately welltb wen ori6a,,,,Ji dark yellowish brown to dark rduLsh brown sandy Loam, to t:andyCity Fiat ticandulaLing,normal.

Oh.aractristis, struct,u, Li vev;- t, IM"1"Wl *orY ,0

ane,o!n blooky. Tht., in c-s b moisr, Clay ,1_,viat:on in Crlo

Crt btoo omp!e;. C/11A1,e:n10iini wrietH.' terLa,J,,

of 'Ita»:,/. L;r

-flo:ondarn2 t!1 mettiY.gneiss or sandstone, Nar,Loo, 1.iong 1-,v'erIntt, '

Representative profile: SP111

Vegetation.: Riverine woodland and shrub savanna

A36.1 FAOlq',' Arenic luvic F0(185:Areni: Luvisol ArenidOstal.::d

.(ery doep. mc.derately well to well drained,dark brown to reddish, blown,04MVsandtt,,lannv blay loam, 'tndulathw normal,

'0. 1,17't. Les Thr' sr.rti.:tutee le

r tisuDaitgr:i,e hiu, k: or ;-Ttro.7.1-J-1 r 1..:-' ,

19 coar i.bangularblockystructure. Clay illuviation in thesubsoil.

Occurele: Natural levees in Selebi-Phikwe and Mmadinare. From Tobvr to Bobonong in broad terraces where it is the transition from the more sLv levee to the finer swale or from the lower slope to the t_eiraces.

Representative profile: SP2026

tion: Savann, tree savanna ami shrub savanna

A36.2 FA0(1974): Luvic Xerosol, petric phase FA0C1928): haplic Luvisol, petriJ: phase ST; UstalficiTypic Haplarg.irJ

Deep, well drained, dark brownsdndyloams to sandy clay. (2.ently undulating to almost flat ,norma

Chava:literistfiesi The. -,trilieJS lo weak modiom '),7,cse blo,:,7 both in the 1-,0(1,-,t%; annJ 'in the i;ubso:i. I , 1.1V t)f subqoil; o gravel i-lyec:0

the interterticv depression? of the broa'' .-races along the Motiootb:o rive? at :leiebt-Pikwe and T,.-)Oano.

Aoo;:', the maio s' i r t i-Phikwe. witt AJte e.36

:entative profile: SP23

Vegetation: Riverine woodland and open tree savanna

,7- etoE,(

rAo L9dt) CalciL avisol/1_11\ itCalcisol lypicUstLittic dapiargi,j ftco-e '1' vnt:,- deep, impetfecily o morately well drained,dark brown to strong btowil sandy ca,e. loam to1:Liy

ìi.i I ently undulating, uormai

Cha: The stricture is ver,::weal°, ti weak medium to \!ov,4-(v11,; tiocky. Cali um arDonat: :-:oncewoi.atton 111.1t11x0;Lar ot,IIIICIE311 1. 1..M.9 LOCI 11Le e ent i i n ,3

Occurrence: Ai uri me pet trOura'jes at Selehl

":!1 H t r LLYta011 1111^4'4 o tItftioute ciurc arem Mms.11LiAe

20 Representative profile: SP118

Vegetation: Riverine woodland and shrubland

A37a FA0(1974): Calcic luvic FA0(1988): Calcic Luviso Calcisol ST; Typic/Ustalfic Haplargid

Deep to very deep, moderately well to well drained, yellowish brown to yellowish red sandy loams to sandy clay loam. Gently undulating, normal.

Characteristics: Dark reddish to reddish brown .;andy loam to sandy clay, The structure oE the topsoil ts very weak Lo weak medium to very coarse suban guiar blocky and in the subsoil massive to weak coar,3eLo very coarFe suban- guiar blocky. A calcic horizon and clay illuviation is present within 125 cm.

Occurrence: In Lieep uniform terraces aLong theMuLicO. river at Boboncio,),. At deep secondary- tributaries where the parent. mater1 ibbsaI

Representative profiles: SP2031, BE247

Vegetation: Shrub savanna

A39 FAO(1971, hapiic FA.Oel9EW: dapl;c ST; ':;0.o1.1:.

Deep,imperfectly to well drained, brown eddish yellow sandy loam to clay, Flat to undulating, normal.

Chat.cteristrcb Voy weakly sTcucLuted topsc,LL, structureless subsoil. developed profile with a cambic-B horizon,

Occurrence: In a very limited area at Seleb1.-PhWec along 1,he Leftlak°Ine near the confluence with the Mo%loutse river, Along tibotaiaes in Tobauc

Representative profile: SP38

Vegetation: Riverine woodland

2.5.3 Sois basic igneous and metalorphic rocks

B1 FA0(197,4! Eutri Regosol, ilthic phase FA0(198&), EutLic. Regosoi, phase/ Lep- Losol ST: Lithic Totriorthen.!,

21 lo dark brown sand)) 4.oe1:1 .11:kkq Undulating to hilLy

Characte Shallow wizb ma,-2 to very weak ,3tructutt,.6lithlo contact wttAift;;L,Lime Jfter occurs as soFt co6LLings on Lhe weathered basalt.

Occurrence; Bobonong upland on basalts. In complex with Blb and B6c.

Blb FA0(1974): Calcaric Regosol, lithic/shallow petric o FA0(1988): Regosol,lithic shallow petric Leptosol

ST: I TonAoIrbeni.

Very shallow to ?ssively ned, reddish brown to dark biown sandy Lio

Ur,dolatmg Ir.ciTh , rharacteristics: As areou egregations

rrence: Bobonon: s. In ith Bl a tcepresentative pt

B6c Calcic luvic Xerosol, pJlrtly po-Lti phase

3)art!,,I.-.ctric phase rypic

Sha3low to moder3roL-: deep, well drained dark brown to reddish brown, clay loam Undulating to rolling, 3hedding.

Cbarastnristics Shr,310v wAk., medium to coarse suban- gu:lar hi ickv tructuu, 9!.Z1OLLow:!ur': lime in the upper zone oftttweatnere'j

-ence: Bob ipland i , in complex with B1 and Bib.

Representative prof BE274 2.5.4 Soils on highly calcareous materials

Cl FA0(1974): Lithosol FA0(1988): Lithic Leptosol ST: Lithic Torriorthent

Very shallow (less than 10 cm), moderately well to well drained, dark grayish brown to brown loamy sands to clay loams. Flat to undulating, normal to water shedding.

Characteristics: Lithosols on massive calcret:1

Occurrence: In small areas on very eroded limestone at Tobane.

C4a FA0(1974): (lalcic Yerosol irtl potrocalci FA0(1988): Haplic CaLcisoliPtric Calciol ST: Ustollic Calciorthid

Shallow to moderately deep, imperfectly to well drained, very dark gray to reddish brown sandy loams to ciay loam. Flat to undulating, (slightly) water receiving.

Characteristics; Structureless to very weak subangilla blky in the Lo)il: Within 50 cm more than 807 calcrete noduleb orca1,',31usmateriai ir Tho soil matrix is strongly calcareous.

Occurrence: This unit appears in only one limited area near Bobonong in the Motloutse valley.

C5a FA0(1974: luvic XeroF^1 partly petrocalcic

-(! FA0(1988):TAlvicCalcisol/Pe alci sol ST: Typic/Ustalfic Haplargid

Shallow to moderately deep, mor,. telywellto well drained, dark yel_

browr yellowish red sandy , to clay loam. Flat to gently undulating, (slLghtly) water receiving.

Characteristics: Shallow soils with very weak subangular blocky structure.

Occurrence: In small, very erocieci areas near Tobane.

Representative profile: SP2020

23 2.5.5 Soils on acid and intermediate igneous and metamorphic rocks

Glc FA0(1974): Eutric Regosol, shallow petric phase FA0(1988): Eutric Regosol, shallow petric phase ST: Lithic/Typic Torriorthent

Moderately deep, moderately well to well drained, dark grayish brown to reddish brown sands to loamy sands. Almost flat to rolling, water shedding.

Chariitistics:Shallow soilswithmassive to very weak subangular blocky struture. A gravel layer occurs within 50 cm, often within 25 cm of the surface

Occurrence: Upland on acid ignc :].nd metamorphic rocks. In complex with Gle, GZe and C,8a.

resentative profile: SP3

ion: Open tree and open shrub savanna

Gle FA0(1974): LiLhosol FA0(1988) LithiciEutIlc Leptosol ST: Lithic Torriorthent

VeL shailow, well to ;ome),,,hat exf2essively drained, grayish brown to brown coarse sand t.o loamy Joaim:, sane. Undulating, water shedding.

Charartelistis These very shallow soils are structureless to very weak subangular hlocky

Occurrence: Upland on igneous and metamorphic rocks. In complex with Glc, G2e a, a

ion: Open savanna and shrub savanna

G2e Ft.(-)(1974)! Xerosol, 0-tallow peLti,c.ipetr: plvase HacL1c/Chromic LovistoL, HajOit shallow peltrict,i. ST: Typic/Ustalt:lc haplarg2.c'

MorloratHs deer, mnderatelN, wet: to well drainef, oarse sancyLoan) to andy loam Almost f'1;3ttto uudul.t'ilv_, watt shedding to normal.

24 Ch -teristics: The strue 4 in general very wea. to coarse suban-

'Iocky massive in . A gravelly layer_ occurF. 75 cm.

On the uplands in complex with Glc, Gle.

Repr itive profile: SP43, 13E901

Vegetat Shrub savanna a ti.Janna

FAO(1974) Lrvt J - pt-'t phat,

FAO (1.;t3 Art , /3'1, ' 3.3 \ 'r",'";p3i

,333, , X /33N-INC

Ty» f t Pap) s,Ld

t t td cdttd-tE . otc'deL',1 t.^-Ey k EEEE "

EE-J -,,tfeE dt-t-rEt,t" 3,"...N,"33.31 "3. "" i r3,y )N3't .

1",j`,11.3b [1,333,13[1", 33, t _Et

)rP od- Et,,,,,Ed! n°,1

33,1 ; "':" t' t",V, (NJ

di-,tE E , '

a,, drained, yt___L, red

13,

3 ' 3331 ;

. 323 INN` t "TN- IN /3/ 1.1C.

Shrub 6vanna

25 2.5.6 Soils on coarse grained sedimentary rocks

Si FA0(1974): Ferralic Arenosol, lithic phase FA0(1988): Eutric Regosol, lithic phase/EutTic/Dys- tric Leptosol ST: Lithic Torriorthent

Very shallow to shall excessively drained, yellowish brown to yellowish red sands te oamy sands. Uncl" hilly, water shedding.

cteLisLics: Shallow structureless soils with a lithic contact within 50

Occurrence: North and we3t of Bobonong in the uplands on sandstones, incom- plex with. 3a. Sib or Si.(la,

Sla FA0(1974): Ferralic Arenosol YAi.(198.61. Arecc't: e:ccc Regosol ST. Typ:H Torr-C,,s4.!mmnl,

?.ly ;W:17.'n,'17,h ,.?Kt,f VOI.Nt .13,e1.3 )U2 o .'J

tt, t, CV, , ,7t,thtc nt-s Wett_.;11 ;5(2t cm jdonJ,ctjar, to tjVc. w,11-1

stics: The e ive to very weal ledium tc c _aban- ky. t2tf.t..rtt7:0"ti,ttPt an' Bobonon with

Slb Arrmic eutLio ArnIc eczt(i' Tleitt 111,o,,» 'Cvict( TorrtottheAt

gloderaCelv excessivE7 ow to ro.1 sanctsdliiitJaltlYsancl :o snPdc111,

t.t`tIV-1I i"tv tiMc, S t, 3 \,,,` "

L d tu I. 3 titLe 111C.11", 151 C1'-'l',,t 'I tt »17; 1 lc Oi tilt .Y.crincc!,

,th and west c coarse nes in complex with

26 Slla FA0(1974): Arenic luvic Xerosol F,,V7)(1996): Arani,-;haplic Luvidol Haplargid.

Very de,,,u), well to sooewhaA excessively drained, red to brown fine and fine- medium t-andy loams. Flat to undulating, no:mat

Characteristics: qtrui, _oils wi,th r ation in dept

Ocurrence: Only on Test of Bobonc e river

Sl2a Av01.ti,

C rotsnclAy Flat to Itn,71,3.Lci,,E,

Che A pet rn.

in thc - ' ' L fine s

GOOLE', ,:»7-

Sl3a

. oof

.ffiu . - dr

cf!, st, I L

Clatr fl1tf '

Representative profile: SP145

2.7 2.6 distribution

Recent alluvialsc-,1 in unit A) The distributi alluvial soils is shown i-7. (p)The alluvium :'u of Mmact t1Vt-t.rttsCt4 'H."; l'el;

)»,' ,°-; V7t` 14'4

k.P f.lt; t, tt". , 1 , 4 H 4I , ' . ,

on i t

',,,,,` 5, , 1

.41 I 'WI'

4,14 It should be ment4- ' +-hat the four

Older L. soils(main unit A) I",

, ,

,SH , 1 .1

26 A36 r2

LEVEE

LOY IC Y HosOL

ARENIC FUTRIC RIC PHASE

ELITHIC AREH4-vrzt-IL

Fig. 5: a 4c , aof alluvial is,-, is at

Al A34.1

' 1. 4:5 , sect otal Ltvi A22a I A36.1 A36-A36.2 A36.1 A22a

RANSITION TRANSITION

LEVEE TERRACE / DEPRESSION LEVEE

A22a CAMBIC ARENOSOL A36.1 ARENIC LUVIC XEROSOL

A O LUVIC XEROSOL

LUVIC XEROSOL / PARTLY PETRIC

. 6: Soil cross section of alluvial deposit

A22a A36.1 A36 A36.1 A22a

LEVEE TRANSITIC)N TERRALL. TRANSITION LEVEE RIVER

A22a CAMBIE

A36.1 ARENIC LUVIC XEROSOL

A36 LUVIC XEROSOL

Fig. 7: Soil cros )n. of alluk

'3() Soils on basalt (main unit B)

Soils derived from basalt are exclusively found in the eastern part of the survey area noar Bobonong. The upper and middle slopes of the dissected landscape are characterized by very shallow te shallow eutric Regosols (BI) which sometimes can be calcareous (Bib). For the l'.:wer parts, shallow to moderately deep, fine textured calcic luvic Xerosol',- )36c) with a .!ra,e1 layer within 100cm of the surface are characteristic. Most of these soils are very eroded.

