CHASQUI Peruvian Mail

Year 7, number 14 Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs September 2009 . Francisco Gonzáles Gamarra. Oil on canvas, 1959. Gonzáles Gamarra. Oil on canvas, . Francisco Inca Garcilaso

INCA GARCILASO AND THE BIRTH OF MESTIZO CULTURE IN THE AMERICAS AFRICAN AND ASIAN MIGRATION / FORESTS OF THE CUISINE OF AREQUIPA INCA GARCILASO AND HIS ERA Carmen Bernand* In 1609, a book that would forge new dreams and utopias and create a new understanding of the most famous monarchs of ancient Peru appeared in Lisbon: The Comentarios Reales [published in English as The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru]. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, a writer and historian of mestizo [Spanish and indigenous] origins, took the greatest effort in this work to appreciate and integrate the two worlds he belonged to: the west and the . The Comentarios Reales, full of nostalgic exaltation, subterranean conflicts, and dramatic tensions, marked the course of the new mestizo culture of the Americas and made its author the first canonical writer in the western hemisphere. Life, art, memory, and aspirations are all nurtured and projected in this extraordinary adventure.

n 1539, the son of conquistador father’s feats at the court of Felipe II, Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega, Goméz Suárez settled in Montilla, at Iscion of a minor branch of a his uncle Alonso de Vargas’ house, powerful family of Spanish nobles, where he would live for the next thirty and Princess Chimpu Ocllo, niece of years. For a time, he shared his quarters the Inca Emperor Huayna Cápac, was with Luis de Góngora, the famous poet born in Cuzco and baptized Gómez and playwright, who was the nephew Suárez de Figueroa. On his father’s of Luisa Ponce de León, Alonso de side, he was related to such illustrious Vargas’ wife. names as Zafra, Feria, and Garci Pérez, as well as two of the greatest A warrior and a scholar Spanish poets, Jorge Manrique (his After an incursion into military life great-grandfather’s cousin) and the as part of the campaign against the Renaissance master Garcilaso de Moorish remnants in Alpeujarras la Vega (his great-grandmother’s (1569-1570) which earned him the cousin.) On his mother’s side, he was rank of Captain, Garcilaso decided to linked to the members of the highest devote himself to his two great passions: nobility, in particular the aristocratic horseback riding and literature. In faction led by Túpac Inca Yupanqui. Montilla, which he described as his “corner of poverty and loneliness,” A childhood in Cuzco he was nevertheless able to acquire a Gómez Suárez de Figueroa spent broad knowledge of classical culture his childhood at his father’s dwelling through the Priego library and his in Cusco. Chaos reigned in the links to the Jesuits and other Cordoba city, which was shaken by civil wars de Montilla/Ministry Affairs/ courtesyPicture PUCP Cultural of Ayuntamiento Center. of Foreign based men and women of letters. One between partisans of the Encomienda such man was Ambrosio de Morales, system, in which those who had led of the Order of Saint Jeronimo, who the conquest of Peru were given felt great esteem for the Inca. Morales large landholdings in return for was a highly influential and respected evangelizing the Indians who lived on figure, as well as an erudite linguist said lands (led in rebellion by Gonzalo and an expert in archeology. As an Pizarro), and troops loyal to the official historian, he was given the Spanish Crown. The first few years of mission of increasing the El Escorial Gómez’s life were marked by a lack of Library’s funds, which gave him access basic foodstuffs, fear of attacks, and Façade of Garcilaso’s house in Montilla. to a plethora of manuscripts, including the absence of his father, enlisted with that of Cieza de León on the Incas Pizarro’s troops and branded a traitor Suárez remained in his father’s home, “Because with his death fell a bastion of Peru. Morales also encouraged the by the Crown. He shared this painful and slowly became concious of his of Christianity, the departed was.....the surveying of Spanish towns, which was experience with his mother and Inca fragile status as the mestizo son of his father of this nation, tireless supporter also undertaken in the Americas and relatives, his governess, and the other father’s previous relationship despite of the poor, friend to the good, enemy later published as Relaciones Geográficas children of the household, including the strong bonds of affection between of the wicked, and, finally, the refuge de Indias [Geographical Relations of the his half sister Francisca de la Vega, the father and son. of all that are natural.” (H VIII). Indies]. daughter of palla or Inca Concubine “There were too few schools and too The captain left his mestizo son the María Pilcosisa. “Children, whether of many arms,” writes Garcilaso(FI, 27). sum of four thousand pesos to travel to A chosen people Inca nobility or the common people, Along with other young mestizos, also Spain and complete his studies. Towards Archeology and references to the regardless of social distinction, would the children of powerful conquistadors, the end of 1559, at the age of twenty, classical age are the theoretical cry out strangely upon receiving even Gómez Suárez attended Latin, grammar, Gómez Suárez left his native land, never framework that Garcilaso used to or- slightest gift”. (RC IV-12). and music classes taught by the expert to return. Prior to his departure, Mayor ganize his materials. The neoplatonic While Gonzalo Pizarro was taken Juan de Cuéllar. Cuéllar strongly Polo de Ondegardo took the young philosophy of León Hebreo offered a prisoner, found guilty of fomenting and encouraged his students to pursue their traveler to see the mummified bodies model to reinterpret the Incas’ sun leading the rebellion, and executed in studies in Salamanca, Spain. of the Incan Emperors, which he had worship as a from of monotheism Cuzco in 1548, Captain Garcilaso just discovered. The subsequent voyage and precursor to Christianity. The de la Vega was left unpunished and Departure took him from Cuzco to Lima and from Temple of the Sun appears as the was, in fact, appointed mayor of the Captain Sebastián Garcilaso de la Lima to the isthmus of Panama, where Western Hemisphere replica of Solo- city. Like many of his conquistador Vega died of “departure” in Cuzco in he embarked at Port Nombre de Dios mon’s Temple, and Cuzco as a South counterparts, he was required to 1559. At the end of his life, his son for Europe. Weather conditions made American New Jerusalem. The Incas marry a Spanish woman, in his case transcribed the eulogy read in his for a difficult crossing. He disembarked are presented as a chosen people that Luisa Martel. Princess Chumpu honor, in a style that recalls that of in Lisbon and from there went to Spain. follows divine commandments. “In Ocllo, baptized Isabel, was given in Jorge Manrique’s Coplas por la muerte de After a short stay in Madrid, where he addition to worshiping the Sun as a marriage to Juan Pedroche. Gómez su padre [Couplets on his father’s death]. attempted to win recognition for his visible god...the Inca Emperors and

CHASQUI 2 their amautas, who were the empire’s Inca society as political model philosophers, traced the illuminated «...I went to the lodge of the educated Polo de Ondegardo The description of the Inca form of path to the true God and Our Lord, [...] who was mayor of that fair city [Cuzco,] so that I might government became part of the then who created heaven and Earth... ongoing debate in Europe regarding which they called Pachacámac... kiss his hands and bid him farewell before my journey. The political models, and Inca Garcilaso which means he who gives life to former, between other favors he granted, told me, “Since became interested in the subject the whole universe...he who gives you go to Spain, enter these chambers, you shall see some of through the works of Tomás Moro, the universe life gives it to the body Guicciardini, and Jean Bodin. In his as well.” (RC II-2). yours who I have brought to the light of day, that you might work Tratado de las Repúblicas del “And so, that they might see the bring something to speak of there.” In the chamber, I found Mundo [Treatise on the Republics of love that, like his own sons, he had five bodies of the Inca Kings [...] I remember when I came to the World] (1575), Jerónimo Román for them, he made it so that they and touch a finger of Huayna Capac’s hand; it was like a statue, y Zamora provided an example of a their descendants would always be Platonic republic based on virtue. called Incas (CR I-23). “The Sun had strong and hard [...] They would be carried wrapped in Classical Latin works in Garcilaso’s sent them to Earth to uplift men from white sheets; on squares and streets the Indians would kneel library led him to compare the first the miserable life that they lived” (RC before them; paying reverence with tears and wailing, and Inca emperors and the first Roman II- 19). Before his death, Manco Cápac kings. The Inca government described gathered his sons and “told them that many Spaniards would take off their hats, as these were the in The Royal Commentaries of the like him they must keep his laws and bodies of Kings» (RC V-29). Incas and General History of Peru is commandments” (CR I-15). fair and forward thinking; the empire

