7.ÊDIATOPY OF pu BY ITSELF In ¤6, a longitudinal study was made of complementation paradigms across Greek deviating from CSMG. This chapter covers the remainder of the functions of pu by itself in Modern Greek dialects.1 It is more akin to a survey, as the dis- cussion is organised according to linguistic function, rather than region. Such a survey has never been attempted to date, and the diatopic heterogeny in func- tionality of pu, as well as the unifying factors in its use, can only emerge after a full survey of this kind. 7.1.ÊRelative locative adverb 7.1.1.ÊHeadless locative In archaic dialects of Greek, a pu-cognate can be used on its own to introduce headless locativesÑa function normally performed in CSMG by Èopu. This hap- pens in Tsakonian with pHi, even though Ôwhere(ever)Õ is normally expressed there by okia, cognate to Èopu, or the pseudo-relative orpa pHi, corresponding to CSMG eki pu Ôthere thatÕ. (1a) EzŒkaÝ p\ Õ e¼ni katafiaskoymªn³oi ts^Õ e¼ni ªggoynte t\on KŒtoy K¿smo ts^Õ e¼ni oro´nte toy penato¼ ts^Õ e¼ni par¼nte k¼soy. ezakai pH iøi katafiaskumeni tþ iøi eNgunde tHon katu kosmo tþ iøi orunde tu penati tþ iøi parinde kisu. They went where people fall into comas and go into the Underworld and see the dead and come back. (CostS ¤12; Melana, Southern Tsakonia) In fact, orpa pHi is juxtaposed with the older headless pHi in (1b): (1b) EzŒts^Õ o nhxanik¿, p\ Õ ªkÕ ªxoy o gªroy Pa´lo prÃta ªna magaz¼, ¿rpa p\ Õ ªki a plate¼a, d¼pla. ezatþ o øixaøiko, pH ek exu o Äeru pavlo prota ena maÄazi, orpa pH eki a platia, Dipla. The mechanic went where old Paul used to have a shop, next to where the square used to be. (CostD ¤9d; Kastanitsa, Northern Tsakonia) This also occurs in Cappadocian; the example below originates from Misti, where pu is also in use as a temporal (¤B.1)Ñuncharacteristically for Cappa- docia, where pu-cognates are usually phonologically unreduced (op, opu, ap, apu). 1The functions of pu in collocation have been excluded from this work due to space constraints (Nicholas 1998b). 342 THE STORY OF pu (2a) Poy t klÃÝx, ex ªna c&irŒx. pu t kloix, ex ena tSirax. Where she is walking, there is a servant. (Dawk 386; Misti) In fact, locative pu appears in reduced form as early as the Turco-Persian Sufi poets (2b); this seems to testify to an early independent development in Old Anatolian Greek. (2b) (xiiiÊAD) á â á á K¦ã jã s©. ,. ©sã . hjs Kd. Dgh. pÃaly pyn stÃa psilÃa puw plÃastikin. PŒli pügen sta chlŒ poy plŒsthken. pali piÄen sta psila pu plastiken. de nouveau elle est montŽe dans les hauteurs o• elle a ŽtŽ crŽŽe. Again it goes to the heights where it was created. (Valed Reb‰bn‰me) The presence, however, of temporal pu in Misti makes it possible that the re- analysis went in a direction opposite to the usualÑfrom temporal to locative. A third dialect with headless locative pu is Mariupolitan, related to Cappa- docian on independent evidence (¤6.6): (3a) Pu sma na stykit ’to tu fos, ’ti sma vals futyja. pu sma na stökit to tu fos, ti sma vals futöja. Near where the light stands, there you shall make a fire. (AbrM 35) (3b) Pu en pulá luxtórja, at’í argá ksymiréf. pu en pula luxtorja, atJi arÄa ksömiref. «Opoy e¼nai pollo¼ kok¿roi, eke¼ argŒ jhmerÃnei. Èopu ine poli kokori, eki arÄa ksimeroni. Where there are many roosters, there it dawns late. (Pappou-Zhuravliova 1995:50) And unsurprisingly, given the affinity of the three dialects, this usage also turns up (though only twice) in the Pontic corpus: (4a) Egà poy zv es´ ÕkÕ epore¼q. eÄo pu zo esi k eporis. Where I live, you cannot. (KandilF 131; Chaldia) (4b) ArÕ ªla cÿh kai mÕ ebga¼ntÕq po´ e¼sai; ar ela pSi ke m evÄents Èpu ise? Loip¿n na mh bgei h cyxü soy eke¼ poy e¼nai; lipon na mi vÄi i psixi su eki pu ine? So would your soul not come out (of your body, from rage) right where you stand? (FotD 269) One more dialect it turns up in has significant affinity with Anatolian Greek: Cypriot. (5) na pa@me po@-s&i nero@n krio@ na ton issa@ksume na ka@mumen ofto@ na fa@me na pame po Si neron krio na ton isùaksume na kamumen ofto na fame LetÕs go where thereÕs cold water, letÕs slaughter it, letÕs make roast meat, letÕs eat. (Newton ¤7.1.4; Pano Panaya, Central Cyprus) DIATOPY OF pu BY ITSELF 343 These dialects all have distinct headless locatives corresponding to Èopu (okia in Tsakonian), so there can be no question of a merger between Èopu and pu. Yet in all