Soils on acid igneous and metamorphic rocks main unit G)

These soils mostly developed in situ from siliceous grleisseu, sometimes co]- 1uvial of origin, occur in the western part of the sLudy a:rea. The gentiy undulating to undulating uplands are characterized by krcy qhallow (Les' thau io cm),sandy,almost structureless lithosols(Gle), asoL.-ed with mo,:ioar.J deep, sandy eutric Regosols (G1c) with a grave? 1L 50 cw (»f sot- face. Sometimes clay illuviation can be otl,;cr, Jcpr!-. rt.solLoc. LO heavier texture, from sandy loam to sandy clay toaN On the lower slopes the soils are often moderatolv dap 0-i-, deersaId loams with a gravel layer that can occur deeper ttar ".75b),

Some very deep colluvial. soils, sandy clay loam irt ì)ut wItn a. sandy topsoil, can also be recognized (G14a).

Soils on edizentary rocks (main unit S)

Soils derived from coarse grained Karoo- sedimentay are found to B-soils in the eastern part of the area. The soi:-z are very shallow (Si)tc, moderately deep (Sla, type of sedimentary rock gives deeper sandy loan ovn,bit; carbonate accumulation in depth (S12a). Amoderately deep to deep Arenosol, showing an Lnodr,cd SI3a) occurs in association witb soils material s.

on h y calcareous mp.e--ia (main unit C)

These soils derived from calcareous materials occur on tc1 d.'7. Karoo deposlis, often remnants within the gneisses, Tohdt-- The c11s are generally very shallow (CI),rare1.7 anaccumulation ot calcium carbonatesihtne proEib, ,omeamr.?.s calerete layer can be observed,

31 ) EVALUATION. 3.1Rainfe. _grice.lture 3.1.1Mothodole

arid env. eonments like this of the study area, the assessment of land suitability for vainfed cropping dependson undeistanding the eoi] water balance throughout the growing season, the interannual variation10,oiL moisture balance, and the impact of periods of moisture stress ontiro') yields. Ratrnui basad on average eonditions have very limited value underthJ.selivote as they fail to indicate the risks assoLiated with growing a pa):erculas. crop on a particular area oflatid. A methodology 'based un modelling the soil water balance over a numberdiyears for defined land units under a particular crop, and of predicting the impact of moisture stress on crop yield has been developed Jlachtergaeie and De Wit, 398 Radcliffe,De Wit and Schalk, 1990), The main elements oi .beis soil moisture balance c-ror- yield model are illustrated it fdg 8, anderiyin principle ig that the impact.crrco urc rcs o roeyield expressee 117trIE US,7".uf iele. response tacte. vihlenu r u cpciJic tO rriaviduaJ crops ane eroT, stages within the gtoweb eyleef ThiF, vekatienship is expressed in the following equation (Deerenbd end Klei- sam. 1979,

(Ya/Ym) = ky(le[ETa/ETml) where; moisture limited crop yield petential maximum yield Cbaseri on radiation, temperature c)nditions) ky reseonse factor 1T aeival evapotranspiration (based in availabl.e water) ETm = potential maximum crop evapotranspiration, ky relates the relative yield decrease -.1.-0'ailim1) tre ovapottens',,Lcetiou efci (3-jLta/ETm1), The mageltude ofcv s normally ereateerinthe tIovering and yield formation peeiods,indicating a greater seneitivicytomoisture stress at these times. Thrcelgh eombining es,imateb oi the relative yield decrease through the growtb stages otthe ctop,an ce- timate e, relative yield decrease and of the 14eisterre limitedyiele 'Ye.)1Ym; ever the entere crop growth cycle is MbistOlk' limired veeids generateC, nyrho model can then be cempared both:)etweei, Years sna )tetweer ,;Itoc, re pievide e quantitative comparison o yie1i1 .hat can be expected at stato6 level of pTcbabilly on any definea land unli tor whi_ch epitaLl.e a!An oi rauiraLl data available,

.-ii:eJecor of tne :1;eislui-e balance and o:ret,ieere !omeuterised by Uc Baveye (1986t ano Inc eesultnf), CY717,C ',)toe;::amm

unde: iurtherdeveloomen: by the Su J. meipr'rn2; od t-ivisurF roie0,Themo,Jelpresent.:y1-1.1F for inJividue.110e0,0,,leae yoaes :')eeirstuKing ten daydo. IJa reinfell date cic):aoe dara from celite 1e9cY),Peeeet!vil cecegnie ce.!ealtie tn. ,Jeeen6.(ng deceee

32 Figure8 tyLructure of Moisture LimitedYield Mode'

Crop ¡Radiation. Factors `Iempetature

Effective [ Rainfall

7-, P

b- dec.a.6 calculate ETm ETa calculate water storage by growtl, s compute p.irtial yield redL 7.ion forrowth cvcle compute potenLiamaximum v:eld compute moistur,2 Ltanteo compute Yai'srm)

133 ture balance and crop evar)trbnspitio1) are calculated by decade up to the end of the crop growul:

Essential inpt the model are:

i; actual rainfall data for the ).efetence climatic Ycatior ft;' ..;01.°8d average deced,,0 PET data for the vef,.,:nce station cal,cula.ted ac. A.-c-Irdingto SMEC (1987!. As the coefficient of variationt rotasannual PE T isless than 5:J.Bbalotra, 1987), the u' long term Tneal,PET opposed to values for individual years s nlikeiv to se,stautttiv af- fect the resu3ts of this analysis, oi avl_lable water holdiaL, capacity sveraged overthe maxisauw rooting depth iv) cr_, characteristicc,, such as effectivu rooting depth, tht., crot coefficient (ko),whichdt-termines the rate ofevapottanspiratiov Lela- tiv t PET ano theYieldrespoase factor (ky) which the impac.t e lure. scress on ,'ntca ir.elc.t Thez.e ,harot.,riat.i..s are tern; to7 enLIre co g-owth 20mr,

3.1 Results

The model was run for the most promising and relevant land units listed in tatoL; 1, ,nouic', be noted that rainfall data for Bobonong and Selebi-Phikwe covered 19 and 15 years respectively. table 8 Characteristics of land units

soil depth

BEi74 Bobonong BE Bobonong 1.2. BT Selebi2hiKwe 0 60 60

BE Seeii-Phicws t' 50 SP 2004 Selebi-Phikwe 2 :5 92 SP 202,6 Seleb_i-Pnikw 1 7U 67 SP 2031 Selebi-Phikwe 1.95 146

corteci for gJave content if applicable ii Luvisl chromic Luvisol

34 1 ir e i- rl 'j

dv r. 3. 9i :i -nz tu inwb Ci umeC J L t ij F ir ua:y : L r h ir tk perLtvtiLs-. 1e em-r - '1. t t ur ; tcn 1rtng by farmcs Th se:.'

ali 1 l i 3t wana wher. farmers L5.t ypt

i nr ec. frosi February )flWdr Lft tw r ves-1v tfet i.:up prodution

Tabi ure i ted yields for optimal plantingdecade

all planting decades p.ant 'ca I)ecemL r '.iI

Median Dependab1 Median L utìUaIiI

Bobonong

B h 20 17 18 Ai ?E 27 21 22

Selebi-Ph.rtir

24 20 Gr i 28 24

L.; 4 31 25 A3 30 26 A37 33 26

Ti-'t t-esuJi ej.ve cuanttat:vt comprtr ui Y' L

it-sr l.a u La-v t L I i rL' ' ava t La b c'n : e li an h'-c& r I r n d-i s st.rnin2 tI frrne e Le: rtn trî .

i 1d rrtLv nLVI1iUL i ing a rLL )k e Dar t LaJLy -n. o ntax mwl t t-n. p'Lc .a. . ni

i tri.tng f'.37a anL1 jr t r-tr4 erLcjr, J jy lp'

O&Jr

\ i 'J t.rrcIr-r .h

L. ': i .. uni nihcJecrc'ant. J8

Ç I J IJI 'ti cv a L ttt U!J JflI L. tLU L' I. L r' - c s tLgUe i'1LI, h' geli J

35 1 , Fig. 9 Probability of achievin, ' and Y

I 00

Sej - Phi - clalc lc (SP 2031)

GOOD YI ELD

Isobono(g !r visoT 24.7)

A:, 1

s\ t.:, -

CCT1 CY.:711I 2NO'.'.. L,Fr; =kCTEP pECAD E 36 7ino,7', 4 gives more detail on the probability ot achieving threshpld moLtlture 1A.miten in particular planting decades. It coumaresthe probat)11ty of 'goodyici.d. (oeftved as >50Z oft.r, ¡lotentia tiLa-rimup 5nd an 'acceptable' oiefined as >25Z of the notent, ma)Jmum) pot-en- rial cropping t. ion for the best sojAin Selebi ana 'iq)bonoriE.. The prona'oilic.y for obtaining a 'good' .vield is vcr,' k6AN, T.1-7 r,ohon, r;econ6 de,,:ade of November probatj.lity,;S"1 peakLtirst Octobo: anC: tbe seconl of November show n1 0: Tb. pantns 01 November arc likely to NLC 1-1,11;co cL;wt ing,;z Tnt- fot ol!ralninau accentab].r1 ,yleH pLe.ntint,' datesit. December. For SeLebi-Phikw tou,oor. L. t.cn VE:an acceptable farlacr s plant in 01E, pc,c,,101-/c,( r.,-,,L31HuLi(,sto;obtalming the7.aire'y3.e.i'din Bc1' at:o , r51 Ar `be ;c,:oai and third depade ot

3.1 Conclusions

,6V /a2,11y pro:,17,o tni:)t.urvev arefi 13 verY .'V7ut L:hauces 3bLaiTAI 7LL.1$,"

,an be erledLo J pLanf-jn,,2, Novembe-,,tt..Hie rist7 of crop fallare is i4Iso Tni-7 io7,rest ctor failute ace a3soclaieC.

37 3.2 Irrigation

3.2.1 Methodology

3.2.1.1 General

The following steps Are to be rm)Aidered for the exercise:

!finit f the uset.,,pcc.:. awl itzie

iVVJ.uicr rr; of th i ìvida al:C. characteristics 11 tinEnrC;suLrai

Two portabl semi portable sprinkler

L g.r4 r, ron

4, it4;4,0 '0°4 k S 114 t444 4.. ;;44i. 10"

; 4,4,04 4040 ; t 444 ; 4 y4t; 040" '4,

i'W: .; ,,,'," ' '. ` . , ', ', ,; ' . ' rfk, , ' ''Ll ,, i

,)" , , 1 .,`",,,,,,,nil' ',-.3hr ,',.'", ..1k--,TH, .3k ' ,IP',''' 11

,.-. ,, 4''. '44 k l dowr "-- of the ., ; ry ,k", . ' , ' ''',. r',i,'',,'\k ' 7,',O.L,,,, _a 'I,' '4 - :44141 '` ,

i 1'04' ^,`. .'rt ':. rt, `Li L 1V

L13 IS3 r'3 ) _ Z10 Crrik L' LII r v

cq's ' .` , b-iee n . 1.-; empe a ..' L' :LEc y:44 ton ,it ellaract 1P,'' ..r-4:pr. odt.t. or, t;y:1t ert t ni lLk 1. d ye d3 0 iL ind OIL o t.1.1 e 01 3rtf. ;.t owt L, Leldt tir r oot r t tdepth,. By combir,ir,.g theriet h o

k S omit i L StPS an al.1 land md e 1 lueir Cl'Op , aft..1use ,SN'v-M.