The works of Inca Garcilaso

DIALOGS ON LOVE quest to create a universal theology Attracted to Dialoghi d’amore, by which encompassed the Incas as well Leone Ebreo (also known as “Leon as European thought. The synthesis of the Hebrew” in older English texts), conflicting elements relating to Love an essay written by a doctor and rabbi created by Ebreo (“…There is nothing who was forcibly exiled from the that unites the entire universe with its Iberian peninsula in 1492, Garcilaso infinity of elements except Love…. decided to translate the work, despite […] the sun is the simulation of the its prominent position on the list of Divine understanding on which all works banned by the Inquisition. In understanding depends, and the moon order to achieve this goal, Garcilaso is the likeness of the soul of the world”) learned the Tuscan dialect of Italian, allowed Garcilaso to understand mestizo as well as undertaking a rigorous study culture as the reconciliation of Incas of neoplatonic philosophy and the and conquistadors. Love, in all its forms, Kabbalah. The common points of is the divine engine of creation and the thought between the Old Testament, link which binds all mankind. In 1590, Judaism, and ancient Greek philosophy he published a Spanish translation of the allowed Garcilaso to harmoniously work in Madrid, signing as “Garcilaso integrate the paganism of the Incas with Inca de la Vega.” Faithful to its original the conquest of Florida based on the royal highways) was used to describe Christianity, as well as interpreting the text and written in an elegant prose, this testimony of Gonzalo Silvestre, an other American Indian societies, “we Greek myths as allegories that brought translation, “the new fruit of Peru” is still old conquistador living in retirement are doing it (writing about the Indians in Man closer to the divine. This is considered authoritative. in the countryside near Cordoba, “It Florida) either for the conceit of writing, perhaps excessively abstract and can Leone Ebreo was not the only Jew- made me indignant and seemed a great or to praise our nation, which, though its only be conceived of through its visible ish author who influenced Inca Gar- shame that such heroic works of men in regions and countries are quite distant, manifestation, the Sun. The importance cilaso, “Josephus Flavius, whose works this world have remained perpetually are still Indies. (FI, II-27). of the cosmos in the Neoplatonic the Inca [Garcilaso] kept in his library, forgotten. As such, seeing myself in debt philosophy of Leon Ebreo would is a fundamental element in the con- to both nations, because I am the son THE ROYAL COMMENTARIES became a key element in Garcilaso’s struction of Inca identity. Firstly, due to of a Spaniard and an Indian, I disturbed In 1609 Inca Garcilaso published his his biography, in which Garcilaso saw a that fine gentleman many a time that most celebrated work, dedicated to reflection of his own life. Josephus, a Jew we might write his story, and I served his maternal ancestors and entitled from Jerusalem born in the year 37 AD, as his scribe.” The two men often met The Royal Commentaries, which was crosses over to the Roman camp and in the town of Las Posadas, not far from the first part of his General History of Latinizes his name[…]” The preface Montilla. Silvestre would spin yarn Peru. In a style worthy of the Spanish Josephus wrote to The Jewish War also after yarn of his story, while his partner Golden Age, Garcilaso produced the had a great deal of impact on Garcilaso. put things in order and painstakingly first work dedicated entirely to the This text, according to the author, was wrote them down. Later, in the Royal glory of the Incas, refuting the criti- written in Aramaic and translated into Commentaries, Inca Garcilaso would cism of most commentators of the age, Greek, just as the Royal Commentaries argue for the excellence of the method who saw their rule as tyrannical. are the fruit of oral narration in Que- which consisted in making oral narration chua and the existential dilemmas of a the basis of writing in service of the boy brought up in the language, later truth. The book was published in Lisbon re-transcribed into Spanish. in 1606. In it, Garcilaso sung the praises of the Indians of the Mississippi, and THE FLORIDA OF THE INCA stated that many caciques [local Indian On par with the translation of Leone rulers] were more generous than many Ebreo’s work, Inca Garcilaso took Christian princes. For the first time, Isaac Abrabanel, Leone Ebreo’s father. it upon himself to write the story of Andean terminology (curacas, apus,

CHASQUI 3 was organized in such a way as to best sacrifice was practiced, as proven by take advantage of tax labor, but also historical witnesses and archeologi- to supply the communities of the cal evidence, although the Incas did Empire with basic necessities. Blas confine it to a very small scale. Valera, the son of an Indian woman Inca monotheism is an illusion from Chachapoyas and a member of that induced Garcilaso to minimize the Jesuit Order ordained in 1568, the ritual importance of the worship played an important role in the of “huacas,” sacred geological enti- creation of the Royal Commentaries. ties that are venerated to this day by In 1583 Valera was accused of immo- rural residents of the Andes. Still, rality and imprisoned for three years by presenting ancient Peruvians in in the basement of a house owned such a positive light, and legitimized by the Jesuits in Lima, followed by by his authority, Inca Garcilaso six years of slightly less rigorous im- discredited other writers who justi- prisonment until his liberation and fied the conquest in the name of subsequent trip to Spain. During his overthrowing the tyranny of “natural years in prison, he composed Historia despots.” Garcilaso also constructed occidentalis in Latin. Once he arrived a historical model that was later used in Cadiz, he was able to continue the throughout the Americas for the Grammar classes he had begun be- recognition of dignity and rights. fore imprisonment, until 1596, when the English attacked the city. The General History of Peru Jesuits, who had a school there, were The second part of the Royal forced to flee Cadiz, and Valera, who Commentaries, entitled General had been weakened by years of suffer- History of Peru, was published in ing, had to be evacuated to Malaga, 1617, after the author’s death. The where he died a few months later. book deals with the conquest of the Parts of his works were saved from by Spanish troops and the fire that destroyed the school by subsequent civil wars between the Pedro Maldonado de Saavadera, who victors; it also includes references to life decided to give them to Garcilaso. in Cuzco in the 1540’s. Inca Garcilaso He then translated them from Latin does not miss the chance to refute to Spanish and included key ele- the accusations of treason wielded The Death of Atahualpa as described by Guaman Poma de Ayala (XVII century.). ments in the Royal Commentaries. against his father, whose presence illuminates an interesting narrative, The Celestial Empire and the «Many times father Blas Valera told us that they shoud unfairly overshadowed by the success Empire of the Sun of the Royal Commentaries. The Through Jesuit missionaries, with whom never be called Kings, but rather prudent and diligent development of the wars that pitted he was closely linked, Inca Garcilaso teachers of pupils. And the Indians...called them lovers conquistadors, who demanded the discovered China, a kingdom ruled by of the poor.” (RC II-14). “...speaking of the antiquities perpetuity of encomienda landholdings, a single moral system, Confucianism. of Peru and of the sacrifices the Incas made to the Sun against representatives of the Spanish Joseph de Acosta, a Jesuit brother Crown, who sought to limit these and seemingly unavoidable figure, is [...] he spoke these words which are faithful to the letter: privileges, constitutes the main focus referred to often in the work of Inca in whose reverence their successors made great sacrifices of the work. The resulting “politically Garcilaso , contributing to the latter’s to the Sun, of sheep and other animals, but never of men, incorrect” narrative converts the knowledge with his work Historia rogues and traitors of official works, Natural y Moral de las Indias [Natural as Polo and his followers falsely affirm.” (RC II-10). “The like Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco and Moral History of the Indies,] in custom of never begging alms from anyone was still de Carvajal, into heroes. Carvajal which he compared China with the practiced in my time, and up to the year 1560, when appears as mentor to Gonzalo Pizarro kingdoms of Mexico and Peru. In the I left Peru, wherever I may have gone, I never saw an and the defender of a new society chapter of the Royal Commentaries founded on an alliance between Incas devoted to Emperor Pachacútec, he Indian man or woman beg» (RC V-9). and conquistadors, opposed to the cites Valera’s interpretations of the Crown’s inappropriate wishes. The laws that “ ‘these Incas of Peru should plan was a failure and the two were be preferred, not only to the Chinese executed to serve as an example to and Japanese and the East Indians, others. Captain Carcilaso de la Vega but also to the gentiles of Asia Minor will therefore achieve in extremis a and Greece.’ In this boastfulness, new status as a loyal follower of His might there not be the key that Majesty. would allow us to understand the disconcerting similarity between the Daniel Giannoni. Photo: Inca state of Garcilaso and the blue empire of China? ... We can extend this link to the same relationship that Spanish historians, as foreigners, have conceded, but they are unable to speak its language nor did they suckle its fables and truths at their mothers’ breasts, as I did.” (RC, II-10) Obviously, this idealized portrait of the Inca Empire did not exactly correspond to historical reality. The Incas were not the first “civilized” people of Peru. The annexation of a variety of ethnic groups to Tahuantin- suyo [as the Inca Empire was known] “Spaniard and Mountain or Coffee Colored Indian woman together give birth to a Mestizo.” would not have been possible without Pictorial representations of the casts of Peru sent by Viceroy Amat to King Carlos III in 1770. great bloodshed and killing. Human Andean School. Museo Nacional de Antropología, Madrid.

