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Effects of Wildlife on Cattle Diets in Laikipia Rangeland, Kenya Wilfred O

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Effects of Wildlife on Cattle Diets in Laikipia Rangeland, Kenya Wilfred O Rangeland Ecol Manage 60:179–185 | March 2007 Effects of Wildlife on Cattle Diets in Laikipia Rangeland, Kenya Wilfred O. Odadi,1 Truman P. Young,2 and J. B. Okeyo-Owuor3 Authors are 1PhD candidate, Natural Resource Management Dept, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Njoro, Kenya, and Research Scientist, Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya; 2Professor, Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, and Research Scientist, Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya; and 3Senior Lecturer, School of Environmental Studies, Biological Sciences Division, Moi University, PO Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya. Abstract The impacts of wild herbivores on cattle diet selection were investigated in an East African rangeland during August 2001 and February 2002. The study compared cattle diets in plots exclusively accessible to cattle (C) and those accessible to megaherbivores (elephants and giraffes), non-megaherbivore wild herbivores . 15 kg (zebras, hartebeests, Grant’s gazelles, oryx, elands, and buffaloes) and cattle (MWC); or non-megaherbivore wild herbivores and cattle (WC). There were no treatment differences in selection of most grass species in either sampling period (P . 0.05). However, selection of forbs differed among treatments during February when conditions were relatively dry and percent of bites taken by cattle on this forage class increased (P , 0.005) from 1.8% 6 0.3 to 7.7% 6 1.6 (mean 6 SE). During this period, cattle took a lower percent of bites on forbs in MWC (4.3% 6 1.7; P 0.01) and WC (5.9% 6 2.2; P 0.03) than in C (12.9% 6 0.9). These patterns were generally driven by Commelina spp., which¼ comprised 65% 6 9.4 of total¼bites on forbs. Notably, these differences were associated with differences in cover of forbs, which was positively correlated with percent of bites on forbs (r2 0.86, P , 0.01). Because forbs may be critical components of cattle diets in such rangelands during relatively dry periods, these¼dietary changes may indicate potential seasonal costs of wildlife to cattle production. Looking for ways to offset such costs may be worthwhile for livestock properties that accommodate wildlife. Resumen Los impactos de los herbı´voros silvestres sobre seleccio´ n de la dieta del ganado fueron investigados en un pastizal del este de A´ frica de Agosto del 2001 a Febrero del 2002. En el estudio se compararon las dietas del ganado en potreros accesibles exclusivamente al ganado (C) y en potreros accesibles a megaherbı´voros (elefantes y jirafas), herbı´voros silvestres mayores de 15 kg (zebras, n˜ us, gacelas, oryx, alce africano y bu´ falos) y ganado (MWC) y en potreros accesibles a no-mega herbı´voros silvestres y ganado (WC). En ninguna de las e´pocas de muestro hubo diferencia entre tratamientos en la seleccio´ n para la mayorı´a de especies de zacates (P . 0.05). Sin embargo, en Febrero, cuando las condiciones fueron relativamente secas, la seleccio´ n de hierbas difirio´ entre tratamientos y el porcentaje de mordidas efectuadas por el ganado en esta clase de forraje aumento´ (P , 0.005) de 1.8% 6 0.3 a 7.7% 6 1.6. Durante este periodo, el ganado registro´ porcentajes de mordidas de hierbas ma´s bajos en los potreros MWC (4.3% 6 1.7; P 0.01) y WC (5.9% 6 2.2; P 0.03) que en los accesibles solo al ganado (12.9% 6 0.9). estos patrones generalmente ¼estuvieron regidos por las plantas¼ del ge´nero Commelina spp., las cuales comprendieron 65% 6 9.4 del total de las mordidas de hierbas. Estas diferencias estuvieron notablemente asociadas con diferencias en la cobertura de hierbas, la que fue positivamente correlacionada con el porcentaje de mordidas (r2 0.86, P , 0.01). Debido a que las hierbas pueden ser un componente crı´tico de la dieta del ganado en estos pastizales durante periodos¼ relativamente secos, estos cambios en la dieta pueden indicar costos estacio´ nales potenciales de la fauna silvestre para la produccio´ n de ganado. La bu´ squeda de formas de compensar tales costos puede ser de valor para las propiedades productoras de ganado que alojan fauna silvestre. Key Words: forbs, livestock, megaherbivores, nutrition, productivity, wild herbivores INTRODUCTION The exclosure plots were built and maintained with grants from the James Smithson East African rangelands are known for their abundant and Fund of the Smithsonian Institution (to A.S.), the National Geographic Society (4691-91), diverse assemblages of wildlife (Boutton et al. 1988; Kinya- the National Science Foundation (BSR-97-07477 and BSR-03-16402), and the African mario and Macharia 1992; Voeten and Prins 1999). Notably, Elephant Program of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (98210-0-G563) (to T.P.Y). The latter large proportions of wildlife are found outside protected areas 2 grants also supported the research reported here. This research was carried out under the on privately owned unfenced livestock ranches and communal auspices of the Mpala Research Centre and The Office of the President of the Republic of grazing areas (Western 1989). Livestock owners have become Kenya (Ref MOEST/13/001/8C 20). At the time of research, the principal author was an MSc student, School of concerned about the negative impacts on cattle production often Environmental Studies, Biological Sciences Division, Moi University, PO Box 3900, Eldoret, associated with wildlife (Prins 1992; Prins and Grootenhuis Kenya, and Junior Research Scientist, Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. 