38 3.2.1.2. Land Utilization Types

The land evaluation exercise that is worked out here is aimed to evaluate 1P fcn- cnrrontly a,-;ed irrigation sytem: in Bot3wao,a Tu ofrigarion arp th,trrLtLnJr portal, sptidi,k1c,rt tt igat..ci,v,r16 %¡.7

Portable and semi portable sprinkler system

Portable and semi portaY! L. LL R hhh, ...t; 0-f c nìcr,,A-0- ,) HIAL. srAH th(, [' t he Ihhhht""t nt t'tt r. n("`»,,t(

n Cot.

kP , -1 TV' kro '

A'A'AAA AL) ,

n ah.'h

I h :11h r, '7 3 ^ ti -A

AAtooLOïr hp hhht hA.:.ri ï'tc

JAntral pivot system

The ci,7ìn. S tETLn ro :c A!.A' A,, Fcilem!. .yA,A.tr 1, VJSV :arlIu5.;, with low manir r¡ th.;. rq)ern, whch correspono 79 ha Technical knowledge The wat e-,-. application rate dcpend,,-, A mineU r7, MOF.t (1.1t,not ,L m of Or'un/ i,mint(o!4Omio/ h r(Ls'e

7L,olmitC, ThLw utordel A'SI,TS L 1!1!tC/t4,)11 kdi." neescary, Uluer euvreat 1Lrige,tio !ceL,10, i. applL'aLioh every 24 hout, The management praeti,:e, ere ainricrt z'a.7'LL Addi.,-.15)nany mal'L Lted ditcr, '1;' stiucteh to p,:event run-off,

39 3.2.1.3 t1ection of P rah' teri stics

The seloction ot. relevant la chatacteristics depcnd on tre laud which are related to:toy,production aud management Ttw qualtvios to be considereil for the propose'l land use types are

correct temperature regime ability for duaanage and aerat ion capacity tor wator retentlor hi,1ii

atalLE:11,..V,°,110 1v t :.:11.1,:a]IA) t !a (' ;,! 1)01 Do 1-111,1

11,,twoo tH land qua_

21.

ernal qualities ext

Co r reg )graphy

ab ; :less out an or"

flooding absence of floods

.nage

i cha)acte:

)1d for

t `

water it' surface stoniness.

coarse fragments nutrient availability------,---frtility characteristics

CEC soil absence of salinity salinity cbsence of alkaline-- -alkalinity

41) 1,,,g of. 0 Characteristics

Fw7each landr'harar.t3 fni.:3tic,riialvslue; LaLn.woFJ:t111:.s:';3) are at,:rmand t otLmal,11J nd ,:ror pe:Ltrn.nc Y. riars::terlsc is c'atima) o]ln' y liS ;10 -ANO' W1',P";che z,amc' - ,orl;,:Yv La: plan73 na,3a

Five de limitationqcan be retained.

0 nc c T characterist:

'LC ,' ,..113 f t nc

2 :

r,` kt

r oi c

iOn3Y,:33, rnrr.1:3"::

Table 10

Relationship between limitation levels and numeral ratings

Limitationlevel Rcat

2 85-60

3 60- 5

4 <45

41 ').emerature regime

dre three main effects of temperature upon plant growth:

plant growtl, bolow a (! 1-,=i'L temporal tite gt tì a v,1! wtth temper--itu.:e _ vor7 111.11 t11A-;ve:Av,asv e,- alto may k L 1pid,

1,.<... 5 Nr 'S 01,n y; t. L' +.'" 1,!,,r. ° ;i

f uLt

o 1 f, cnff,-- f

k iJt.i's 4 ' 4, '00 4 k0',

M I

Tab e

Tempera re requirements of the consider

4 irattatIm-

c abb

- - moan -aomo, S-555 - 35 -- mean temp. F 12 growing period 2'2-24 pea mean t( 15-20 12-1 8-12 <4 growim iod 20-2 22-24 >27

42 O

OZ-Z.T 2

18-20 14-12

22,-26 -815 a 34-36 <15

5 <14

22-88

18-16 16-14 <12

341 34-25 25-15 <15

22 '5

44 degree o 2 3 4 1 i mits t Ion

lay v-ege t >30 25-20 <20 1-Amp A:t,' ItoweS ) 35-40 >40 wv, 22-27 >27 WO,

>26 co-24 24-22 22-20 >20

, <15

>18 16-13 13-7 <7

- <36

>18 16-14 14-12 <12

Soil phy Idchemical characteristics.

Thet 11S iCt).,,ghnFrItr".- 1°07

in t t'he v-t1,0 LLirj.Lv rusr).

A.',-LL - r ` , t.;ott.tt 7n

46 ! /1, !UM ddoend,,1 !-r,.

! , !!! , 1!!'

, , 1;a1,,i. 7 C.

; '!"7 ",y fert,-1

; r.11'

Tab le 12 '

,1)!,

! <2 !! <4 <8 1 <16

V, <1 ! I '2 <4

! ;

1 ! 811 1 ,, ,

811 t imperf poo<

sprInki SC,SC1 L,SiL, !!r fSL,SL

centre pir. '!!! f5L,SL SCL SC

al i

811 <4

1 a 1 1 nu

; r- lve <2

, 'm to i <4 1 <+.

tolerant <8 1 <12

j < I<1 x24

'Er!!

7 Salinit ance, '11 hi

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 4,., WIP4 4'" 2

2 2

3 2 2 3

1 2 a jc

4. a tit

rr rtt[t ti at; ro

rrC,

. r

' s is

ficcrol,

r 1,C r" trr

r r CII

- r

r t 44' t t' t

49 metal y

0.7101!!,A o 7istic the soil

Yl site 108

r.0

2) layered RD

50 Land index

combiningr..o t.empo tat ut 1 U. 1. e i;btox at-1 th layered ex, an ove ra :,n;lex15obta Laea 04b¡., tt equatior

X T temperacl.,Lb ay=!lb?c,i 4-.4on 3) land 104

n r thb b -

1 T:.;:);,: s.erm, , br, ic r ,T L, COStSc

51 2 80 o 0

o 0 o

o zrops

3 rr-r o

o o 0 0 o o 0

nkfr' land

G14-Ss

S.4"1

48 61 65 63 71 63 68 "6 81 66 89 70 63 .6 61 07 89 70 68 75 77 53 84 70

60 63 76 73 31 66 34 89 70

71 ,3 80 74 81 66 88 74

60 3 76 73 81 63 89 70

56 ,91 71 68 75 63 83 65

60 48 53 76 73 51 66 89 70

) 43 63 76 81 66 89 70

46 10 72 77 60 115 67

48 s13 76 81 68 89 70 48 63 76 81 66 89 70

60 48 52 go 63 76 73 81 66 84 89 70

36 29 17 41 29 36 35 36 30 38 39 35

60 48 82 90 63 76 01 56 84 89 70

55 44 47 847 57 69 74 50 76 81 64

47 38 41 71 50 60 64 52 66 70 55

n'.. 37 92 64 81 78 79 84 86 75

65 52 90 63 76 73 81 84 89 Fo

71 37 92 64 81 78 79 84 86 78

78 37 92 64 81 78 79 66 84 86 78 60 63 76 73 89 70 76 '4 81 78 86 78

73 .4 81 78 86 73

54 3.2.3Conclusions a/choice of 1rr;Lgatio., system

Tt is clear thal '1. soils , except G2e and A.16,the land indices Eot the centro pivot system are higher char. to thP.sriL ystem.Thl..s can easily he exptain,id bytic.,sandy 1,o;:lnce of'those soils,T'Ao arenic Xetosols (A36.1 and q14a) gi.ve values,They )y f,f,..-Toc- r.tto. The top- tivelv -a sandy and loamy sandy roosoil-4.M,ab itiLrOiitULOA011 soil of the calcic Xeioso.i (1.\,l7r, is sandy loam and tnus less pe,-v,vio. TheLuvic XeiosoL ,f7,0b) hasa 1,!,h wateu lowec due1-.oa L L wore Tt-n t. 1,h,71'c- t tiya n:Thc ef ¡NO '1

IL f 1/46 L'deer, p e :`,(1; y I.krg

711' 3 '3 176 ti^?, t Ci r .1 'i6"6" ,r

1,ivot :1 f "fl- 11_!)1:. t''A ' ,

, ^ r' :6; °

C `3, e ' On!,11`,r-' r' ^

in"t,V Of '

F.re, ta fle 3, 17%.' b/choice of most suitable

rnìt t -' - on 1os

L.C: t L %)1,"'

"0,1 7 , VD . 3-111,11 'Lt-c,; 33r I h . ; 31_ , .!'or -

ThP TV! : rk.N[ r lr] '61171 1,11".,1 , - .1ftuiarld durirq,, mosi,tcr (). , Li'! 1..1;r?v V k6:61. ,J0 , turo, limit , IN "t- shol.1 be nut ungthinct:Tf C. deep overall appreciationor unesThe shou;dt:nust, more on grain croos rho n t To compare tne diffec,sliv soils.,ttt 1,111A indice,,- wizo pared The areni,7luvi, Xoroso, rbe lHg'nest VL.9/".F. ,10) wdoi: centre pivot irrigation, Collo,Trd;),soli imits Gd t land indey: S4)arid ,'n7e (land index 61.). This ranktn dovelopmeut ofircigL- tion schemes. The luvic Xerosol ,Arith petii:. ohs se'G2e; should eKcluded for lrcladon,

For sprinkler irrigatioe soil unit A36 can give ve:y high yie.11s, aud prob- ably is the only soil that be trigated tationsll uudei this system. For soil unit A37a,yields74111belowe:7but stiii acceptable undt'rthis management system.

55 REFERENCES

Bawden, M, an C,tob0s, 1963. The Lan. Be- naan6Tor(.1A- HndLam', Use Section, D Sur- tb, U.K

Bhalotra, Y.P.1 987. ClimE Botswana Departmen Meteoro] Services,

na (.'rc¡eci rone

1986. area 1,y)T

De n11 or R1),

,!0!!

1r Soil Profile Desc) Rome.

WoLl Soil

FA( 1974. Soil Map the e ScientiFI

1SFLC., F - j11.FSGO Res'our(es cporL

Field, D.I., 1978. A hand nkof ba., F, management in Botswana. Ministry mltoreRepuW

Mac Donald Mctioutse dam rciiy Schem identi -ation Repor. 09 er RepubIc ot Botswana.

56 Mac Donald and Partners, 1990. MotloutsE Dom, Feolir,,f ptelirn-013tvDfisign St..udy, Volume 5. Department of Watec Aftai;:;' ,pul- of

MOA/ MFDP, Botswana Agricultural Statistics. A Volumes.

MOA, Potenrial carrying r:apac.D.7y map of Botsw ,Zange ecology section, inistrv of Agriculture, Gaborone.

mez.r,o,)L,- 4)a- F.O,F , reWit, P V 1939. '0 u170 Tx6camfr,o trop y i cid FAn/UNDP:Govelo ,,"

Technicai Paper I Oahororw.

Radcliffe, D.J., De Wit, P.V. and Schalk, r,

r,n," ,

LL;Th, L5e,:cHns of F

Remmelzwaal, A., VanWaveren, E.J., Eot.

- ' .e., rue-.110Jo1 oiy.,_,..vo v..; datE TNDP /(;(ivet-rullon.t of 1")' ,,?ci-,,-, '-'1

,ierlt=N= , ,.': c",-;aoorono

Soil ScAl. ag nha1,nt.orpz,A,inz, , e,gLIult,ure1,,ashirtgtou

Soil r\i-ev1f 190'; Keys t Sc,i1 monograpg N. t. Ithaca, New

71wherlai, A. , 1980. Vegetation map of South ana. Ag7icultInre, Gaborone.

USDA, 1951; Soil Survey Manual. United States Department of '-.11ture, Washington DC.

Venema, L983 Soils of North East Botswana, m,rnt tlot publisheC.

57 APPINT1X 1

Represo..:.ative profiles and a lytical data

Soil unit Classification (FAO 1974) Profile No.

A2. Pe] ii..FVf-r.r1S0) ;',Pit',

110 Ohl. owl c \07 rti z-1o I SP.;1,,, A22 Eut, r icAr,moso ', SP'Ll5 A22,-. Carabir, Art.mosfJ,I, Lz1,41... Al-ql EutLiL,:-amliisc,l, ,so.F.lit... phat.:,fi -,.;'54 L'.ReL;osoi.. petric phae il,ii,:.

AM !!. 3: T.',: !',,, ' N' ,N`L'', 1

Fir1) -

1. 163,-1 n

:3!