CHASQUI 4 Túpac Amaru munitarian responsibility. That would In 1572, Viceroy Francisco Toledo be completely illusory in terms of dispatched Martin Garcia de Loyola individual well-being...it was a local, and his troops to Vilcabamba, refuge ethnic society, which, in the time of of the last Inca Emperor. The Inca the Inca empire, before the conquest, was captured and taken to Cuzco organized the efforts of its members in chains, where he was sentenced Daniel Giannoni. Photo: in order to allow access for all to the to death and decapitated. Garcilaso group’s strategic assets.” had already left Peru when the If, in light of advances in histori- incident took place, but included cal research, certain understandable the execution in his General History, spurious statements have been found basing his text on reports sent by in the Royal Commentaries, this his friends. He is visibly on the side does not invalidate its impact in the of Inca Tupac Amaru, and severely process of creating a conscience and judges Viceroy Toledo, putting the utopias in the Americas during the following words in the mouth of last four centuries, nor the validity of King Felipe II: “That His Majesty many of its assertions, bolstered by the had sent him to Peru, not that he excellence of its style. The ideological might kill kings, but rather that he projections of the mythical element of might serve kings.” (H. VIII-10). Tahuantinsuyo have changed, and Inca Garcilaso himself has been Final Years “A Mestizo and an Indian woman together give birth to a Cholo”. Pictorial representations of the successively praised, reviled, turned casts of Peru sent by Viceroy Amat to King Carlos III in 1770. Andean School. Museo Nacional de Disappointed by his inability to win Antropología, Madrid. into a schoolbook “fact,” and the target official recognition of his father’s of criticism, without the disappearance deeds, Inca Garcilaso joined a religious of the Royal Commentaries as a capti- order, and in 1596 was ordained as a «They called us, the children of Spaniards and Indian vating and essential work. simple cleric, taking vows of penitence, women, or of Indians and Spanish women, “mestizos,” The Peru of today is not, obvi- poverty, and chastity. Around the ously, the one that our author left beginning of the seventeenth century, which meant that we were a mix of both nations. This behind when he left for Spain in he became a superintendent of the term was created by the first Spaniards who had children 1559. If he could come back, he staff of the Hospital of the Immaculate with Indian women. And, as the name created by our would surely appreciate the complex Conception of Our Lady of Cordoba results of an intercultural exchange in San Nicolas de la Villa, a facility fathers, I use it and am honored by it.» (RC IX - 31). that in his time he incarnated as specializing in the treatment of “Gal- part of a small, growing minority lic sickness” (syphilis.) As he wrote that was seen as dangerous and un- in a letter to Juan Fernández Franco The Impact of Inca Garcilaso’s prophecy inserted into the 1723 edition trustworthy, and now represents the in 1593, “As such I beg of Your Grace works of the book, which announced the majority population in Peruvian life. to treat me as would befit a soldier With the exception of Bartolomé redemption of the Incas. This majority remains full of hope, who, through perdition, has become de Las Casas’ Short Account of the In the early 1900’s, Peruvian despite the problems that it has yet to a humble student too late.” Destruction of the Indies, no book on essayists Luis E. Valcárcel and José overcome. Inca Garcilaso particularly In September 1612, Inca Garcilaso indigenous civilizations in the Ameri- Carlos Mariátegui revisited this idealized tried to value the cultural richness of solicited the Bishop of Cordoba’s cas enjoyed such complete success as version of the Inca past to construct a his Inca ancestors and would surely permission to acquire a crypt for his The Royal Commentaries. For more new world. In 1928, Louis Baudin be happy to see the appreciation with remains. Preparing for death and than four centuries, the image of the published L’Empire Socialiste des Incas, which other cultural expressions eternity, he also drew up a will with Incas throughout the world was that in which he emphasized the importance of native groups, which sustain the numerous codicils, for which he which Garcilaso forged in his work. In of reciprocity and redistribution in richness of the cultural kaleidoscope bequeathed his furniture, along with a , Enlightenment philosophers Inca society. Raúl Porras Barrenechea in Peru and throughout the Americas, small annual inheritance of 80 ducats used the work to criticize colonial and summarizes the contribution of Peruvian has blossomed. His struggles against for his concubine Beatriz de Vega, who religious despotism. The illustrated edi- Garcilaso researchers with, “Riva Agüero prejudice and discrimination, despite he referred to as “my maid.” He freed tion of 1714 inspired part of the plot of considers him to be the representative the limitations of these very concepts Marina, a Moorish slave, from her Jean-Phillipe Rameau’s opera Les Indes incarnation of Peruvian intelligence in in his time and his own perspec- condition, and also mentioned three galantes. A similar tone can be found in his use of classical contemplation […] tive, would undoubtedly be further servants, among them his son Diego the work of Jean-François Marmontel Mariátegui considers him to be the first strengthened in present day life, in de Vargas, in whom he entrusted the (1777.) In debates on the collectiviza- Peruvian, understood as the product which his works continue to exert care of the crypt. Inca Garcilaso died tion of land during the French revolu- of two distinct races with the Spanish a special fascination for those who in Cordoba on the night of April 22, tion, the Incas were mentioned. Ten element predominating […] Valcárcel read them. The continued relevance 1616, and his body is buried in his crypt years after the United States won its sees the Royal Commentaries as the of his message is summed up in the at the mosque-cathedral of said city. independence, poet Joel Barlow called Indian bible.” dedication to the second part of his The epigraph on his tomb reads, “Inca Manco Capac, “our Western patriarch” In 1978, John V. Murra, the seminal work: “To the Indians, Mesti- Garcilaso de la Vega, distinguished man, and considered the Incas to be the most leading authority in the field of zos, and creoles of the Kingdoms and worthy of perpetual memory, illustrious noble of civilizations. Andean Studies of his time, took stock provinces of the great and glorious of blood, expert in letters, valiant in In Peru, Cuzco born rebel José of the historiographical importance of Empire of Peru, Inca Garcilaso de la arms, son of Garcilaso de la Vega, of Gabriel Condorcanqui Túpac Amaru II Garcilaso’s work in these terms, Vega, your brother and countryman, the ducal houses of Feria and Infantado, (1780-1781,) kept the Royal Commen- “Stressing the aspects of welfare, with health and happiness.” and of Elizabeth Palla, niece of Huayna taries in his library. The book, deemed principally in the work of Blas Valera Cápac, last emperor of the Indies. Wrote subversive by colonial authorities, and the ample echo that his ideas the commentary on La Florida del Inca, was banned after the execution of the had after being incorporated into the translated León Hebreo, and composed rebels. Leaders of the South American widely read Royal Commentaries of the Royal Commentaries. Lived in independence movement such as José the Incas, .... both remake Inca his- Cordoba, with much religion, died an de San Martin and Manuel Belgrano tory by making it seem longer and exemplary death; left a bequeathment considered restoring the Garcilaso Inca more glorious than it was. Finally, for this crypt, and lies herein, linked his Monarchy, and the Inca-stylized sun both exaggerate the paternal benevo- worldly goods to the enfranchisement became one of the symbols of the new lence with which the Inca empire of the Lost Souls of Purgatory, who are South American republics. In 1850, treated its subjects, if we consider forever patron, master and ruler of this Justo Sahuaraura’s “Recuerdos de la this myth against the harsh reality * Anthropologist and historian. Professor Holy Church.” Three years after the monarquia peruana” were published in in which both grew up....Such criti- Emeritus at the University of Paris X and member of the University Institute of death of his father, Diego de Vargas Paris, with sixteen watercolor illustra- cism, however, does not mean that in France. Author of, among other works, became verger of the chapel of the tions. Based on the Royal Commen- their opinion that in the Inca Empire Un Inca platonique. Garcilaso de la Vega Blessed Souls of Purgatory. taries, Sahuaraura’s work elaborated a there was a greater ethnic and com- (1539-1616). Editions Fayard, 2006.