2000). Inability of landowners to derive direct benefits from Correspondence: Wilfred O. Odadi, Mpala Research Centre, PO Box 555, Nanyuki, wildlife has exacerbated the problem and led to extirpation of Kenya. Email: [email protected] (larger) wildlife from some private and communal properties in Manuscript received 27 February 2005; manuscript accepted 3 November 2006. nonprotected areas (Heath 2000). As a result, there is growing RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 60(2) March 2007 179 recognition that the future of wildlife conservation in range- of a series of semipermeable barriers that differentially exclude lands outside protected areas will depend partly on better or allow cattle, megaherbivores (elephants and giraffes) and assessments of the costs to livestock producers and the need non-megaherbivore large wild herbivores . 15 kg (zebras, for potentially offsetting such costs. hartebeests, Grant’s gazelles, oryx, elands, and buffaloes). We Direct competition for forage resources between wild herbi- used plots with 3 herbivory treatments, namely, only cattle vores and livestock can lead to changes in foraging behaviors allowed (C); megaherbivores, non-megaherbivore large wild and diet selection, which alter performance and population herbivores, and cattle allowed (MWC); and non-megaherbivore dynamics (Hepworth et al. 1991). Although several studies large wild herbivores and cattle allowed (WC), where plots have shown that livestock can have negative effects on wild were replicated across 3 blocks (central, north, and south) in herbivores (Prins 2000; Young et al. 2005), there still is little a randomized block design, resulting in a total of 9 plots. The scientific information on the effects of wild herbivores on experimental barriers have since been demonstrated to be livestock (Hobbs et al. 1996a, 1996b), in African rangelands in effective in excluding the targeted groups of large herbivores particular (Prins 2000). The objective of this study was to (Young et al. 1998, 2005). For details of the site and investigate the impact of large wild herbivores on cattle diet experimental setup, see Young et al. (1998). selection in a semiarid East African rangeland. Cattle Runs and Wildlife Densities MATERIALS AND METHODS KLEE conducted timed 2-hour cattle runs consisting of 120 Bos indicus cows in each of the treatment plots used in this study 4–8 times per year, designed to reflect the ranch stocking rate Study Area 1 1 of 0.1–0.2 cattle haÀ yÀ (see Young et al. 2005). Prior to The study was conducted at Mpala Research Centre (lat 08179N, long 378529E, 1 800 m above sea level) situated on the first vegetation sampling period in August 2001, 3 cattle a rangeland in the central part of Laikipia District, Kenya. The runs were conducted in January, April/May and July of that climate is semiarid with an average annual rainfall of 550 mm. year. Three more runs were conducted in September, Novem- Generally, long rains occur in March–May, the short rains in ber, and January prior to sampling in February 2002. October and November, and continental rains in July and Although we did not determine the density of large wild August (Young et al. 1998). This study was conducted during herbivores in the specific study site during our study, mean August 2001 and February 2002. August was wet, with rainfall densities of megaherbivores and non-megaherbivore large wild herbivores in Laikipia District are 0.004 6 0.002 and totalling about 61 mm in this period and 207 mm in the pre- 1 0.05 0.01 animals haÀ , respectively based on aerial ceding 3 months. Although February itself was relatively dry, 6 with no rainfall being recorded in this month or in January, it sample surveys conducted between 1985 and 2005 (N. J. was preceded by heavy rains, amounting to 297 mm in October Georgiadis, unpublished). These densities are characterized by and November. wide spatial and temporal variations but are generally higher The main soil type is black cotton soil. The main vegetation in properties that are more accommodative to wildlife such type in the study site is grassland or bushed grassland with as Mpala Ranch, where our study site was located (N. J. varying densities of Acacia drepanolobium Sjøstedt (whistling Georgiadis, unpublished). thorn). The herb-layer vegetation is dominated by perennial grasses, namely, Pennisetum stramineum Peter (Masai grass), Vegetation Surveys P.
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