58 SOIL PRO 1 ORIPTION Profile; SP 0016 A Cl Status: 2 LOCATION,HEET .: 2127033.25km NNTA Omailrare tiOt.itt 2] u.EvpTIoo CLIM.7C,NE; 203 f 832 m AUTHOR5:.LANDFORM:MASSIF:CATION A.C.47alier.--rarzarez:, STFAO: Felll-FucritVerti>.--.1,71966: 7yp,i; Pellu-err C..7.1Ketlogscs-4::. Pellic Vert: :4'2;1;5:7i 2. tt-g= - SKR: aridic ro ustic LANDTOPOGRAPHY;SURF. USE: CHAR; a3mcst fiat : craCksalluvia, 3 r.1 P'- 3° evtdence of salt, V1-1°, 7 ,f2,- : ,r GRASSCOVER:PCSITIOV: _Lcermed.,ate part 1J 1 SPECIES : grazing PARENT MATERIAL: ; Orasses/forbs-Trees.Shrubs - Colophoste - 1 0M. MOIST. ODND: dry P alltviTm 50 , sligHtLy moi5:r , 90 cm ROCK GEOL UNIT: Basement-AINAGE complex: imperfectly drained EROSIONWRF.STONSSI ; -di one ROCK __re 11AN INS: nil SAMPLES: A: 0 - 20 B: 30 - 50 C: 60 80 A 0 - 25 cm Very dark gray (10Y?:,.. extremely hard, brCks,ft -H.,*::::;:u.,¡,,, zommon fine pore i:1 :it., ttid dark gray (10YR 4/1 :alcareous,fry), clay, moderatecommon f ' Irupt wavyand moderate boundary. medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, Bw 25 - 55 cm ,11,7frEr'3::APgitr tilrk Fi te; ;'7W 'GY? 31:1 imoist) and ver' fart 'ar1' ¿r-a id:in ti 5:)i rtt-'. -'444 -d --- ttt _t --t id ---. - '7, ' _- . e subangular blocky structure, extremely hard, 4 Bn ,1ütt ' -orea, dol., calcareous, '-'7m-47 tire 1 , rdit in 7 , - 55 - 90 cm titrir .mottt, oderate medium lat intersecting slicks few fine and few very fine date: 21/01/91 ------S T A N [C. meq/1 isht %) vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay A 0 20 16.2 8.7 1 5 14 52 44 H 30 50 7.4 7.1 0.9 B 13 0.7 n o 6 '0.0 0 100 0.0 14 hansed8 7 6 28/09/897 6 6 1113 5'51 52 Print c999 H 0 01191 EC is determination m :m : methodLck method . A 0- saturat:- Olsen ' CEC Amnic-- ,,thod PART,S1ZEC./010EXAC DETERINA': ------9-IL PROFILE DESCP19999,..' ¡A +- s+ - -- Profile: SP 0094 Unit: A 02 Status: 2 91EET,ICATION 217n2119-L% 14.d i rr )".°r ir Tec COORD:GRID 21-37-1C-9.- : PF-472-721 28-25-33-E 46R0ELYV1199 CLIM.200E: 4B3 f.'88 7, -T,4,5Si_EXPTTOR:Jr11101415;. A.9emme194,4, ST E%rin - Pal'ocY,7 --Fetl°,gen3 DATE t 13:97/F96 SMR: aridic tANDFORM99PaSRAPHY:URT gently zu1193a-_-',., CHAT9 pedimer9 rnll lvidence of HY: : not applicable POSITIONSIPFE : 0 lower eArt - 5 9 -49D]9FCIES USE: ° Trees - crylan- - VEGETATION: GRASSCOVER: 'ARENT MATERIA] :° Grassesif99b:Shrubs - at] ROCK 1YPE: GEOL.UNIT: Basement complex 9903130-.¡IFF,STWES: none OOND : nil s7ight-19 - 10 , moist 10 - 100 cm ROCK OUTC,-' ' e HUMANDRAINAGE INF: ploughing; imnerte:9-19 trained SAMPLES:9.12dAYKS: A: 0 - 10 B: 10 - 20 C: 30 - 50 D: 65 - 80 ery fine pores, Ap 0 - 10 cm Very dark grayish brown (1012 3/1.5) - 7 w rounded rock fragments, very few fine hard white calcareous nodules, strongly calcareous, common very fine to fine roots, abrupt wav:- moist) and dark grayish brown (103R 4/1.5) (dry), clay, strorq 7:: coarse granular structure, hard, f Bwl 10 - 20 rk grayish brown (103E 3/1.5) (moist), clay, moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure, firm rt., 9ery fnrm, patchy areerssdec com calcareous nodules, moderately calcareous, common very fine to Fradual a.77 very fine ocres, Bwl 20 - 60 ctingrk grayi si fragments, ' very fAw fine hard white res,clay, verystrong few coarsc fine .9--d white very co",-9 subangular blocky strur---e, firm to --:areous nodules, moderat,' calcareous,fjne m, yerycontinuo: fine to;nAdary, Gots- ,avy Bw3 6 - r ,n-,- ,,at 'En,/ neny :nrs ,nots potes, S T DARD SO1 ------ALYS PPT Pm ght Ca EXAC PBS Z CARBO 2 vcSParticle sit, cS mS vfS METH PREYR A 0 10 7.7 7 '..3 ------9.5 meq/100gr soil 1.3 0.2 0.0 100 2 2 8 71 cSi 7 13 57 94 O 3010 5020 7.67.7 7.2 0.0 B 2 7 14.710.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 100 76 1110 1110 1213 5657 9592 H 0 AS RA Bctswatm' 7.7 7.7 n_n0.0 R B 0,7 7 79.0 ..2 18.0 0.7 0.90.5 0.0 100 last char 9/89------9 8 13 62 86 date: 21/01/91 H 0 EC t Ele, m 1 method k -,tura B - 12.5 In water : OrganicAvallai Ca: ackmethod method ... 'sen B - Bray CECN t Tot on ------SOIL PROFILE DESUPIPTLY ------Profile: SP 0115 Unit: A 22 Status: 2 : ------AGRO CLBI 2GUE: 203 AUTHOR(S'::LOCATIONSHEET K.Verbeek t 2,41,m2127D4 NE Mc,-1-.7o4-e-letlhakane zonfl '3a,-aliers---Parzaneze A.Remmelzwaal 4. Modo. R.. COORD7GRID0A -T : PF-5;8-798 0,5',15/9A, î -E ELEVATION : 896 m :7:rfYAO: TypIc Tc-,Ips;.aanct Arehcsti(1389) Sorric Arenosol (1?--: SKR: aridic to ustic SURF.TOPOGRAPHY:LANDFORM CHAR.; almostno fiat : allu)iat eyRoLAND ILIfifENTTOPOCPAPHY: uneven : levee SLOPEPOSITION: higher part :3 -4 % LANDSPECIES USE: traditttal grazttg : Trees - (on Acacia luederitzii Af.A,11? JEGETATION:s! opon - GRASSCOVER: Grasses/forbb-Shi-ubs Ps1:1-0, 17-:, PARENT ROCK TYPE: , MOIST.E-.10SIONSURF.STONES: COND: dry none 0 -1 MATERIAL: slightly moist 10 - 110 cm ROCK OUTCROP: none r°,7H ;H:(: nil, ¡mar cotaptex exrisivali/ LES: S: Acacia mellifera also added. A: 0 - 15 B: 30 - 50 C: 80 100 cm Dark yellowish hrown (10YR and wn (10YR 6/3) (dry), nd, weak me6::: ructure, slightly hard, few very fi pores, A 15 - 1100 - 15 cm calcareous,Dark yellowish few brownvery fine(10YP to fi-.e f:Fw r rdei ro::::k fragment., non calcare 1(4;4/4) (moist)(moist) rL I;Cr3. wn very fine (10YR 6/3) to fine(dry), .and, s, gradual i_me pores, very few flat rock fram O/BOT/85/011 ------last changed : 1 1 IL ANALYSIS RESULTT fS cSi fSi Clay meq/asigr A 0 15 5.5 4.3 0.0 B 27 0.4 0.00 71 0.0 22 ------7 4 5 22-_-_-_-_-_-__ 30 5.4 4.6 00B 6 0.3 0.1: 0.3 60 0.0 5 20 31 21 9 5 2 8 38 11 N Soil 5.6 G_R flfl 6 0.1 0.00 61 0.0 1t ,..han?e,,15 21 34 19 2P/99/9,9 7 2 1 12 27 Print date: 21/01/91 N N EC : Available Pl. Electric m : method method ... A - Olsen saturated paste B - Bray 1:2.5 in water N TotaOrgani^ -Black method method EXACC-7- PART. PtSc,,, F,n,,n - None SOIL PROFILE DESCRIFfiON Profile. SP 0041 Unit: A 22a Status: 2 SHEET : 2128C3 GRID : PF-059-787 AGRO CLIM.ZONE: 2D3 : CLASSIEICATIO0AUTHOR(S):LOCATION A.Cavalieze-Parzareze : 2.5km NW Tobane S, of Matloutse river. FAO: Ferrali,. Aieno.,..o1(1988) (....I.Retlogetswe Arenosol (1974) DATEODORD: : 21-53-42-S 17/10/85 28-01-36-E ELEVATION aridic to ustic 777 m LANDFORM : alluvial plain 2T Tytic Tor,-ipsarrent LAND ELEMENT : levee POSITION: interuediate part : SPECIESLANDSURF.TOPOGRAPHY: USE:CHAR: : Trees traditnsJgently undulatine, r sea.11,7,g, .;razing Lc cr,..cks, nil evidence of salt, subs. heterocantha (dom.) Acacia erioloba Acacia rellifera VEGETATION:MICRO TOPOGRAPHY: tree savanna even Acacia erubescens GRASSCOVER:SLOPE 0 - 0.5% straight PARENT MATERIAL: : i;ras$e31.6:ro-Shrub! Are,11, .7ortilis dom.) rs) Lserent complex EROSION!'2URF.::-.TONES;MOIST. M[ND, hji - 65 iry - 120 cm TROP: none HUMAN INF: nil mewhat excessively drained SAMPLES:REMARKS: A: 0 - 20 13: 60 - 80 and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) (dry), coarse sand, single grain - loose, few fine pores, non calcareous, cam u medium C2Cl 90 - 0 - 90 cm Dan'-.;.erc Dr.-'n brown (7.5YR (7.5YR 3(3) 3/4) (moist) and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) (dry), coarseuadual sand, smcoth single 1-odrdarv. grain WOiST/ loose, fine pores, non calcareous, few ,-ie .cts. Soil------. Sux FAO/BCJ1'.:H1 --eve --OH^ pa^ -7 - : 03/12/90 'tote:_ 21/01/91 ST' SOIL ANALYSIS RESULT ------1120pH CaCL2 mS/cm FCm PmC N a met4/100grMg soil ---- K Na EXAC PBS GARBO vcSParticle size (weight %) cS umS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay magi 1.3 5.7 0.2 B 39 0.5 0,00 4.6 3.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 87 0.0 13 29 27 16 4 2 2 7 36 H N FA0/- 185/011 0.0 B ------. 8 0.1 7 .2 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 lac717 ',/!god 24 12 28/09/89 3 1 1 57 Print date: 2' "" EC method ... A ,tt satu B 5 in water : Available PhosphOrganic Carbon Meter"" ttion tion Walkley-Black me"TT1 m methoe .. 0 - Olsen N :t Total Nitrogen determination Kjeldahl method CEC and bases : Ammonium acetate method FaAc : Exchange,. . acidity Cl : FreeLNATI-» C - Carbonates,* Not Known S - Soluble Salts N - None ":'T so OFS'ATPTIAn Profile: SP 0054 Unit: A 33a Status: 2 . :1 ,;"::A Letlhakane confluence. WORD.:atID 21-53-29-S : PF-301-i92 27-52-21-E AGROELEVATION CLIM.ZONE: 2D3 : 805 m aqi; " Cambisol(1988) Eutric Cambiad l saline ad L ; 04/1G/8s SMR: aridic to ustic ',,,nDFORM ola2n ..;s:,ohrept lAnD ELEMENT : not applicable POSITION: intermediate part ï» qh.1(gp.tAn-Y Ires n2n.wtolaoingFAL1J atrg no cracks,groOL,-; VEGETATION:1.1C.R0 shrub savanna TOPr.PRAPYTY! even GRASSCOVER:SLOPE : 0 - 0.5% straight ; hetcrcs, dom.) Acacia mellifera CON0-MMT,P.TAJ orn 3ailuvium - 3 , slightly moist 3 - 0 , moist 50 - 50 cm ROCK TYPE: DRAINAGEGEOL UNIT: Basement complex imperfectly drained ST,JNE31 , ROCK OUTCROP: none HUMAN INF: nil B: 5 - 20 C: 30 50 D: 80 - 100 E: 130 - 150 A O nonDark calcareouo reddish Lr-rdn (6YR 3/4; !mmit; and many very .71eat smo:)th Lcundary. hr3wn (7,5YR 51-0 (d-y), clay loam, massive and very weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, hard, few fine pores, 3 tlne , 20 on subangularDark blocky structure, firm, brown (10YR 3/2.5) (moist) and dark grayish brown (I0YR 4/2) (dry), -,,, ,-m ,,ery fine and common' fine pores, non c.--- cla ...s.ay very fine roots, .:x)clear very wavy coarse boundary. prismatic falling apart into weak redimo to coarse 20 /(-7, ' clay, weak c-,arse tc very 3e prismati- falling ap,,:,: i to ..rderate onarse subangular and angular blocky str=7 20w 60 cm ":,,r7 1,n- s)rt-ivious m2derat.e..v tl,_ici, grayi:h brown .10? 