CHASQUI 5 1. Túpac Amaru I. 2. The Marriage of Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta. Anonymous. Cuzco school. Late XVII century. Oil on canvas. Church of the Company of God. Cuzco.

TIMELINE OF THE LIFE AND ERA OF INCA GARCILASO DE LA VEGA

1532 Francisco Pizarro and his troops undertake the conquest of Peru. 1590 Dialogues on Love, by Leone Ebreo, is published in a Spanish translation 1533 August 29th- the execution of Inca Emperor Atahualpa in Cajamarca. signed by Garcilaso Inca de la Vega. November- Arrival of Spanish troops in Cuzco. 1591 Garcilaso de la Vega moves to Cordoba. 1534 March-The City of Cuzco is re-founded by Spanish troops. 1596 Garcilaso writes Genealogía de Garci Pérez de Vargas escrita por su descendiente 1534 January 18th- The City of Kings (Lima) is founded. Garcilaso de la Vega, llamado el Inca, [The Geneology of Garci Pérez de Vargas 1539 Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, future Inca Garcilaso, is born in Cuzco. written by his descendant Garcilaso de la Vega, known as the Inca] originally 1541 Francisco Pizarro assassinated in Lima by the son of Diego de Almagro meant to be used as the prologue to La Florida del Inca. That same year, and partisan supporters. English troops invade the Port of Cadiz and burn the Jesuit school to the 1544 Beginning of civil wars between encomienda holders and supports of the ground. Some documents are saved from the fire, including the notes Blas Spanish Crown’s “New Laws” limiting the privileges of the former. Valera took about the Incas, which were sent to Garcilaso. 1545 Gonzalo Pizarro performs the execution of Viceroy Blasco Núñez. 1606 Publication of La Florida del Inca. Historia del adelantado Hernando de 1548 Gonzalo Pizarro executed. Soto... y de otros heroicos caballeros españoles e indios[published in English 1549 Captain Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega marries Luisa Martel, from Spain. as The Florida of the Inca: The Fabulous De Soto Story] in Lisbon, edited Carlos V prohibits illegitimate mestizos from holding public office, except by Pedro Crasbeek. by special permission. 1609 Publication of the Royal Commentaries in Lisbon, edited by Pedro 1551 Pacification of Peruvian territory. First Provincial Council meeting takes Crasbeek. place in Lima. Encomienda landholders’ interests are limited by Crown 1616 inca Garcilaso de la Vega dies in Cordoba, on the night of April 22. He is administration. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza visits Cuzco. buried in the mosque there. The same day, Miguel de Cervantes dies in 1559 Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega dies in Cuzco. Gómez Suárez leaves for Spain. Madrid, and the following day William Shakespeare dies in Straford-upon- 1561 Gómez Suárez de Figueroa arrives in Montilla, Spain. On his uncle Alonso Avon (according to the Julian calender, while in the Gregarian calender de Vargas’ advice, he changes his name to Garcilaso de la Vega. He travels the date is May 3rd.) to Madrid and presents King Felipe II with a request for recognition of 1617 The Historia general del Perú, is published in Cordoba, posthumously his father’s services to the Crown. The request is denied. dedicated to the widow of Andrés Barrera. 1570 At the request of Alfonso Fernández de Córdoba, the Marquis of Priego, 1625 Observations of Things Most Remarkables, Collected Out of the First Part he leaves Montilla and participates in the war against the Moors in Al- of the Comentaries Royal written by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega is published pujarras, under the command of Juan of Austria. He reaches the rank of by Samuel Purchas, His Pilgrims, London. Captain. Garcilaso becomes a writer and develops friendships with local 1633 The French translation of the Royal Commentaries, entitled Le Commen- historians and antique dealers such as Ambrosio de Morales, along with taire royal ou l’Histoire des Yncas, Roys du Pérou escritte en langue péruvienne members of the Jesuit order. par l’Ynca Garcilaso de la Vega, natif de Cuzco, fidellement traduite sur la 1572 inca Emperor Túpac Amaru is executed in Cuzco on Viceroy Toledo’s version espagnolle translated by J. Baudoin and edited by Auguste Courbé, orders. is published in Paris.

CHASQUI 6 3. Mosque of Cordoba. llustration: T. de Bry. I llustration: T.

2. The Marriage of Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta. Anonymous. Cuzco school. Late XVII century. Oil on canvas. Church of the Company of God. Cuzco. 4. The assisination of Francisco Pizarro at the hands of followers of Diego de Almargo. Cuzco. San Antonio Abad del Cusco U niversity.

5. Lisbon, mid XVI century. 6. Marcos Chinquan Topa Inca. XVIII century. Anonymous. Oil on canvas.

CHASQUI 7 AN APPETIZING TRILOGY Teresina Muñoz-Nájar Last year, three books were published on the same illustrious subject: the culinary riches of Arequipa. Each of these works brings its own important contribution to the field and the three have, in a short time, become fundamental texts for anyone interested in the origins and history of the city’s famous picanterías, as well as those whose interest goes no further than preparing one of the many mouth-watering specialties that Arequipa is so well known for. The following text is drawn from these three delightful books.