instances but (3b), the pu-headless locatives are definiteÑcontrasting with Èopu, which is indefinite. The CSMG equivalent of this pu is not Èopu, but the pseudo-relative eki pu Ôthere whereÕ (¤3.2.2: CSMG pseudo-relatives act as the definite equivalents of indefinite headless relativisers.) So headless-pu seems to fulfil a distinct semantic function in these dialects. There are two conclusions one can draw about this pu. First, the only explana- tion for its semantics is an analogical development from its more widespread counterpart and reflex, the headed and definite relativiser pu. This is a neat re- versal of the usual grammaticalisation process. Usually, the reflex preserves se- mantic properties of the etymon through persistence. Here, it seems, the reflex has passed the semantic property of definiteness back onto the etymon, distin- guishing locative pu from Èopu. This is the only justification for headless-puÑ unusual as it may be. There is no phonological reason why the indefinite Èopu would retain sentential stress, and thus preserve its initial vowel, but the defi- nite pu lost sentential stress and its initial vowel. The only form of Èopu which could lose sentential stress through widespread use was the relativiser, and the relativiser must be the antecedent of locative-pu. The second conclusion is that headless definite locative pu is an archaism, even if it represents an innovative extension of pu compared to mainstream Greek. The ambit of the form is Tsakonian, and the descendants of Old Ana- tolian GreekÑtogether with Cypriot, related to them at a further remove.2 There is only one dialect in which dropping the initial vowel of Èopu has be- come regular: Calabrian Italiot, for which pu is the only locative form (6a). In Apulian Italiot, pu is also in use (6b), alongside epu and ipu (Rohlfs 1977:138). (6a) k@ai d´o potamo¼, ªna eke¼tue, o Foyr-r¼a, k@ai ªna ap-pÔÕ Ãde, h Amyd-dal¼a, zm¼dzondo poy teg-geâiÃn-nei Õo pa‚si. tSe Dio potami, ena ekitTe, o furùia, tSe ena apùH oDe, i amidùalia, zmidzondo pu teÆùoni o paisi. kai d´o potamo¼, ªnaq eke¼uen, o Foyr-r¼aq, kai ªnaq apÕ edÃ, h AmygdaliŒ ²É³ enÃnontai eke¼, poy teleiÃnei to xvri¿. ke Dio potami, enas ekiTen, o furùias, ke enas ap eDo, i amiÄDalia [É] enonode eki, pu telioni to xorio. And two rivers, one over there, the Furria, and one over here, the Amiddalia, meet where the village ends. (HDMS 924:53; Rochudi, Calabria) (6b) Tªlv sªmpre poy pŒv na ponà gia sªna,/ tsai soy na mh pon’ gia mªna. telo sempre pu pao na pono Äia sena,/ tse su na mi poni Äia mena. I want always, wherever I go, to ache for you, and for you never to ache for me. (Lampakis 47; Sternatia, Apulia) Since Èopu is not extant in the dialect, there is no phonological distinction be- tween indefinite and definite locativesÑunlike the eastern outlier dialects: (6a) 2It would not be a surprise if something similar turned up in Livisi; but I have not found any such instances in my (rather extensive) corpus. 344 THE STORY OF pu is definite, while (6b) is indefinite. No such functional distinction seems to have developed between pu and the Apulian forms ipu and epu, either.3 7.1.2.ÊBounded locative The function of a bounded locative is properly relativising rather than explicitly locative (cf. the place that I sat); this function of pu is thus omnipresent in Greek.4 If another indeclinable relativiser, with no locative etymology, is extant in a Greek dialect, one would expect it to do the same bounded locative work. This is the case for Pontic ndo, Cappadocian to, and Italiot ti: (8a) NÕ aŒ-zÕ ta xÃmata nto ke¼tai! n aQz ta xomata ndo kite! Hallowed be the ground where he lies! (KandilE 126; Chaldia, Pontus) (8b) eke¼ to na ypŒmÕ to t¿poq so x´ra ombr¿ enÕ poyxvmªno ªna na¼ka vq to mªs&h tÕ. eki to na ipam to topos so xira ambro en puxomeno ena neka os to meSi t. There at the place where we will go, in front of the door there is a woman buried up to her waist. (AravanF 170; Aravani, Western Cappadocia) 3The use of pu instead of Èopu extends further in Italiot to locatives formed from (o)pu: pukambu ÔanywhereÕÊ< Èopu k an Èopu, punane and pukanene ÔeverywhereÕÊ< Èopu (ke) na ne Ôwherever it may be; anywhereÕ, and variants of pupote ÔnowhereÕÊ< Èopu pote Ôwhere neverÕ (extant in Eastern Greek as pupetis). This elision of the initial vowel of Èopu is reminiscent of the elision of a similar connective, pos.