3/2) ' s, frrw fi;',2 o:es. no,' calaremcs: ccromon coax re7y fi 7e ,,. , 'Huse boundary. . (mvi-sti, falling apart into moderate coarse subangular blocky strccture, firm, 2P--) 60 lis cm ':-ry ,J1,k gravlsh coca- , LlOvK 3/2; 'c7a-,,.1: ,7-',7 :lj71,-e,,sie..s, irls :15-7, -(3ne po weak co- c,, :, - 1 c..A-z,reou-,,. t,- veTy :-:arne prlomat:,c ,:n7n,n ,-,7., fiT,s. fCc'7.5, gradual boundary. ( ' (moist) dLstinc lish -, ay, no octano, no pores, slightly calcareous, no roots. last changed : 03/12/90 print date: 21/01/91 STANDAI Ca fS aSh fSi Cl A, 0 3 84 0.0 I. 2 2 6 16 23 18 3.1 36 C 5 20 3 24 ,8:9 0.3 2 42 32 6 12 13 9 17 46 43 H OO 1, 30 6,7 4.11.03 B 4 0.4 0.8 2.81,0 6 5 8 88 17 1015 5054 5347 H O ------6 10 " 104_ 9 '7 48 04£ B ------, SP 0116 Unit: A 34 AGRO CLIM.20NE: 203 ------: Status: 2 _ a- (1974) petric phase , EI,EVATION aridic to ustic 808 m GRASSGOVER: 7.'7-ervediexe part 1.hr.ltTgGE1E01_.111C1'1: Basement well drai:.?. a HUMAN INS: SAMP B: 3( - dicates C: 60 - D: -A 90 - 1 very friable, few very Bwl - 55 cm very friable, few very fine fine and con common very fine very fine Bw2 55 - 85 cm :5 n-5r 7 17-iable, few very fine and common very fine pores, and Soil------Survey of Botswana ,. _. a - y fine E ne rounded rock and dominar a ------21101/91 . STANDARD------SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS P CEO Na EXAC PBS fSi Clay ae CECclayI 100gr 2 ------1 A 30 5020 7,97,3 b.7. I o 0 .: 9.9 3,7 0.40.5 0.71.2 0.0 0.0 100 27 2415 1617 14 6 9 26 0 1132 6725 H N 60 80 8.2 0. 2 .2.3 0.6 0.10.0 0.0 100100 20 1713 1412 6 7 2 6 11 7 58 H N 0.4 0.0 2ulged : 28/09/89 ------4 2 55 Print clat 2. EC oA i bases 2 .H --LYE :KC1 Lth HCI S - Soluble Salta N - None /FILE DESCRI , , Profile: SP 0111 Unit: A 36 Status: 2 1.0,112-TP0SE16:id /1Z7D4O51alo 1OO: 8P oaar. 00Go,loOPIO F,-54-O7 5' 1r18-858-766 27-50-28-E AGROarEVATION CLIM.ZONE: 2D3 : 823 m 1ANDFORMPLOOSOF!1A7P(55alrafros F: 5Forro: = . 7.--;rbe& t °0-,1.55..1.oava 5,5p_srs:1 TrkY5 , , ridi o 1.A.NOSORF:.75,1POGATI515: 071AFa as alosk:.ra-757, t50-, vs1ley O5552T7OPL, sord115i OPOI-rOr1.81Y: ou. -7e f GRASSCOVER:SLOPEPOSITION: intermediare part : 0 - 1 % OPF./.7-5 ; ()roases).5S1-roI5. - Acacia eric : bore5rsor- ROCK Or-oo,scoo itbsoto GEOL. FPO:510DMUISTP4.FOITOORF-S70.11118r OCJO: tol t : 55 a57 a= 5' -m ROCK 'CROP: rocky HUMANDRAIN : tsementdd drained complex SAMPLES:RD:ARKS: C is a complex A: 0 - 15 - 60ayers mainly coarse sand a 1 - 150 amy sand, 23:t2 is weakly stratified in places, 15 cm . (5Y8 4/ :eddish brown (5YR 5/4) (dry), 1 fine to medium roots, clear undary. 15 - 0 - 8( rk r .ck)rown cotana, (5YR coun3/2-5 . :) and darkand reddish many finebrown pores, (5-1:4 non 2-1/°/ cal.sr,ops. :ar),p 'oeak 'o:5:5o/sr, moF..:aim no5552to. to coarse xmmon subangular fine to blo medium str cture, hard, friable,, diffuse broken smooth boundary. 80- 150t5 aa zal.caro7o, ""3 Oioloksas1 Fea-so.s. oa 3TP 1/,' ,,,Y,L3t..) and isrk rsabOrPo brown (5Y1 oF a weak medium to coat last changed : r .locky structure, very hard, no cutans, no pores, 03/12. Lte: 21/01/91 STANDARD------SOIL Fi:AC fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay 1.0 - 6.2 .6 7.64.4 0.6 0.9 0.0 8088 0.0 15 4 1429 1925 201 94 52 2 4 2811 ,63 39 H N 0,2 0.6 2.0 0.0 14 15 27 AR/ODADA 0 --- 4 -n-- 40 33 H N EC o e CECN i_th KCI PA.CARA° rith HC1 N - None &OIL PROFILE DESCRIPTDA ------mp g Profile: SP 2026 Unit: A 36 Status: 2 AUTHOMS):LOCATTONaASSIFICATIONSHEET : M.A.Hopkint : 1R4212704 Corner of Field 13km NE of Selebi Phikwe. Xerosol (1974) GRIDDATECOORD: : : 26/10/8821-53-10-SNE-960-797 27-55-35-E ;-) aridic to ustic 1.1.ZONE: 2D3 %ANDTOPOGRAPHY:LANDFORMSURF. USE: CHAR: a)most slight flar sea)ing, : pedimemt -i) edrdenre of alt, MICROVEGETATION:LAND TOPOGRAPHY: ELEMENT : nor)cw applicable hummocks GRASSCOVER:POSITION:SLOPE higher 10 - 30part % : 0.5 - 1.02 straight PARENTSPECIES MATERIAL. alluvium : Crasses/forbs-Treesdisti.rbedShrubs 7egezaticr.- Acaoia rorti5jr - Colophusperwm ,x,,,..ane (dom., 8comle anftrunPa ;2S.M.J ROCK TYPE: dense shrub savanna GEOL MOIST.EROSIONSURF.STONES: COND: slightly moist 0 - : nil - 170 cm ROCK OUTCROP: none HUMAADRAI', .aFtSE : clearing -: Basement complex eL1 drained REMARKS: Clay percentage of analyses are low. .0 O - 20 B: 50 - 65 C: 90 - 1015 D: 130 - 145 A O - 28 cm Dark hrown (7.5YR 3/7) (mm-lit), sandy clay loam, weak structure, soft, friable, con fine to medium pores, non calcareous, i e aml utuamni medium to coarse 3t1 28 - 110 cm Dark reddish brown nonzoomr, calcareous, gradral amrcrhcarman bomdary.medium roots, gradua: mnroth Smaldam,s (5YR 3/4) (moist), sandy clay loes, weaK structure, slightly hard, friable, slight' , common fine ad few fine to medium pores, Bt2 110 - 170 cm Yellowish red (5YR 4/7) (moist), sandy clay . -,%ve structure, slightly hard, friable, ccmanan =edit' ) coarse pores, val.) ne angular slightly weathered Soil------Serve) quartz frago AO/BOTO n cal-areous, common me, last changed ; 03/12/90 pri /01/91 TANDARD SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTSue- u.bri-ri H20pH CaCL2 Fs saPmCN weight % CEC Ca meq/100grMg soil K Na EXAC PBS a vcSParticle size (weight %) cS DES fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay METH PRETR A 50 0 6520 7.87.7 0.00.,, B3 2320 0.00,0 0.00 16.515.2 10.813.8 17.6 8.6 0.60.8 0.10.1 25.030.0 100100 0 0 8790 0 0 0 3 11 7 IS.1 105 7.8 0.1 13 23 9.0 2.0 18.5 41 0 0 83 0 0 0 3 13 SU J.5 7.7 0.1. R 24 0.0 0.00 22.628.2 8.8 10.5 0.5 0.10.2 18.1 88 0 0 87 0 0 0 7 7 Soil. S . U: .'.stswana FAS6130T/851SL( last changed : 14/12/90 Print date: 21/01/91 EC : Electrical Conductivity m : method .., A - saturated paste B - 1:2.5 in water : Available Phosphorus determination : method ... 0 Olsen B - Bray : Organic Carbon de s method : Total Nitrogen deterrSnation Kjeldahl method CFC and bases : Ammonium acetate method EXAC : Exchangeable acidity extracted with KC1 CARDO : Free Carbonates t de uction with HC1 PART.SIZE DETERMINATION PRETREATI,. mTa - Organ_Hydra star tthod,r, E P - PipetteFree Method,Iron Oxides, C - Carbonates,* Not Known S - Soluble Salts N - None SOIL PROFIJ ------IPT1ON ------? 0023------Mradlnaik-.7177D4 IA Mn.-idinare S_ Letlbekan phase GPi; 27-45-04-F AGROE.EVTIO CLIM.ZONE: 2D1 T LANDFORM a1lvial plain 3T 'Jscalfic Raolar3in Lc l;.zisai 19d tr d plain SMR: aridic to ustic higher part % RAPHY: 31mr,stCRAY: 3lighc sealiAg. LeesECFbtus epparent manager,ent *6137eM kt-,ac,le mellifeta no zracks, Ll-.1123e112-2:: 5,a:1 -21,rfa-e VEGT,222i,T7:11: r2-r latIAZ :0 -1 MOIST.'70.5:7_014::,-.13F.STOL,ES, ODND:ARENf Iry MATFTLAL; none 0xasse2ifs- slightly mois 20 - 95 cm ROCK OUTCR(TYPE: HUMAN INF: nil ' o complex SAMPLES:REMARKS: A: 0 - 10 B: 30- 50 C: 70- 90 A o sutasTalaratk blocky brown structure, sligntly hard, broken moaeracely thick Cu- (10YR 3.5/2.5) dark yellowiE'. YR 4/3.5) (dry), sandy loam to sandy clay loam, massive-ommeen and fine very and weak few medium medium to pores, cz,,- no- --'reous, few fine to medir7: 10 - utans,ark brawn common fine and few medium pores, non calcareous boundary. (7.5YR 3/2) (moist) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) - (drv) andv clium to coarse subangul :tooth boundary. y structure, hard, brok 55 aLdayish st 'IWI? 2,2, (T:Joi° _ , hard, broke C). PROFISTANDARD------SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS SAMPLE------DEPTH H20pH CaCL2 mS/cm ECm PmC ppm weight % N <------CEC Ca meq/100grMg soil -- K Na I PBS 2 CARBO vcSParticle s cS e %) cSi fSi me MIT 1A- A 0 10 7.7 6.8 0.3 B 23 0.4 0.00 9.0 6.1 2.3 0.7 0.1 0.0 100 4 12 u6S15 20 vfS12 10 8 19Clay 38 H 0 30 50 7.97.4 7.3 .7 2.03.6 B 10 7 0.20.4 0.00 18.017.8 27.715.4 5.44.9 0.70.8 0.60.7 0.0 100 76 1211 1011 1215 89 89 98 3532 4951 H 0 ,)f Botsw ,'.)/BOT/85/011 last ch.nged : 28/09/89 Print date: ...., - EC : Electrical Conduc vity m : method ... A saturated p B - 1:2.5 in water : Available Phosp/< termination m : method ... 0 - Olsen B - Bray : Organic Carbon dete,,ation Walkley-Black method N : Total Nitrogen determination Kjeldahl method CEC and bases : Ammonium acetate method E(AC : Exchangeable acidity extracted with KC1 GARBO : Free Carbone - iestruction with 11C1 PART.SiZE DETERMINATION PRETe 1.MENT: , )1 0 - HOrganrA flatAar Hy-A-Are zer marhAd F J-AA fleV70-1. Ln-Ar: S - Soluble Salts N None som 'd7ILE DESCRIPTION Profile: SP 2031 Unit: A 37a Status: 2 - - LOCAT1CNSHEET : ) .,R521.28C3 ii.,0m i./RFE '/:5 Trtarn River, ODiRPiORD : 2)-53-48-'3 ! 28-01-26-E AGROELEVATION CLIM ZONE: 203 ll-Af6I.FIC7T1AU7HOR(2,): :-..A Hopkirs FAO; : . Luvic Xerosol (1974) !wild... ',-; 19!8;!, SMR: aridic to ustic : FT : f-ialils7iatalt-ir I.niria!!!1,:'n'r Hen_laTgad LA,Z, ilErfENT : nct applicable POSITION: higher part SURF.TOPOGRAPHY:ifINDFORM CHAR; nn gently sealing, undulating ro !_rack.,:,, pediment VEGETATION:MICR(' lf)FqGRAPHY: dense savannamedium h+manocks GRASSCOVER:SLOPE 30 - 70 % : 0.5 - 3.0% straight 'ANd USE: rin apparent management - a 3PECIES : : Shr-absTrees - - Af!aci, delajfera system (dom.) Acacia tortilis subs. heteriar SURF.STONES:;AlloaNOIST. none MATAS : ND: Grasse,/for-ts- ailsinirm ROCK TYPE:OUTCROP: none DRAINAGEGEOL.UNIT: Basement complex : well drained REMARKS:EROSION No cutans . nil No CaCO3 in D sample. HUMAN INF: nil SAMPLES: A: 0 - . 1 ri q, Sn 65 C: 100 - 11:5 D: 145 - 160 Al 0 - 20 cm Darkr-ot-, '-rd--rn ilea- (7.5-fP wan)! haundar-,,,4/2) (moist), sand, weal soft, very friable tastic rfiff to coarse pares, non calcareous, few fine to medium Bl 20 - 73 cm I.J'71' 'EW riaia,m if fraffef7.5Sk Doffs, iarada,a rriffisr. and darl,! h7wn ( T7,' 7' ore, friable to firm, sticky, plastic, common fine pores, non calcareous, 73 - 127 cm mediumReddish, ,Aots,- gradual smooth4/4) bounAary. (moist), sandy clay loam, massive structure, friable to firm, sticky, plastic, con coarse pores, slightly calcareous, few Ckl - 7r_iC t if, iffr _ r sticky, plastic, common medium to coarse pores, fe'- fine " 'Sag + dominar . ho,4rn1 hárri and 501_ last changed : 03/12/90 print date: r!il:, cxs ST A N Ca PBS CA.R30 oS siS ( eight i L CECcl A 0 20 6,1 0.0 B 13 weight0.0 0.00 1 9.2 9 0.5 0.3 18.5 ------63 0 0 75 f 0 0 0 fSi 8 17Clay r 65 7.16.3 0.1 B 2223 .00 56.5 14.8 7.3 10.7 6.1 1.00.7 0.30.2 28.0 33 0 0 8280 0 0 0 15 7 12 5 DSoil_ Survey of - 160 7 A A0/BOT/85/011 0.70.2 B 23 ...00 83.5 .00 40.4 16,0 11.8 0.5 1.7 18.140.0 35 last: changed0 : 0 77 014/12/90 0 0 9 14 Print date: 21/01 EC PhosphorusConduct determirv. determination y-Blackm : method method ... .rater CECN and bases : Tot .te a ETRENTMENT: METHOD; lts PEr 09 - 09