AREQUIPA, PICANTES Y dishes they serve is constantly in de- PICANTERÍAS [Arequipa, cline, as if they were going into battle Spices and Local Restaurants] with ever fewer weapons.” By: Raúl Vargas y Sergio Carrasco. Arequipa, picantes, y picanterías Published by the Backus Founda- also features a stupendous map of tion in celebration of Arequipeña the picanterías still in existence in brand beer, August, 2008. the city, those that have disappeared, “Books on Peruvian cuisine generally and those that have become more focus on recipes, which does not conventional restaurants. necessarily seem like a mistake to me. Nevertheless, this book was conceived E ntre hornos y using an approach to picanterías as the rocotos expression of a cultural phenomenon. [Between Ovens and Rocotto Peppers] The idea was to focus not only on By: Blanca Chávez. Published by San what goes into the frying pan, or is Martín de Porres University Press, served at the table, but rather to stir March, 2008. the spoon beyond the stove itself, to Scenes from a chicha bar, based on an engraving by Paul Marcoy. 19th century. Over twenty years ago, Blanca Chávez stir it as deeply as possible into the opened El rocoto, the emblematic culinary experience, but without occurred in other parts of Peru in to the hot pepper contained in the restaurant for Arequipa residents losing sight of it as an object,” Sergio which the kitchen was the private recipe. In large crystal glasses, painted who, for one reason or another, had Carrasco, Arequipa born and raised domain of women, men have begun with lovely flower motifs, they serve to move to Lima. Where could they journalist and co-author of Arequipa, adventurous sorties into the timeless that most appreciated popular drink speak that unique language known picantes y picanterías. embers of the hearth, firewood, and known as ‘chicha,’ composed of sev- as ‘arequipeño’ and at the same time And, as a matter of fact, the suffocating heat. This space in which eral fermented grains. Each glass con- knock back a glass of chicha or savor book contains prolific and detail the cries of stately women defending tains at least two liters, and, though a nice piece of meat in pebre [onion, oriented research on perhaps the best the home, punishing children, scolding it would seem impossible to drink chili, coriander, parsley and tomato] part of Arequipa’s mestizo cuisine: husbands, and welcoming friends and even half of one, after tasting the sauce, if not at El Rocoto? picanterías, the local restaurants that family ring incessantly. The women of first bite of ‘picante,’ you could order Through all these years, Blanca offer up spicy regional dishes of world Arequipa are admirably portrayed in a second glass without succeeding in Chávez has also devoted herself to renown. We asked Carrasco if the this book, including Angélica Aparicio quenching your thirst.” Zoila Aurora, promoting the customs and traditions book was an homage to the latter. of Los Geranios Picantería, Celmira like many other writers, emphasizes of Arequipa in Peru’s capital city, “Without a doubt, it is an homage Cerpa Rodríguez who works at the the two fundamental elements of the through numerous festivals and to picanterías. But it is much more unbeatable Sol de Mayo picantería, picantería since its inception: chile meetings, until finally she was able to than just that. It is also a look at Chávez Delgado, of La Escondida, peppers and chicha. publish Entre hornos y rocotos, a book Arequipa, at its traditions- while Mónica Huerta Alpaca of La Nueva Finally, we asked Sergio Carrasco that has caused quite a sensation since maintaining a critical distance from Palomino, María Meza Cárdenas, head to reveal what the most important being released. this or any other corner of the earth; chef at Sabor Caymeño, Lucila Salas discovery that he made was during The book, which contains almost at the way traditions are transforming, Valencia of La Lucila, Marilú Vera the research for his book. “It might one hundred recipes, came out in preserving or losing their essence, Pinto of La Manuelita, Laura Salas, of be to prove that the regional cuisine March of last year, and immediately through the prism of an empty glass of the immortal Cau Cau and her four of Arequipa, particularly the cuisine became the authoritative luxury pic- local anisette liquor or a farm worker’s daughters: Socorro, Lily, Velmy, and of the picanterías, is not necessarily ture and recipe work on the cuisine binoculars. For me personally, it has Zaida Villanueva. Also included are born of a single culinary tradition, as of Arequipa. Chávez explicitly pays been a way to go back to the good old those who have inherited and continue is almost universally believed today. homage to the picanterías run by her days, as I don’t get back to Arequipa their mothers’ culinary skills at other Rather, what happened is that, while “countrywomen” and extracts from as often as I’d like to and am a classic picanterías: José Díaz Huerta many of these dishes were not cre- each one she visits a recipe for a dish vehement picantaría fan, as well as a of La Capitana, Alberto Rodríguez ated in Arequipa (from Chupe de on the culinary endangered species list. way to reconnect with this past that Chávez of Yaraví, and, finally, Alfredo Camarones [shrimp soup] to soltero This extraordinary selection includes seems irredeemably far away. Valderrama Pérez of La Mundial.” de queso [cheese and corn salad] to guinea pig in a blood sauce and fava Arequipa, picantes y picanterías is Throughout the book, the authors cite just two, which were also served bean omelets wrapped in sea kelp. Entre divided into three sections: the splen- immerse themselves in early writings in other parts of the country at least hornos y rocotos also features beautiful dor and saga of picanterías, tradition on the Americas and the Andes as until the nineteenth century), what pictures taken by photographer Walter and renewal, and legendary chefs. well as ancient documents to evoke Arequipa has done is to put its own Wust and more than one research thesis It also offers 29 recipes gathered in the spirit of picanterías, (whose origin mark on them, to make them its own regarding the origin of picanterías and the best picanterías, a useful glos- lies in the Colonial era bars that and then return them to the national their importance as meeting places, sary of Arequipa slang, an extensive served chicha, a fermented corn repertoire.” Another relevant finding born at the same time as the Colonial bibliography, and an annex with the drink) and show us what was eaten —again, according to Carrasco—is government. A great cookbook that the entire text of the book translated into and who was served there. So, for related to the contradiction that, “it is city has long deserved. English. Each chapter also features, example, we find this rich description hard to understand something that is page by page, the testimony of nu- by Zoila Aurora Cáceres in La Ciudad both a sign of change and endurance La Gran Cocina Mestiza merous famous chefs, both women del Sol [City of the Sun] (1927,) “on at the same time: while picanterías’ de Arequipa [The Great Mes- (who make up the vast majority of that crudely hewn table, set with a chefs toil endlessly in the defense of tizo Cuisine of Arequipa] picantería chefs) and men. favorite cut of meat, known as ‘pi- a tradition, which is also in some ways By: Alonso Ruiz Rosas. Published by Raúl Vargas’ introduction to the cante’ [“spicy”] which is prepared in mine, and they are able to compete, the Regional Government of Areq- book deals with gender in Arequipa an infinite variety of ways, and whose now more than ever, with innovative, uipa with the support of Cerro Verde cooking as follows: “Bit by bit, as has aroma is eminently appetizing thanks modern restaurants, the variety of Mining Corporation, August, 2008.

CHASQUI 8 This is a book that defies the 1924. The document is, without a boundaries of genre. In fact, it doubt, a treat. defies all boundaries. It is almost This book also contains close to 500 pages long, and, as Ruiz Rosas 500 recipes for a variety of dishes na- himself (Arequipa born poet tive to the Arequipa region,collected and cultural promoter) explains, with an enviable patience by the contains three self-contained but author. Another Arequipa born complementary sections: Studies, poet, Oswaldo Chanove, who kindly Recipes, and Epilogue. As such, permitted Ruiz Rosas to use them, the book could easily be divided had already compiled many of them. into three individual publications. The inclusion of nine different ver- In “Studies,” Ruiz Rosas not only sions of the famous “cheese cauche” examines the Andean and Hispanic demonstrates the painstaking work roots from which Arequipa’s Mestizo involved in compiling the work. cuisine flourished, but prolifically Urban tavern. Distillation and drinking of chicha. Based on an engraving by Paul Marcoy. 19th century. Nothing, it seems, was left out. describes the main products in these In addition, the author annexes traditions (rocotto pepper and the Carmen, finally, offers honey fritters our Flora Tristan, so admired for other five recipes (from four women from fig-leaf gourd, among others) He dusted with rose petals and gold straw, aspects of her work, came from what Arequipa) that were included in does not limit his research solely to as well as its imperial egg yolks beaten was then the culinary capital of the Cocina ecléctica [Eclectic Cuisine] picanterías, but rather he explores and mixed with powdered sugar and world, where Antonio Carème, the published in Buenos Aires in 1890 other “laboratories of gastronomic set using a method we are unaware “Napoleon of the Oven,” created and by the Argentinian writer Manuela fusion” including private homes, and of.” For her part, Flora Tristan, who codified the art of cooking, headed by Gorriti. One of these, ‘April Soups’ convents, the places where, along was the biological niece of leading a thorough process of refinement of was submitted by María Nieves y with picanterías, Arequipa cuisine was Arequipa citizen Pío Tristan, had this the emerging bourgeois palette. It must Bustamente, who was the author of the born. If you’ve ever wondered what to say, among other things, about her also be remembered that the author’s novel Jorge o el hijo del pueblo [Jorge, or was served at the cloistered tables of stay in the city in 1833: “I will tell extraordinary sensitivity in other matters the son of the people] (1892). Arequipa’s leading convents at the you the way in which they eat. Their and problematic issues is, interestingly, Finally, in the section entitled end of the eighteenth century and breakfast is at nine in the morning. At accompanied by an evidently limited “Memory and the palette’s guide,” the beginning of the nineteenth, this meal they eat rice with onions, ability to appreciate the differences Alonso Ruiz Rosas, Owaldo Chanove, this book will delight your culinary (cooked or raw, they put onions in between different cultures and customs. and Rosario Núñez, three Arequipa imagination. Other interesting everything) and roast mutton, but Her testimony is, however, illuminating, born poets, give testimony to their documents that Ruiz Rosas weaves so poorly cooked that you can never and allows us to see the continuation of culinary experiences in Arequipa, seamlessly into the text are an excerpt eat it. Then they have chocolate. At many characteristics of local gastronomic from childhood to the present. The from the nineteenth century traveler three they serve a rotten pot filled expressions. three stroll through every corner of Paul Marcoy’s notes, as well as one with a confused mix of a variety of Ruiz Rosas also adds annexes to the city in their mind’s eye and tell from Flora Tristan’s Peregrinations of foods: beef, bacon, and mutton boiled his own work, another section which us what a three cornered roll, Scottish a Pariah. Marcoy writes, “Each one with rice, seven or eight kinds of allows the reader to achieve an even Kola, a mollendino ice cream, and Mrs. of these congregations has its own vegetables, and any fruit they happen better understanding of how and Lucha’s pasties tasted like. specialty. Santa Rosa has a carmine to have at hand, such as apples, pears, what people ate in Arequipa in the Also included is a guide to all the red pudding, which tastes much like peaches, plums, grapes, etc. A concert nineteenth century. La mesa peruana o restaurants and picanterías in Arequipa our own red eggs, and is exposed of tone deaf singers or untuned sea el libro de las familias [The Peruvian where you can eat (breakfast, lunch, overnight on the convent roofs, where instruments would not attack the Table, or the Book of Families] which and dinner) with their respective the cold winds impart a particular senses of sight, smell, and taste as this is no less than the first cookbook addresses and telephone numbers, flavor. Santa Catalina stands out in barbarous amalgamation does.” (anonymously) published in Peru. It and, of course, and extensive glossary. the preparation of pastries and bird Flora’s commentaries are indeed was written and published in Areq- Alonso Ruiz Rosas has accomplished sweets made from layered almonds, damning, but—as Alonso Ruiz Rosas uipa, at Francisco Ibáñez’s print ship, an amazing feat. His book is truly a the region’s version of caramel. El notes—“It must be kept in mind that in 1867, and republished in 1896 and literary gem. Recipes

Preparation: Suckling Pig: Soak CELADORES paste, 1 large red onion, diced, 3 me- overnight in plenty of water, salt, Taken from: Arequipa, picantes y dium sized tomatoes, peeled, seeded, and vinegar. Throw out this mix picanterías. Recipe courtesy of La and diced, 2 sprigs fresh oregano, 1 and rinse the pig thoroughly before Capitana picantería. sprig huacatay , 1 ½ cups evaporated soaking in the marinade, making sure Ingredients: ¾ kilo (1.5 lb) small milk, olive oil, salt, black pepper, 150 the marinade penetrates both inside shrimp, 2 sliced onions, 3 sliced toma- grams (1/3 lb.) Paria cheese, 6 medium and out. Put in oven on medium toes, 2 cloves of garlic, 4 boiled white po- potatoes, peeled and boiled. (180°C/350ºF) for two hours, basting tatoes, 6 limes, oil, vinegar, salt, canchita Preparation: Boil the quinoa. Set aside.

