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Is Jesus of Nazareth the Predicted Messiah? a Historical-Evidential

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Is Jesus of Nazareth the Predicted Messiah? a Historical-Evidential IS JESUS OF NAZARETH THE PREDICTED MESSIAH? A HISTORICAL-EVIDENTIAL APPROACH TO SPECIFIC OLD TESTAMENT MESSIANIC PROPHECIES AND THEIR NEW TESTAMENT FULFILLMENTS By Douglas D. Scott A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SEMINARY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy May 2017 ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this dissertation is to establish if critically acceptable historical- evidential reasons exist for believing that Jesus Christ is the direct fulfillment of the specific OT messianic texts included in the study. The study presupposes many of the conclusions of historical-critical scholarship and employs historical-evidential criteria to evaluate the evidence and attempt to establish the historical warrant for affirming such belief. Secondarily, this study seeks to find minimal facts related to these specific OT prophetic texts. To qualify as a minimal fact, two conditions must be met: (1) there must be more than adequate scholarly evidences usually consisting of several critically ascertained lines of argumentation; and (2) there must be agreement among the majority of contemporary scholars about the historicity of the event or the specific claim the minimal fact affirms. This investigation envisions the existence of three possible outcomes for each prophecy examined: (1) Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy and sufficient historical evidence establishes the claim as probable, (2) Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy, but the available historical evidence is insufficient to establish the claim as probable, and (3) sufficient historical evidence exists to refute the claim that Jesus directly fulfilled the prophecy. The historical-evidential approach employed by this study yields the probability of two direct fulfillments and the emergence of fifteen minimal facts. The author thus concludes that the historical evidence supports the probability that the two specific OT passages affirmed in this study, (2 Samuel 7:13, 16; Micah 5:2), directly prophesy regarding some aspect of Jesus’ life and ministry. On three other occasions (Psalm 2:7; Psalm 16:10; Malachi 3:1), a distinct possibility exists that these texts directly prophesy regarding some aspect of Jesus’ life and ministry. ii DEDICATION Foremost among those who have contributed to this work is my wife Suzan. You have, by faith, waited patiently through the years for me to complete my doctoral degree. Without your encouragement during moments of despair or fatigue, I certainly would have chosen an easier way. The dedication of this dissertation to you as a testimony to your patience, love and endurance seems a woefully inadequate way to express my love and gratitude. Better days are coming soon. I love spending life with you! Doug iii Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii PART I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study ................................................................................... 1 Background and Preliminary Considerations ......................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 5 Significance of the Problem .................................................................................... 5 The Study’s Contribution to Professional Knowledge and Practice ....................... 7 An Overview of the Components of the Dissertation ........................................... 10 Key Elements ............................................................................................ 10 Reasons for Including Each Element ........................................................ 13 Overview of Methodology, Key Terms, and Presuppositions .............................. 14 Basic Rationale ......................................................................................... 14 Evaluative Framework for Biblical Data .................................................. 16 Evaluative Framework for Historical Data ............................................... 18 Definitions of Key Terminology ............................................................... 18 Authorial Presuppositions ......................................................................... 20 Summary of Important Literature ............................................................. 21 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 26 Overview of the Literature Review ....................................................................... 26 Elements in and Rationale for Section 1 of the Literature Review ........... 27 iv Section 1 A Progressive Review of the Traditional Argument from Messianic Prophecy ................................................................................................................................... 29 Alexander Keith: Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion .......... 29 Eduard Riehm: Messianic Prophecy: Its Origin, Historical Character, and Relation to New Testament Fulfillment ................................................................................ 31 Franz Delitzsch: Messianic Prophecies in Historical Succession ............. 33 Ed Hindson: “Messianic Prophecy”.......................................................... 34 Bernard Ramm: Protestant Christian Evidences ....................................... 35 Kenny Barfield: The Prophet Motive ....................................................... 36 Robert C. Newman: Jesus: The Testimony of Prophecy and History ...... 39 Robert C. Newman: “Fulfilled Prophecy as Miracle” .............................. 41 Robert C. Newman: Prophecies About the Coming Messiah ................... 43 J. Barton Payne: Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy ............................... 44 Herbert W. Bateman, Darrell L. Bock and Gordon H. Johnston: Jesus the Messiah: Tracing the Promises, Expectations, and Coming of Israel’s King ....................... 48 Section 2 Key Authors and Arguments that Alter or Eliminate the Traditional Approach to Predictive Prophecy ............................................................................................. 50 Elements in and Rationale for Section 2 of the Literature Review ........... 50 John J. Collins: The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age .................................................................................................................... 51 Ernest A. Edghill and Herbert E. Ryle: An Inquiry into the Evidential Value of Prophecy................................................................................................................. 52 Gurdon C. Oxtoby: Prediction and Fulfillment in the Bible ..................... 57 v Dewey Beegle: Prophecy and Prediction .................................................. 59 Joseph Fitzmyer: The One Who Is to Come ............................................. 61 Section 3 The Possibility of Miracles ................................................................... 63 Elements in and Rationale for Section 3 of the Literature Review ........... 63 Hume’s Arguments against Miracles ........................................................ 64 Hume’s Argument and Predictive Prophecy............................................. 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 71 PART II EXEGESIS ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS .................................................... 74 Introduction to Part II............................................................................................ 74 Chapter 3 The First Group of Biblical Texts .................................................................. 75 Introduction to the First Group of Biblical Texts ................................................. 75 Genesis 49:10 ........................................................................................................ 75 Literary and Textual Analysis ................................................................... 75 The Interpretation of Genesis 49:10 in Exilic and Post-exilic Judaism .... 85 Summary ................................................................................................... 88 Psalm 118 .............................................................................................................. 90 Literary and Textual Analysis ................................................................... 90 Summary ................................................................................................. 101 Haggai 2:1–9 ....................................................................................................... 103 Literary and Textual Analysis ................................................................. 103 Summary ................................................................................................. 113 Malachi 3:1 ......................................................................................................... 114 Literary and Textual Analysis ................................................................
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