LZ0 cc STANDARD------SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS ?R`,7TILE n 2ARB0 Particle size (wei¡ ------CECalay METH PRETR - z ------vcS cS mS fS 3 cSi fa Clay meq/100gr A 30 0 5020 6.57,2 6.35.7 0,00.0 15 B 0.4 0.00 7.74.9 5.43.0 1.9 0.8 0.3 10 5 1514 1916 2027 16 9 37 4 1712 3528 HH N 60 80 8.10.6 7.87.3 0.1 14 B 0.20,3 0.00 5.8 32.7 5.9 1.41.2 0.80.7 0.40,3 1110 20 1817 1719 69 3 45 2117 2329 H N Sch. ------FAO/BOT/' o last changed : 13/12/90 Print date: 21/01191 EC AvailablEElectt Phosphc:.: . a.ination m : method ..... 0A - saturatedOlsen paste B - Bray 1:2.5 in water N : Total.Organic Nit-- Carbon detercination terminal Walkley-Black method dahl method CECEXAC and bases : Ammonium Exchal method RBO ' DETERMINATli Free EATMENT:es YITHOD: te Methch.: - None ight - A ny Bw 25 40 cm - - veryw. 40 - 55 c.tti ose, ver very - atzite Taartzitt.fragJents, ,k N A L RESULTS ------Pm C N CFX Ca vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay MhrH PRETR A o 1./.0 ).5 17 25 21 4 1413 4157 Print date: 21/01/91 B 0 EC : Avail N : TotalOrganic Lar non de- - CEC and bases-kC L30 S - None ------SOIL PROFILZ DISC. C Profile: BE 0261 Unit: B Olt Status: 2 : L.2128D1., ------P' ?.94-"!:s 1 AGRO GLIM-ZONE: 493 ------. AUTHOR(S)!:LIGATION LASSIEVCATION T.D Ilafol.?.Fe 11c STFAO: S cf. T!:(_,_ aaric Regosc Sf---1: - 12 f5s:'::=-7: 49-00-E ELEVATION : aridic 110 m TOPOGRAPHY!LANDEORM almost flat slight tesJ.rl:g nc:-...ra,;ks, nil evidence of salt, 1.1.?A277r, even : not applicable SLOPEPOSITION: intermediate part ! 0.! - 1 % straight LANDSPECIESSURF. USE: CHAR: tradlticz.al grazing Grasses/forbq-ShrubsTrees - Colophospermum rapareColooncsperr:m (dam.) mooane (47.,m Tssmina-Lss =nsesss savanna GRASSCOVER: MOI5T.LROSIONSURY.STONES:PARENT GOND: MATERIAL: slightly few grave)in situmol,t wearbe7ed i, sl)g),c sSsec -m GEOL.UNIT:HUMANDRAINAGE IMP: Karoo nil supergroup : well drained REMARKS:SAMPLES: Blb,but the topography is almost flat. A: 0 - 20 B: 20 - 35 A 20 cm Very dark grayish brown (mot: mode e to medium subangular ,:,.olAcy structure, slightly hard, 20 - 0 - 35 cm Very sark grayish brown r).GYr 1/2) friable, common very fitie (10YR 3/2) to fin ne thrha s. -s- ! loam,:agments,randy-14v no 1cam,vak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, hard, ,H.:::recus, many fine roots, clear wavy boundary. 35 ±rsasle, a_wwc,4 irtecc tr s:Tregstions r,,arse angular basalt L. strsgly ce,scareDre mw:alus, peres frr:ss. sfi=r _ - %,:7 trequent fine spherical Toft whice r-alcareous 51011 last changed : 0::'121°D . /01/91 STAmn A. ------SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS n.1 EC m P m EXAC PBS CARIJ vcSParticle size (weight %) cS ------mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay 7n,J1100gr ------'RETR H20 CaCL2 .1 ------mS/cm 7 6 A 7.6 0.1 6B1 B 0.4 .2 0.2 1.8 .] 8 6 6 1014 13 9 1214 1312 3628 7081 H 0 .------last changed : 28109/89 Print date: )! EC uonductivity m : method A satui ate B 1 - 5 in water : Available Phosphorus determinati 0 - Oise: : TotalOrganic Nitrogen Carbon deteinLna.determdmation ?; method k method CECN and bases : Ammonium acetate method : Exchangea'"- extract" vr" : Free I y destructi PART.S DETERMINATD RETREATKETT: METHOD: 0H - Pp-an:recap 7 - - S - Soluble Salts N m None SOIL------PROFILE DESCRI Profile: BE 0274 Unit: B 06c p------Status: 2 SHEET , .i228?1 t sAss-sa,. .)Pf 22-07-28-SF'.1:587-620 28-32-11-E AGRO CLIM.ZONE: 483 : AUTHOPf.S::LAJLi ?AT?, TASs ,;_asAssm_a DATi ./iO4/29 ELEVATION : aridic 710 m TOPCGRASHSA;LANDFORM srA,la:?;7_ z plamm 7sms Rssla-mts !d7.GP!''LAX0 ifLEMEgf TqP9GPAPFY: even not applicable POSITION:SLOPE intermediate part : 5 - 7 % straight LAND USE: .s.masss2s-AUB CHA?: slsgas c--g_s - iiig M nil evidence of salt, VEGETATION: savanna GRASSCOVER: 10 - 30 % PAPEATTSUCIES MATFPIAL Grassas/torbs- T.scamrssperz= nas¡Aaa ISmm ) Wh'rpirsa ms.s,Le 'smssra??smCsess,scsm apscsJasul //ssimets,m seressa ROCK -'"E: basalt GEOL.UNIT: Karoo supergroup MGIST.EROSIAAISURE:STONES. COND: s)igasly s/Aass.,? colas am:me 114.»8 Stse.Z emasimsA - :S dsa 10 - 60 cm ROCK OUTCROP: none HUMANDRAINAGE INF: nil: well drained SAMPLES:REMARKS: Very marginal A: 0 - 15 "t - 20- according to analyses,but clear cutans on 40 C: 43- 60 pedfaces A 0 * - ' :eddish brown (5YR 3/2) (moist), sandy clay loam, weak fine to medium sl,Uangular block): ssructure, friable, ccaman fine to medium pores fr --, -o medium angular slightly weathered basalt and weathered rock Fragrel-to, cna ,..elcareous, common --;ery fine to fine roots, clear wavy bo,in ..r. , Et1 15 - 4_ __ .7eddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) (moist) and darkis reddon pedfaces, common fine to medium pares Ereq, (5YR 3/2) (dry), clay loam, weak fine to medium subangplar blocky- structure, very e to medium angular slightly weathered basalt and weathered rock fragments, non calcareous, broken thick 3t2 43 - 60 sm cmani itne to medium roo rassAisr ssrawm 2.5/2/ /ma,st)t7, -'-n-sE6 7 ,:---dary :ssP,s? ts-saf e dcv stay :m mm; ver7 weaL fi me tu medium octangular blocky structure, very hard, no cutans, frAsmen,s: staoglAl calcareous, faw ldium roots, e, te, , 60 cm + ,o/BOT/K ------last changed : 03/12/90 sSs, late: 21/01/91 ST ',LTS Psi magi CARO -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__ vcSParticle size (weight %) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay METH PRETR BA 20 0 4015 7.3 6.6 0.1 10 B 3 B 0.3 0 i.9).3 4.34.9 0.20.7 0.90.4 0.0 6.40.0 65 96 8 7 1215 1011 1011 2018 2725 105 73 HII 0 C 1.1 AO Utiti0/011 3 B 0.2 i.0 4.1 0.1 2.0 8 0 1.4 last12 changed : 8 8 28/09/896 16 11 15 25 114 Print date: 21/01/91 H 0 EC : Electrical Conductivity m : method A - saturated B 1:2.5 in water Availa - --than determinationPhosphorus determination Walkley-Black method m : method ... 0 - Olsen B - Bray : Total e:_ogen determination Kjeidahl method . bases : Aramoni.um acetate method eab , destrtm- MIN/ =HOD: e2.4T: Soluble Salts N N ne Profile: S - 1.16.1-.< C ua Status. v Y.-- I? :11_1 m.,1:111 -,112,11`1111 3211 m- -7-- , m 111-22-112,1,2-113-1111-17, 111m 28-13-17-E AGROSKR:ELEVATION CLIM.ZONE: aridic 3B4 11111?e11111,-.---11_1111e"111111711=1".1=1 -.bee :bee r 111_11.' .rr712.4",21;7 1:144101.116.11-1 ° ec-= 1=-7 sneers 17AD:1111,10S1.1710:1: hmemb. pA.r.t (m3 - f.% straight O01-111 01-"=- - GRASSCOVER: 30 - 70 % 0'0-7-01E0 : =1-blopecece ; e -; -_ e-,:c < c=='!7.cm-b,ce, 1-1erce albccbmcca shrub savanna AREtrl el-1.121-1111,1/2Ct°3PE 'cc .1- e er1 poor 7WDVe GEOL.UNIT: Basement complex 111-111,1=1=fi316=F _11-in1(211e e ecebe HUMANDRAINAGE INF : clearing well drained RD1ARKS:SAMPLES: A: 0 - 10 B: 10 - 33 C: 50 65 D: 95 A o - rem ","y", 7, 1 -1-' - _- "7- rJ,°-," - ` EF., '4,," 7 r indarj- to ME:di= blocky structure,. Btl 16 e 33 cm came 1- --_-,--: e1 7r r, ,11.= rb-1, , , ,:emeece cee cceme"--:- --- nceer_ ez; _ struc )ft to slightly hard, friable, sticky, plael .--yrmon neditun me), , I - 1:arc, tiabla. c,cicky, plastic, common -medium pores , 33 - b6- ' " 07" ' U'Ef.-5 '7, -1 ,-'- - rreer. e e t J tt Si s ?east/ c, common medium pores, --embre'br- 's last changed : 03/12/90 3