Collage by Gredna L andolt. Gredna Collage by it often in its own juices and adding (corn kernels toasted in an earthenware Clean the shrimp, peel, and keep the beef broth as necessary to avoid pot with salt and a little bit of oil). heads. In one finger of water, parboil the SUCKLING PIG IN PISCO SAUCE drying the meat out, but allowing for Preparation:wash the shrimp and shrimp heads and bodies, mix with milk WITH ROCOTTO PEPPER a uniform roasting. Purée: Soak the peel. Tenderize lightly with a wooden in a blender, sift, and set aside. In a little SPIKED LIMA BEAN PURÉE Lima beans for at least five hours and hammer. Mash the garlic into a puree bit of oil, brown the garlic and onions. Taken from Entre hornos y rocotos. peel. Then boil, adding garlic to the in a blender and mix in lemon juice. Add the panca chili paste and reduce. Ingredients: 1 five kg (11 lb.) suckling water. The initial water level should be Marinate the shrimp in this mixture for Pull the oregano off of the sprig, and add, pig, 6 tablespoons salt, 2 cups of vinegar, enough to immerse the beans. Once 15 minutes. Mix the tomatoes, onions, along with the tomato, stir vigorously 4 roasted potatoes. For the Rocotto boiled, whisk with a large spoon until oil, vinegar, and salt into the marinade. until the tomatoes begin to come apart. pepper spiked Lima bean purée: 1kg (2.2 the mix becomes a thick paste. Add Serve with the potatoes and canchita. Add the shrimp heads and tails, salt and lbs) Lima beans, 10 cloves garlic, 4 large butter. Remove all veins and seeds pepper to taste, and stir for two to three rocotto peppers, 6 tablespoons olive from the rocotto pepper and wash QUINOA AND SHRIMP STEW minutes. Pull the huacatay leaves off the oil, 2 tablespoons butter. Marinade: thoroughly before peeling and mixing Taken from: The Great Mestizo Cuisine sprig and add. Then add the quinoa, the 1 cup Acholado pisco, ¼ cup vinegar, in a blender with olive oil. Mix into of Arequipa Recipe courtesy of Lorenza sifted milk, and mix carefully. Let cook ½ teaspoon cumin, ½ teaspoon black the pureed Lima beans. Serve a good Mamani. for one more minute on low flame, stir- pepper, 1 teaspoon dried oregano and sized piece of the suckling pig on a bed Ingredients: 300 grams (2/3 lb.) thor- ring to avoid having the mixture stick thyme, 6 tablespoons ground garlic, 3 of purée. Garnish with rice, roasted oughly washed quinoa, 800 grams (1 ¾ to the pot. Thickly grate the cheese and tablespoons pureed hot red pepper, 3 potatoes, and onions marinated in lb.) medium sized fresh shrimp, 1 liter add to the mixture, check seasoning, and tablespoons butter, beef broth, salt. lime juice with hot pepper. boiling water, 4 tablespoons panca chili serve with boiled potatoes.

CHASQUI 9 AFRICAN AND ASIAN INFLUENCES IN THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE PERUVIAN PACIFIC COAST Humberto Rodríguez Pastor* The ships that brought African slaves and Asian indentured servants to Peruvian shores were laden not only with workers, but also with cultural traditions. The historical and social context which awaited these men, women, and children would determine the future of these traditions.

he periods in which workers of Chinese immigrants is, of course, arrived at these latitudes, first incalculable. This goes as much for the Tfrom Africa and later from Asia, ostensibly visible contributions made to were completely different, as were the the culinary arts, and, more in the past conditions under which they worked; than the present, to the legions of small nevertheless, there are certain common businesses they ran, as well as subtler denominators, which characterize the aspects of life, such as the image that situation of both immigrant groups. Peruvians have of China. In fact, the Important differences include the Chinese influence in Peru has been more number of immigrants who were brought intense than in almost any other country to Peru and the extent to which these except Cuba, which had very different immigrants and their descendants patterns of migration. As such, we have were integrated into Peruvian society. frequently wondered; what exactly have Immigrant populations were destined these Asian immigrants contributed to almost exclusively for labor on the coast, modern Peruvian society? How did this and if there were groups of workers that cultural transmission take place? Have were taken to the mountain or jungle the cultural differences between the two regions of Peru, this occurred in specific peoples been so accentuated that there situations in which the fixed need for Máquina número 206 del Ferrocarril Central, marca Beyer Peacock tipo 2-8-0. has been no assimilation of Chinese laborers was larger than the available into the culture of the Peruvian coast? workforce. The pattern for these regular Were Chinese immigrant groups closed Sound of the demons. Watercolor by Pancho Fierro, mid XIXth century. flows of immigrants was constant: off into their own communities, and wherever there was a greater need for only sporadically in contact with the workers than the local population area any other immigrant group (with, per- Peruvian Spanish from the multitude of surrounding neighborhood? was able (or willing) to satisfy, an attempt haps, the exception of the Spanish) Afro- languages that the slaves brought with If we estimate that 100 thousand was made (usually successfully) to bring Peruvians have become culturally and them, and each has been assiduously Chinese workers arrived in Peru over workers from elsewhere, even from Asia biologically interwoven into the deepest studied by Fernando Romero. But the the course of the nineteenth century, and Africa, despite the great distances level with regards to what is thought Spanish spoken in Spain and brought at least 45 thousand of these might involved. This shortage of manpower, of as “Coastal” culture. What we now by the conquistadors had already been have left descendants, and if we take considered endemic throughout the 19th think of as Afro-Peruvian contributions influenced by African languages, due to an average of 3 children each, then, the century, is linked to the ups and downs to Peruvian culture are in fact the con- large sub Saharan African communities first generation of Chinese-Peruvians of economic activity. African slaves were densation of a process whose beginnings living throughout the Iberian peninsula, (sometimes called injertos, or hybrids, brought to work in the 16th century when varied widely, in as much as slaves were particularly in cities like Seville. In the in the popular language of the day) additional manpower was required for brought to Peru from throughout Africa Americas, and as is the case in Peru, the would have numbered around 135,000. mining work, and “pieces of ebony,” as and and had very different Spanish language incorporated further And if this generation, in turn, also had the slave trade’s merchandise was cruelly cultures. Just to mention musical genres, African influences which are now used three children each, (average figures for known, were again brought to Peru instruments, and dances of African origin in daily life. nineteenth century families in the region) when the hacienda farming system on would give us a multitude of cases. To fur- On the other hand, Afro-Peruvians then the second generation would be the coast had somewhat solidified in the ther complicate matters, in many cases, were able to preserve their own music and made up of 405, 000 people; and current 17th century. There was also interest and forms of cultural expression that are now dances, and, until the mid nineteenth generations would number more than even anguish to bring Chinese “coolies” almost exclusively the domain of Afro- century, these were still secretive, one million descendants of Chinese over from Asia when a workforce was Peruvian communities are not, in fact, organic expressions of an independent coolies. These figures leave out Chinese needed to extract and package guano of African origin. For example, today, cultural life. They also had their own immigrants who arrived after 1874. This and when the feudal farming elite needed Afro-Peruvian poets are the most well “kings,” continued venerating their own estimate is just a conjecture, and needs to “arms” to pick cotton and for sugar cane, known practitioners of the poetic genre spirit gods, and performed elaborate be further investigated and refined. and for these same purposes Polynesian that is the “décima,” (a ten line verse in African dances. When they were forced It would seem impossible for Chinese workers were brought to Peru during tetrameter, sometimes known as “the to celebrate Corpus Christi European workers to have been completely isolated the early 1960’s, and, earlier in the little sonnet”) and yet, many years ago, style, with traditional European music, from the rest of the population. This was twentieth century, thousands of workers we read that, “ in decima the conquest they consented, and immediately far from the case on hacienda farms, or were brought from Japan, in addition to of the Inca empire was sung, in decima followed the festivities with their own while the laying of track for the railroad, many other successful and unsuccessful the chronicle of more than one battle lasciviously pagan, intricately musical or at Chinese owned restaurants and attempts to bring ever cheaper labor to in the civil war between conquistadors version, which continued by torchlight stores. As for the Barrio Chino, or these shores. Interestingly, though, there was celebrated, in decima the Viceroys until dawn. Chinatown in Lima, which has been in is an explanation: while all this was going were criticized, and in decimas they were continuous existence since the 1860’s, on, less than 100 kilometers (60 miles) praised.” The tradition of decima verse Chinese-Peruvian culture on the it was and has been an area basically away from the coast, in the mountains, in Peru gave birth to a whole body of pro coast dedicated to commerce where, though there were great masses of indigenous and anti-colonialist poetry that reached a According to our own conservative Asian family life was predominant, workers who refused to go down to the frenzied pace during the revolt of Tupac estimates of the population descended non-Asian customers were regular shore, and at the same time it was difficult Amaru. from Chinese immigrants (if we consider visitors. There are many cases of mixed to convince workers native to the coast to Contact between African slaves and just the coolies who were brought to marriages between Chinese men and work in the sectors that required an ever their white owners brought the former Peru during the nineteenth century) Afro-Peruvian and indigenous Peruvian greater number of field laborers. to adopt much of the latter’s culture, there are most likely more than two women. In the homes formed by these including their language, foods, culture, million of them. This, of course is marriages, the children were brought Afro-Peruvian life on the coast and the Catholic religion. There are less nothing more than an estimate of their up in both cultures, but one where Having lived far longer on the coast than than 500 words that have come into genetic legacy. The cultural legacy the mother’s cultural traditions were

