Chem 30B

Ch22: Carbohydrate Metabolism Catabolism Overview Digeson of Carbohydrates Villi of Small Intesne [Handout] Catabolism Flow Chart

FOOD

LIPIDS PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES

Fatty Acids + Glycerols Glucose + Amino Acids Other Sugars Pentose Phosphate Amino Acid Fatty Acids Pathway Glycogenesis Catabolism 5-C sugars Glycogen + NAPDH Glucose 6-phosphate β-oxidation Glycolysis 2 NADH + 2 ATP

*Glycolysis yields 2 pyruvates, so multiply everything below by 2x! O O Anaerobic - H3C C C O Lactate n NADH Pyruvate Aerobic + n FADH2 (n depends on carbon CO2 NADH length of fatty acid) O Steroids H3C C SCoA Ketone Protein bodies Acetyl-CoA metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle 1 ATP 2 CO2

3 NADH, 1 FADH2

O2 Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative H2O Phosphorylation

11 ATP (3 ATP/NADH + 2 ATP/FADH2) [Handout] Glycolysis

HO CH 2- 2 Hexokinase O3PO CH2 Fructose 6-phosphate kinase O OH OH Glucose 6-phosphate ATP ADP O OH isomerase 2-O PO CH ATP ADP 3 2 O OH H H OH H OH 1 OH H OH H 3 2 H CH2OH H OH OH H OH H Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phophate

O H2 2- O3PO C C CH2OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 2- OH O3PO CH2 O Aldolase H OH Triose phosphate 5 isomerase H 2- CH2OPO3 4 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate OH H dehydrogenase O OH O Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate OH H2 H2 NAD+ NADH/H+ HOPO 2- 2- 3 2-O PO C C C OPO 2- O3PO C C CH 3 3 H H D-Glyceraldehyde 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphate

Phosphoglycerate kinase H2O OPO 2– Enolase OPO 2– ADP ATP Phosphoglycerate mutase 3 3 OH O O H2 H O 2- – 2 – O3PO C C C O HO C C C O– H2C C C O H 9 7 8 H 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate kinase ADP ATP O O – H3C C C O 10 Pyruvate Glucose to Acetyl-CoA

Glucose and Fatty Acid Catabolism

I. Glucose Catabolism

[Handout] ATP Accounng for Glucose Catabolism A. Steps of Glucose Catabolism

1. Glycolysis: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 HOPO32- + 2 ADP à 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 H+

2. Pyruvate Oxidation: 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 HSCoA à 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH + 2 H+

3. Citric Acid Cycle: 2 Acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 HOPO32- + 4 H2O à 2 HSCoA + 6 NADH + 6 H+ + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 CO2

4. Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electrons from all the NADH and FADH2 made in the previous steps are used to reduce O2 to water: O2 + 4e- + 4 H+ à 2 H2O

The released energy is used to make ATP: 3 ATP made/1 NADH 2 ATP made/1 FADH2 (More accurate: 2.5 ATP/NADH, 1.5 ATP/ FADH2)

B. Total ATP Count for Catabolism of a Glucose Molecule

• Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 6 ATP (from 2 NADH) = 8 ATP • Pyruvate oxidation: 6 ATP (from 2 NADH) = 6 ATP • Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP + 18 ATP (from 6 NADH) + 4 ATP (from 2 FADH2) = 24 ATP ______TOTAL: 38 ATP

3 H. Kim for Chem 30B