0 O 19 0 $.3 39 0 0 C O 0'0 CO or, 0 0 0 0 0 Z'OT 0 o 0 0°00'0 L '7ZtPOTI 0) rit0 TD Pt N v- , , m m SJPIOS)IN sioxavtiv 1109 ClUVONVIS 9 ^4 - 'a - SHEET------i1OFILE GRID : 24-825 7-y- ---o----- AGROPriifile: CLIM.ZONE: SP 6003 203 Oritz G Olc Status: 3 CrAESIFICATI)JliJTHOR(S,:COCAT1ON 4.5(r21273 FAOST "0 nf mare Peg»sol(198; C.,.Retlogetiwe Eutric Regosol (1974) shallow petri 0)0RD: 'ase 0/851-57-S 27-42-09-E SKR:ELEVATION aridic to ustic : 882 m TOPOGRAPHY:LANDFORMSURF. CHAR:ight undciat rig ro crazi s, .7c11, evidence of salt, VEGETATION:1-1-1"1Rf,L.ANF EL,:ME2-1 7OPW:.A.,'9Y. open savanna even : not applicable GRASSCOVER:POS:-LIL: : i ep,r straight :.ANDPA?F/7TSPEC:ES USE: MATER:Af: trani711 : iTia,sPis/foih-Ti.ees - CC-'71' ophperrimgrazirg mopaf.e apit.dbodan Bosz-ia altitrunca Oadra pyraoattradide end et, albi (-12 TROSl'iNSUPi.STONES:40IST. oí° irqe 3 , a El,J% deatherE,t : -: ROCK OUTCROP: TYPE: granite - HUMANDRAINAGEGEOL.UNIT: INF: ni- Basedarr : ttoda'adb ezceesioAdy dtained SAMPLES:REMARKS: Upper A: 15 C horizon predomEnantly gravels. (-;%5?,' d',1) (aaderj and brown :/,',11? agtdadds, 7C- ralaarer,t, tdt tt a tort 1 O..77, " MafiF1- abrdordt,, - fine pores, few Sold Survey of 15 ca+ rr-uts to coarse ro last changed : print date: 21/01/91 STANDARD SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS 9 m PF Pm c Dil Na i PBS R a ni di eSi f Si Clay i; 100gr N 70 0.0 _ 46 Print dat _ EC Orgarat 0A 01 es : ion Kjaasa aet hod : Fri 11- r_L ç 7 , iel SOIL PROFILE DESC Profile: BE 0901 Unit: G 62e Statue,: I. GOCATI6NSHEET : 2228B35,8km Scdtb East af Tcli. Backline 1.11aembn1wa CkiDDUORD: 22-22-32-3 : PE-740-249 28-41-14-E : 4B3 752 m D7.`SSIFIT.A'sAUTHOR(S): T.D.Mafmko : PAO!ST Hapl:o LixisC..(1988) Hai-,istcad Luvic Xerosol (1974) pernio phase St. ik a ridic LENDSGRF.TOPOGRAPHY:11,JDFORM USE: CHA?: commercial almost slight grazing flat sealing, no cracks, nil evidence of salt, plain MIGPDVEGETATION: T'DP5i4DRAPmif: dense even cree savanna : not applicable GRASSCOVER:SLOPEPOSITJIDN: intermediate 30 - 70 % part : 0.5 - 1 % -;YECIES : 7 Trees Colophospermim mopane (dom.) Combretum apiculatum FARENT MATEPIAli in Gra-me9/fertc-Shrubs 3i;:u s: ad Sclerocarya caffra fiDD- TYPE: granite GEOL.UNIT: Basement complex MOIST.EPosTONSURF,STIONES: GOND: dry C, very fe... snDres : nil - 70 cm igf " )UTCROP: none HUMANDRAINAGE INF: nil : moderately well drained SA i"3: ProfileS: is identical to BE0203. A: 0 - 20 B: 30 - 50 A b iDDD, 20 - 60 cm Dark reddish brown (2.52R 3/4) roundedreddish brown slightly (2.5YR weather,:e q !Dii:,") nonreddish calcareous, brown (2.511 co57ca t-s:e to medium roots, clear smk,ei, lv,Dndary. (dry), sandy loam, weak fine meelium s o blocky structure, slightle Co 60 - J catchy nhin clay cutan, on pedlid ei, trequen'in tine rounded s)izhcly wean)ecei e,darnz fragments, non call ..aiocrh and reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) (di-vi, s.Ndy clay loam, moderate cearse to very o con- on suban, ii_ar blocky ideriweie,'tut ivity, fewr. So - - )1ack ------!BOT/85/011: fine to meditas 'erect quartz fragmen-reous. ack irom 18/12/90 ------oncretions and medium Dre,gular hard print dat( STANDAPD SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS PPVc:ic ------cc cc 1120PH CaCL2 mS/cm m ppm Pm weightC % N CPC Ca meq/100grMg soil - K Na vcSParti:r c' mS fSweight %) vfS eSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay METH F1051R 0 20 6.5 5,6 0,0 B 5 B 0.5 0.00 4,3 2,4 1.2 0,7 0.1 0,0 100 0.0 9 17 18 19 12 7 2 17 14 H N 50 50 5.4 4.7 0.0 B 1 B 0.2 0.00 5.0 1.8 1.6 0.3 0.2 78 0.0 8 14 17 16 11 4 2 28 15 H N Soil------Sureey cf Botswana FAO/BOT/85/011 last changed : 28/09/89 Print date: 21/01/91 EC : Electric : :cied caste ic 1nn kley CEC s Ammoniumcetate method dete ion idahl methol : Exchangeable ac dity extracted with KC1 : Free Carbonates :ruction with HCI 710.14 0H - OrganicHydrometer Matter, Method, F P - PipetteFree Nerhod, Iron 'brise-, C S Soluble Salts N - None SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PROFIL7 , 901 ------UNIT: 0 02e : moderately well S,Iuth East of Tuli Backline CE ! t.Lication .t material : situ weathered Y,yr..)sol Luvic Xerosol phase :A ( 0- 20 cm): SL Bt ( 20 - 60 cm): SCL Co ( 60 - 70 cm): i4o.INTIL.TRATION Basic (cm/he) a METHODS: Infiltration: double ring infiltrometer f , Lye ti me .,, t "a" and "n" are constants in equation "F-at 21 21.423.8 0.500.80 0.930.87 MoistureBulk Density: Retention: 1ovenwhere bar dry,tension mean and below: on cal:e samples or F - cumulative infiI.tr,,i1u value of 5 measurements. and (cl clods) (see bulk density); e.,,LmaedC_Loed dme on (min).4clods; .,fs. (co) - estimated on core samples. ------543 19.3 0.82 0.84 Structure Stability Index: relative collapse of larger pores (in the I- forValuesmore well than range structured 1 barfrom tension: 0.00 soils (completely on(no crusted single unstable) samplesgrainsl 2fram mm finefraction earthto of 1.00fraction surface (cIt ( % % vcS't''.. "e size (weight Z) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay PRETR A 15 0 3010 5.35,0 5.04.4 0.0 B 29 0.10.1 0.000.00 5,77.5 3.51.4 0.81.8 0.60.3 0.00.1 7946 0.0 9 4 1716 1923 1924 11 8 57 32 2113 3341 H 0 Soil Survey of Botswana 50 70 5.5 FAO/BOT/85/0115.2 0.0 B 1 0.1 0.00 11.1 6.0 2.9 0.6 0.1 86 0.0 last changed5 11 15 : 16 28/09/89 9 6 4 34 32 Print date: 21/01/91 H 0 EC : AvailableElectrical Phosphorus Conductivity deteLwInation m : : methodmemhod ... 0A -- Olsen saturated paste B - Bray 1:2.5 in water N : TotalOrganic Nitrogen Carbon determination determination KjeldahlWalkley-Black method method aAc:CEO and bases : ExchangeableAmmonium acetate acidity method extracted with KCI PART.SIZE DETERMINATION : Free Carbonates by destruction with HC1 PRETREATMENT: METHOD: oH Hy,...mmeter Method, ".atter, F - Free iron Oxides P Method, C - * - Not Riwn S S. Salts N - None LII )4)17, PROF= DESCRIPTION ------Profile: SP 2001 Unit: G 06b Status: 2 AUTHOR(S):lLASSTITCATIOII M.A.Hopkins Ynnm upslopeSIFAO: of Aret-t.boadr SP2000 Lwisol(196b, UkTFUST-) 21-07-8,i-gia '3-32 27-50-04-E AGROSKR:ELEVATION CLIM.ZONE: aridic to 2D3 ustic : 821 m 7.41,14I'USE:LAN0FORMSURF.DOPOGRAPHY: CHAR: gently slight unct.lating sealing, no cranks, rsle2idence of salt, pediment : Arett:' usnaific Haplarglsi *1-TRr:VEGETATION:LAND ELagliT Nil evee GRASSCOVER:SLOPE?OSITION: lower30 - 70 part % : 0.5 - 3 % straight 7A7ENTSPT,CIES MATali1/2:1 :t TreesStrunstracitti.ma] nrvlatd fanr-)ng, srop: scrgaum, - ROPV TYPVI orneass GEOL.UNIT. Basement complex P.M.E.STOrES: common grave COND: dry (l) Gran-nl)s-: moderate g,11.--v eroson .1:1 situ - 20, sInItnn moist sea'FOST. 20 - 105 cm none DRAINAGE : well drained cloughiog SAMPLES: Erosion inA: field due to ploughing pattern. 0 - 15 B: 30 - 45 C: 75 90 A 0 - 15 cm Yellowish red (5YR 4/7) (moist) and yellowish rel (5YR '7:8) (dry),friable, loan very few fine angular slightly weathered quartz fragments, not calcareous, few fine to medium roots, clear smooth boundary. sand to sandy loam, very weak fine to medium subangular blocky structure, sl3ghtly hard, BtI 15 - 75 cm quartzDark red fragments, (2.5YR 3.5/6) non calcareous, (moist), sandy few clay fine loam, roots, weak clea- ---,-- , Lum angular blocky structure, friable, common medium pores, few fine angular slInly .,,athered Bol 105 cm 75 - 105 cm dominantfrequentDusky red fine fine (2.5YR to to medium medium 3.5/1) angular angular(moist), slightly slightly sandy weatheredclay weathered loam, ivartz moderatequartz fragmenn6. fragments. tt r,trcr,g nn:: merit.= oa17_arecn,a, angular blocky few fine structure, roots, clear friable, wavy patchy boundary. thin clay cutans, common medium pores, Soil Survey of Botswana FAO/BOT/85/011 last changed : 03/12/90 print date: - PROFILE:STANDARD SP 2001 SOlL ANALYSIS RESULTS SAMPLE DEPTH H20pH CaCL2 mS/cm ECm PmC ppm weight X N CEC meq/100grMg soil K Na EXAC PBS CARBO vcSParticle size (weight X) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay METH PRETR A 0 15 7.4 0.1 B 21 0.0 0.00 11.7 9.9 2.8 0.8 0.0 29.2 100 0.0 0 0 88 0 0 0 7 5 30 45 7.8 0.1 B 24 . 0.0 0.00 18.7 12.4 10.2 0.4 0.1 16.6 100 0.0 0 0 85 0 0 0 7 8 Soil Survey of Botswana 75 90 7.4 FAO/BOT/85/011 0.2 B 23 0.0 0.00 21.3 18.6 9.9 0.4 0.1 16.9 100 0.0 last changed0 : 0 75 03/12/900 0 0 7 18 Print date: 21/01/91 EC : Electrical Conductivity m method ... A - saturated paste B - 1:2.5 in water : Available Phosphorus deteruination m : method ... 0 - Olsen B - Bray : Organic Carbon determination Walkley-Black method N : Total Nitrogen dete,mination Rjeldahl method CEC and bases : Ammonium acetate method EaC : Exchangeable acidity extracted with RC1 PART.SIZECARBO DETERMINATION : Free Carbonates by destruction with HC1 PRETREATMLIT: METHOD: 0H - HydrometerOrganic Matter, Method, F - Free Iron Oxides, P - Pipette Method, :rbonates, S - Soluble Salts N - None SOIL PROFILE _)-p.- t 'N Profile: BE 0902 Unit: G 06b Status: 1 1.0c,A,ION8H1.71 ) 2:283 ------'Yxf21;ibii . P'-'-8L1=-191 -c 28-47.-Z8-b ------CLIA.ZONE: 4B3 : 688 m CLASSIFICATIONAUTHOR(S): Ai=g TrFAO: daplif Typic ixiscl()vbS) Lui . bA-F 7N2i19is SMR: aridic LANDSURF.TOPCGRAPUY:LANDFOF.M almost fiat CH,6.'; : slightplain sealinc, nil t, LLTraOr : not applicable GRASSCOVER:SLOPEPOSITION: 30intermediate - 70 % part : 0.5 - 1 % : Crasse3/friShrubs - Crivubspermvm mcpace (dom. Col-,phosT;ermum -.3.-,c1-.na (dom. C, etum apiculatum culatum MOIST.EROSIONSURF.STONES:PARENT OOND: MATERIAL: dry 0very few in sir: gravel wewthered : nil - CC cm ROCK me e GEOl.!iNIT:HUMANDAINAGE INF: Basement : nilmoderately complex well drained SAMPLFS: A: is identical to 20 B: 3C - 50 C: 80 - 100 A 20 cm ) Bti 0 - 80 cm DarkveryVery darkreddishfine grayishto brol4nfine brownpares, (2.5YR (10Yit few 2.5/4) fine .V2 rirb fragments,(moist) no). calocreobb,and ttarx browr ;, 5.yr, 314, ',Tv :ane r r-, ,clear smooth boundary.sandy clay loam, moderateas, weak fine to medium subangul ,r structure, slightly hard, common Bt2 8020 - 100 cm Darkboundarybroken reddisi than clay'crc.wn cutans C2.57? on pe7!477'114) T.. ; (moist) arad dark reddish brown (5YR 3.5/4)ccymon (dry) fine ro medium.