CHASQUI 10 dominant, since this was the same as in the surrounding environment. This Asian influence survived to some degree, SOUNDS OF PERU but with each passing generation, the Asian and Chinese tradition cedes Andrés Soto. En vivo [Live] variety of scores for plays, television further to contemporary Peruvian life. In (Self published, 2008) shows, and films. Peruvian genres, homes where both the father and mother This album had to wait six years to especially music from the coast were, or are, Chinese, this influence come out. It was recorded live on (criolla and Afro-Peruvian music) is, in contrast, kept alive. Middle class September 4th, 2002, at the Peruvian predominate, with dabs of jazz, pop, Chinese families are those who have National Museum, in Lima, where and electonica, creating an urban fu- been most successful in defending their Soto was honored as part of the “Li- sion that Miranda calls “chol out.” He culture and language, and those whose ving Cultural Heritage of the Nation.” explains that, “All of my friends call children continue to be “Chinese.” It is not easy to make live recordings me cholo [a sometimes pejorative term Poorer Chinese, for the most part, without destroying the magic of the for indigenous Peruvians who move to have been absorbed into the cultural moment. On Andrés Soto’s CD the- large cities]. That’s why I called the environment (whether on the coast, in re are songs like “El ropavejero” [a album ‘chol out,’ which sounds like the mountains, or in the jungle) where From left to right: Willy Terry, Genaro falcón, Fran- profession exclusive to the metropoli chill out, but is something else.” Each cisco Rodríguez, Víctor Arce, Víctor Chumpitaz, they live. Possibly due to a pattern of Eduardo Aban “papeo”. immigration that has experience great of the third world, where men come of the eleven songs on the CD gives ebbs, flows, interruptions, and other asking for old clothing to be resold] the feel of a mature musician with his mosphere, which is like a small party drastic changes over the years, the —the song that starts the disc off— own style. The city, love, and nature where music and feeling are one and strength of Chinese cultural presence which recalls the streets of Lima, whe- are part of his musical imagination; the same. Nineteen seasoned artists and influence in Peru has been such re the esthetic is governed by urban “Bolero de los malecones” [Singer on who incarnate the very essence of that it is not something separate from characters like those who recycle glass the boardwalk] and “Sereno” [Cop] criolla, or traditional coastal music, the rest of society, but rather within each bottles and scrap metal, and together take us through downtown Lima and are brought together for the first and every member of the socio-cultural make up a portrait of the human being the Miraflores district, while “Solos time in history. Genaro Falcón, José space that is the Peruvian coast. as a father and husband. Andrés Soto son dos” [Two are Alone] and “Hay Villalobos, César Oliva and César For decades now, the taste of majored in Sociology and then began un lugar” [There is a Place] explore Molina are among the voices on La Chinese food has been widely known his musical career in the 1970’s. In love and relationships. “Valle” [Va- gran reunión, singing favorites like throughout the Peruvian coast as part of those years he met Chabuca Granda, lley] and “Aves” [Birds] on the other “Saltimbalqui”, “José Herrera” and each family’s daily diet. Office or family the great Peruvian singer and compo- hand, take us through the beauty of “Sueños de opio” [Opium dreams] (by celebrations are often held at Chinese ser, which inspired him to continue Peru’s Andes Mountains. Each is part Felipe Pinglo), “Anhelos” [Wishes] restaurants, which in Peru are called songwriting. Guest singers on the of a group of musical feelings. “My and “Inquietud” [Restlessness] (by chifas. Such is the Peruvian passion for disc include Cecilia Barranza, Mocha interest in music is essential personal Pedro Espinel) or “Vida” [Life] (by Chinese food that even in the smallest Garcia Naranjo, and Elsa Palao, who and artistic escape and atonement... Pablo Casas.) This album-document, outdoor market, Chinese ingredients won the Chabuca Granda Popular My goal is not to make music and whose production was led by Willy and vegetables are available for sale. And Song Award with her hit “Al Adalid.” create hits or be on the radio.” His Terry Sáenz and Fernando Urquiaga there is almost no store or supermarket “Quisiera ser caramelo,” [I wish I was next album, entitled Hotel Horizonte, where you can’t find at least a small Heineberg, is a valuable resource not a piece of candy] “Negra presuntuo- should be coming out soon, but en- bottle of soy sauce. But, of all Chinese only for diehard fans of the genre, sa,” [Arrogant Black Girl] and “El joy Herencia in the meantime. More foods consumed in Peru, the one that but also for anyone wishing to enjoy tamalito” [The Tamale.] are just a information available online at :www. is most popular is rice, which is widely the vitality and charm of good mu- accepted and celebrated at virtually few of the stylings that the masterful myspace.com/victormirandacholout sic. Instruments go the very heart every meal. Not that the Chinese were Soto includes on this disc, songs that of criolla tradition, using the guitar, the first to eat rice, but their presence he wrote and which subsequently Various artists. La gran drums, and the famed Peruvian cajón, prompted a much larger volume of the have gone around the world, sung by reunión. Los guardianes a percussion instrument whose form grain to be produced and consumed. other performers. A worthy addition de la música criolla. Rena- evolved from the fruit crate. The Currently, every citizen of the Peruvian to any music collection. Information cimiento [The Big Meeting. music of the Peruvian coast hits a coast is a regular consumer of rice. How available online at www.myspace. Guardians of Criolla Mu- perfect note, with a few detours do we know that this culinary custom is com/AndresSotodelPeru sic. Rebirth] through genres like drinking songs, an integral part of the culture? Possibly (Sayariy, 2008) The CD of La gran polkas, and fox-trots. A great addi- because it is tangible and can be easily Víctor Miranda. Herencia. reunión is smartly designed and tion to any music lover’s collection. proven. There are other elements of Peruvian Chol Out supplemented with beautiful black More information available online Chinese cultural traditions that are (Self-Published, 2008) Herencia is and white pictures taken by Philippe at: www.sayariy.com just as well integrated into coastal the first album from an experienced Gruenberg. From the very first track, idiosyncrasies, but we don’t even notice author, songwriter, and composer of a we are enveloped by the album’s at- (Piero Montaldo) them, much less have an awareness of their origins. A sociologist has informed us that in some small towns on the coast that once had large Chinese populations, OFFICIAL WEB SITES which have since been diluted through CHASQUI MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES intermarriage, local residents are always Cultural Bulletin EXTERIORES DEL PERÚ friendly, polite, and more refined in their Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru www.rree.gob.pe daily interpersonal dealings. If such is the MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS case, why not consider that important CENTRO CULTURAL Under-Secretariat of External Cultural Policy INCA GARCILASO but subtle aspects of Asian culture have Inca Garcilaso Cultural Center been woven into the cultural identity of Jr. Ucayali No. 337 – Lima 1, Peru www.ccincagarcilaso.gob.pe Telephone (511) 623 – 2638 / Fax: (511) 623-2636 residents of the Peruvian coast, and are E-mail: [email protected] PORTAL DEL ESTADO PERUANO part of their cultural universe? Web: www.rree.gob.pe/portal/cultural.nsf Web Portal of the Peruvian Government www.peru.gob.pe The articles contained herein are the individual responsibility Extract from Negritud. Afroperuanos: resisten- of their respective authors. INSTITUTO NACIONAL This bulletin is distributed free of charge by Peruvian missions abroad. cia y existencia [Negritude. Afro-Peruvians: Re- DE CULTURA National Institute for Culture sistance and Existence] Centro de Desarrollo Editor and Editorial Coordinator: Arianna Castañeda www.inc.gob.pe [email protected] Étnico (Cedet). Lima, 2008. 460 pp. Translated by: Joshua Kardos BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Layout: Doble Sello Editores The Peruvian National Library www.bnp.gob.pe * Doctor of Anthropology, Universidad Printed in Lima, Peru by Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Author Editores y Punto PROMPERÚ E-mail: [email protected] of Hijos del Celeste Imperio [Children of the Comission of Promotion of Peru www.promperu.gob.pe Blue Empire] (1989), Del buen comer y beber [On good food and drink] (1998),Herederos del Dragón [Heirs of the Dragon](2000), and CULTURE CHANGES THE FUTURE other works. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTOR IN PERU