%d pares, dark frequent red (2.5YR fine 2: - to medium parea. common a ::, -randed quartz fragments, non calcareous, few fine to medium roots, clear smooth clear yellowish-brown mottles, sandy clay loam, massive structure, to coarse subangular blocky structure, hard, Noll Survey of Botswana FAO/BOT/85/011 very hard, fontinnous thir. :Lay crc,i pedfaces, common fine rounded quartz fragments, non calcareous, last changed : 18/12/90 print date: 21/01/91 PROFILE:STANDARD BE 0902 SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS SAMPLE DEPTH H20PH CaCL2 mS/cm ECm PmC ppm weight / N <------CEC Ca meq/100grMg soil ------> K Na EKAC PBS E GARB° E vcSParticle size (weight %) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECzlay METH PRETR 0 20 4.8 0.4 0.00 3,6 2.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 92 0.0 11 21 19 16 5 3 6 19 11 H 0 BA 30 50 6.05.7 5.3 0.0 B 14 B B 0.3 0.00 4.6 2.4 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 91 0.0 13 23 18 12 5 3 6 19 18 P N ',oilC Survey of Botswana 80 100 7.5 FAO/BOT/8510116.2 0.1 B 1 B 0.1 0.00 6.8 4.6 1.9 0.1 3.0 0.0 100 last11 changed : 21 16 12 28/09/89 6 4 5 25 25 Print date: 21/01/91 H N EC : Electrical Conductivity m : method ... A - saturated paste B - 1:2.5 in water ,P : Available Phosphorus deteiuLnatioo m : method ... 0 - Olsen B - Bray : Organic Carbon determination Walkley-Black method N : Total Nitrogen determination Kjeldahl method CEC and bases : AmmOnium acetate method EXAC : Exchangeable acidity extracted with KC1 PART.SIZE DETERMINATION : Free Carbonates by destruction with HC1 PRETREATMENT: METHOD: 0H - OrganicHydrometer Matter, Method, F - Free Ir:. P - Pipette iod, C * - Not Known Carbonates, S - Soluble Salts N - None SOIL PYSICAL PROPERTIES PROFILE: BE 0902 UNIT: G 06b DrainageLocation tt)L T t. ';berwood-Pontdrif road well ClassificationParent material : I weathered Xe.rosol phase Horizons : A ( 0 - 2n cm): SL Btl ( 20 - 80 cm): SCL Bt2 ( 80 - 100 cm): SCL No.INFILTRATION Basic (cm/hr) a n METHODS: Infiltration: double ring infiltrDTer for cumulative time of 4 hrs. "a" and "n" are constants in equation "F-at ", n 2------1 15.476.3 0.550.44 0.860,99 MoistureBulk Density: Retention: whereoven1 bardry, tension mean value and below:ci on core samples or clods (see bulk density);F .. cirmulati7e T_afiltration (cm) and t 5 measurements. (cl) - estimated on clods; ... elapsed time (min). (co) := estimated on core samples. 5 43 19.4 0,49 0.92 Structure Stability Index: relative collapse of larger pores (in the 1-2 mm fraction of surface soil) on slow and fast wetting. moreforValues than well range1 structuredbar fromtension: 0.00 soils on(completely crushed(no single samples unstable) grains). from to fine 1.00 earth (completely fraction stable) (< 2mm). PERCENTAGESURFACE STRUCTURE SINGLE GRAINSSTABILITY (1-2 INDEX: mm): 0.77 67% DEPTH (cm) BULK DENSITY (g/cc) 0.03barWATER CONTENT 0.05bar (weight 0.1bar %) ------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__ ----- 0.3bar 1.0bar 3.0bar 5.0bar 15.0bar A 20 - 0 - 8020 1.511.44 (co) 13.3011.20 12.1010.59 11.03 9.36 9.297.54 8.36.7 6.85.9 6.35.2 6.25.1 SoilREMARKS: Survey of Botswana FAO/BOT/85/011 last changed: 21112/89 Print date: 21/01/91 SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIai ------Profile: SP 2004 Unit: G 14 Status: 2 LOCATIONSHEET IR142127D4 7km from Mmadinare , 500m from Letlhakane riv. 00ORD:GRID ; 21-54-23-SNF-833-778 27-48-17-E ELEVATIONAGRO CLIM.ZONE: 2D3 : 822 m LANDFORMCLASSIFICATIONAUTHOR(S): M.A.Hopkinspediment STFAO: Areni-Chromic Luvisol(19 : Arenic ustalfic Haplargid Arenic Luvic Xerosol (1974) LANDDATE ;ELBERT 13/10/88 i not applicable POSITION:SKR; ariEt middle to ustic slope SPECIESLANDSURF.TOPOGRAPHY: USE: CHAR: traditional gentl)'no eealing, undulating grazing no cracks, nil evidence of salt, Trees - Acacia tortilla subs. haterocautha (dom.) VEGETATION:MICRO TOPOGRAPHY; dense medium hummocks 6avanna GRASSCOVER:SLOPE 0.5 - 3 > 70 % % straight MOIST.PARENT COND: MATERIAL: dry 0 -in situ weathered ; Shrubs - Grasses/forbs- cm ROCK TYPE; gneiss GEOL.UNITIDRAINAGE Basemento well drained conga EROSIONSURF.STONES: none : ni]. ROCK OUTCROP: none HUMAN IRE: nil REMARKSSAMPLES: A: 0- 20 B; 30- 50 C: 80 - 95 D: 120 - 135 0 - 32 cm Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) (moist) and yellowish red (5YR 4.5/6) (dry), loamy sand, weak medium subangular blocky structure, soft, non sticky, non plastic, many 32 70 cm slightlyDarkfine redpores, plastic,(2.5YR non 3/6)calcareous, non (moist)calcareous, manyand redfinecommon (2.5YR to medium 4/6) roots, (dry), gradual loamy sandsmoothsmuoth tc; boundary. coarse sandy loan, weak fine subangular blocky structure, slightly hard, slightly sticky, 70 100 cm Dark red (2.5YR 3/5) (moist) and red (2.5YR 4/6) (dry), fragments, non calcareous, few termite/ant activity, ang L- medium roots,ndy diffuseclay loan, haundary. massive structure, hard, slightly sticky, slightly plastic, w fine angular quartz 104 150 co Dark red (2.5YR 3/5) (moist) and red (2.5YR 4/6) , assive structure, hard, slightly sticky, slightly plastic, do a%gulor quartz 150 170 cm Dirk red (2.5YR 3/5) (molot) and red (2.5YR 4/6) (dry), za' ,-1y fraatz, non calcareous, few termite/ant activity, few (dry), narldy coy 7 (7,7,0(1 000 ro loo,1 J. ew fine angular quartz fragmenta, few termite/ant activity, taw coarsa Sal 170 ------cf Ectswara735 cm Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) (moist), loem)FFAO/BOT/85/011 send. last changed o 03/12/90 print date: 21/01/91 PROFILE:STANDARD SP 2004 SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS SAMPLE DEPTH H20pH CaCL2 mS/cm ECm PmC ppm weight % CEC<------Ca meq/100grMg soil K Na EXAC PBS vcSParticle size (weight %) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay METH PRETR BA 30 0 5020 7.47.2 0.0 B3 2317 0.0 0.000.00 10.4 6.0 6.02.6 13.212.5 0.41.5 0.20.1 60.016.5 100 0 0 8785 0 0 0 32 1014 DC 80 135 95 7.3 0.0 B 24 0.0 0.00 11.7 8.4 22.4 2.8 0.0 51.0 100 0 0 8386 0 0 0 32 1412 Scr. .,---. 1:-, - , ' Botswana 7.3 FAO/BOT/851011 0.1 B 0.0 0.00 13.0 5.0 10.5 0.3 0.0 11.5 last changed : 13/12/90 Print date: 21/01/91 EC m : method ... B 1:2.5 in water : OrganicElectrical Carbon ConductivityAvailable determination Phosphorus deteuitnation Walkley-Black method m : method ... 0A - saturated paste Olsen B - Bray UtN and bases , : AmmoniumTotal Nitrogen acetate determination method Rjeldahl method CARDOEXAC 7,:eeExchangeable Carb< acidity extracted with KC1 ttes 1-'7 destruction with HC1 .!I'M 0H - Organic Metter, Hydroueter Method, F - Free Iron Oxides, P - Pipette Method, C * - Not Known Carbonates, S - Soluble Salts N None SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONa- _ 0 ^ 0 -7 Profile: SP 0145 Unit: S I3a Status: 3 : 2128C4 ------AUMOR(5):LOCATIONSHEET : A.Rer,relzwaal Mosalakwane 13 km of Bobonong. F.Verbeek T.Egarlyar.e J.Maembolwa 900RD:CR1D : 21-57-50-3 PF-337-712'L;0 i,88 28-17-50-E ELEVATIONAGRO CLIM.ZONE: 3B4 : 716 m CLASSIFICATION FA0i Areni-T-etric Calciso1(1j131: Petrocalcic Arenosol (1974) aridic LANDFURM : plain ST Areiir Palenirhid NT. FL12ENT : ridge POSITION: crest LANDSURF.TOPOGRAPHY: USE. CHAF; traiiitional grazing undulatingsllght sealing, LC cracks, nil evidence of salt, VEGETATION:41CRO TOPYMAPHY, open shrublow hummocks savanna GRASSCOVER:SLOPE 30 - 70 % : 1 - 2 % convex SPECIES :;Scuhs Grassesaci-bs- Trees - Acacia tortilla subs. heterocantha (dom.) MOIST.PARENT 00111, MATEP1AL: in situ weathered dry 0 - 35 , slightly moist 35 - 80 cm ROCK TYPE: sandstone GEOL UNIT: Basemnt complex : EROSIONSURF.STONES: - nnneslight ,reet erosion ROCK OTTCROP: none -AINADE i.1 borrowsomewhat pit excessively drained REMARKS:SAMPLES: Parent material is poorly sorted sandstone;clay content analyses is too high. A: 0 - 20 B: 20 - 35 C: 35 - 55 D: 60 - 80 0 - 20 cm Dark reddish brown I5YR and yellowish ir-A 4/5) (dr)i), sand to loamy san, weal - coarse subangular blocky structure, slightly hard, 20 35 cm Darkveryfriable, finereddish to common finebrown and very(5YR fcc- fire3/3.. 1-ce roots, clear smooth bovii-iy. t fine pores, very few fii, moisr) ,,,nded slightly weathered quartz fragments, non calcareous, few termite/ant activity, common BU calcareous,soft to slightly few termite/ant hard, friab.i.., patchy - ;m ont5YR pedand few - ,iium roots,1, loa'clear verysand,smooth fine -,c,-,,ndr,r;-very to weak fine ccpores, ,e1-7 e Lie -angular slightly weatheredy coarse quartz subangulaI fragments, bintky non structure, 35 - 80 cm lirk reddish brown (2 5V s:Ightly hard, friable, 3,t) (misa) aad reddish bro-wr. :2 chld a:ay cutaaa -.t13 perccac arara, abr; - qZ.'.*/ i.-i;vm to very coarse subangular blockyCiighcly strm--, weathered quartz fraguents, non calcareous, Cuk 80 cm 4 eLightfew termite/ant aotility, iy (I0YR 7/2) (m Icareous, no 1,1-a _calId white features, (10YR 8/1)no roots. (dr) fa7,Y -7 o cutans, cemented, no pores, no rock fragments, -35/011------nged------t 03/12/90 print date: 21/01/91 ' OIL ANALYSIS RESULTS ------H20pH CaCL2 mS/cm ECm PmC ppm weight Z N <- Na PBS vcSParticle size (weight %) cS mS fS vfS cSi fSi Clay meq/100grCECclay MElH 7,'RE2? 12 C 3 100 0 6 7 65 0 7 4 12 37 0 3520 7.27.0 6.16.0 0.00.1 B 5 0,20,3 C.Pc 7.1 12.111.4 4.64.2 0.1 0.0 0,00.0 100 0 7 4 35 31 9 1 14 44 H N 0 35 8055 7.67.4 6.56.3 0.10.0 B 4 0.10.2 0.00 6.97.2 12.6 3.4 5.^ 0.0 0.0 100 76 6 87 32 2628 8 2 1 1413 5049 Soi Botswana P: 205/01) Last changed : 28/09189 Print date: 21/01/91 PC : Electrical Conductivity m : method A = saturated paste B - 12.5 : Available Phosphorus determination m : method . 0 - Olsen B = Bray : Organic Carbon deteLnation Walkley-Black method : Ammonium acetateTotal Nitrogen deteoeLnation Kjeldahl method : Exchangeable acidity extracted with )(CI : Free Carbonates by destruction with HCL PipetP. cAp:I.cILE :ET-MN111AT-10N PREP.EA cTE11405; 0H - OrganicHydrometer Matter, Method, F - Free Ir P , - Carbonates,TLE/7! ot N - None Printed By Information Section Ministry of Agriculture Private Bag 003 Gaborone, Botswana