CHASQUI 11 PERU, LAND OF FORESTS Antonio Brack Given its large extension of forests and jungles, the great opportunities for productive and protective reforestation, and the high level of dependence of a considerable part of its population on woodland resources, Peru is undeniably a country linked to its forests.

A country devoted to forestry logging industry, wood pulp treatment activities plants, and the like. Countries like Chile The forest, and especially the Amazon have undertaken aggressive reforestation rainforest, provides a plethora of goods programs (2.1 million hectares, or 5 to the local populations who use them million acres, in 25 years) and succeeded in their everyday lives, goods such as in creating a highly productive export firewood- a source of energy for the sector (US $2.4 billion in 2003). home; food (fruit, palm heart, game The environmental impact of animals, etc;) medicine (medicinal reforestation would be both local (soil, herbs;) and many others (pigments, Picture courtesy of Antonio Brack. water, fauna, and flora conservation) colorants, fibers, ichthyotoxines, and global, as each replanted hectare etc.). would remove at least 200 tons of

There are over 25.4 million hec- existing CO2 , the leasing cause of tares (62.76 million acres) of perma- global warming, from the air. nent forest in Peru. This means that Forest plantations are one of the the land in question is able to be used most interesting options that could be for forestry activities. In fact, this used to overtake rural poverty, given activity has not reached anywhere their high capacity to generate perma- near its full potential, which is proven Young girl drinking Yarina palm nectar. nent, sustainable jobs and resources by forestry and forest products’ small in the medium term. In the Andes share of Peru’s GDP, hovering between mountains, there are at least 7 million services like the regulation of water The forests Peru could have 1% and 4%. hectares (18 million acres) of farmland, flows, the dilution of waste water, the There are about 10 million hectares Peru ranks fourth worldwide in of which about 2 million are suitable maintenance of both the nutrient cycle (24 million acres) of forest land in Peru the number of flora species, and fifth for productive reforestation, while and aquatic biodiversity, serving as a that must be reforested. The lion’s share worldwide in the size of its forests, but the rest could be reoriented to protect means of transport, supplying water of lands apt for reforestation is in the the lack of a real forest management hydrographic basins. to the atmosphere, and as a place of Andes mountains, where erosion and program causes the costly and ineffi- In the Amazon region there are at recreation and scenic beauty. soil degradation have caused consider- cient importing of products (lumber, least 3 million hectares (7.5 million The Amazon basin is the most ex- able harm. Since 1980, only 500,000 wood, pulp, etc.) that could be pro- acres) located in both lowland jungle tensive on planet Earth. The Amazon hectares(1,235,500 acres) have been duced domestically. and high altitude cloud forests. The most river is not only the longest and deepest reforested a figure dwarfed by the 10 interesting areas lie in the high altitude river on Earth, but also the one with the million hectares (24 million acres) that The environmental services of cloud forest regions of the departments largest volume of flow and the highest are chopped down every year. forests [provinces] of Cuzco (Quillabamba- diversity of fish. While the entire con- Reforesting 100,000 hectares Environmental services provided by Yanatile, with about 300,000 hectares,) tinent of Europe hosts just 200 species (250,000 acres) annually would forests are natural processes. Worthy Ayacucho (the Apurimac River Valley,) of fish, the Amazon basin is home to generate some 50,000 jobs, and the cost of mention are the removal of contami- Junin (Chanchamayo and Satipo,) at least 3,000. would not surpass US $50 million. But nants and CO from the air, weather Pasco (Oxapampa,) Huanuco (Tingo 2 The diversity of aquatic environ- the social impact of this reforestation regulation, water production, and the Maria,) San Martin (the Huallaga ments in the Amazon is enormous, as is on the Andean region, an area that has maintenance of soil nutrients. and Mayo river valleys,) Ucayali, and its biodiversity. There are rivers of brown suffered from chronic poverty since the The Amazon basin has the largest Loreto. and white water, dark or crystalline rivers, colonial era, would be remarkable due extension of tropical forests on Earth, Peru would be wise to implement thousands of lagoons, millions of hectares to the influx of jobs and the provision of and humans have claimed only 12% a 20-year reforestation program based of swamps shaded by Moriche palms, and now scarce resources (firewood, lumber, of this area. The remaining 88% on the following criteria: reforest long expanses of Hooding lands. They are and other tree products). continues to be virgin forest, and its no less than 100,000 ha/year; use a home to unique species of dolphins, giant The economic impact would be ecosystems are mostly intact. wholly entrepreneurial approach based river otters, and the longest freshwater even more considerable due to the The Amazon rainforest boasts the on private investment; encourage fish on the planet, known as the paiche creation of new economic activities in biggest diversity of flora and fauna the association, when necessary, or the pirarucu. the medium term, such as a vibrant in the world, and scientists estimate of rural communities and private that within these forests dwell 50% corporations; complement the project of existing species on the planet. with processing and export industries; According to research carried out in Types of Forests in Peru establish a legal framework that several places in the Amazon (San guarantees state support in order to attract investment; integrate Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela; Tipo km2 Hectares reforestation programs with existing Camisea, Peru; Loreto, Peru; and Dry forests, north coast 36.345 3.634.500 and new programs aimed at generating Madre de Dios; Peru) one hectare (2.4 Algarroba woodlands 24.307 2.430.700 employment and alleviating poverty. acres) of Amazon rainforest contains Hill woodlands 1.514 151.400 The benefits of such a program an enormous biomass (some 900, 200 Ceiba woodlands 10.524 1.052.400 kilograms of animal and plant life,) Inter.-Andean dry forests 3.106 310.600 would be astounding: the creation of up to 300 species of trees, with more Mangrooves 45,5 4.550 a new economic sector in the country, than 10 centimeters of DBH, around Tropical forests of Tumbes 225 22.500 whose exports would gradually reach 2,000 plant species, and a great variety Upper Amazon rainforests 154.362 15.436.263 the threshold of US$ 3 billion annually, of fauna (367 species of both diurnal Lower Amazon rainforests 471.226 47.122.600 the creation of around 800,000 and nocturnal butterflies, 55 different Flooded rainforests 36.902 3.690.00 permanent jobs, the conservation species of ants, 54 of bees and wasps, Moist rainforests, slopes 76.198 7.619.800 of water and soil resources, and the 200 of spiders, 81 different species Moist rainforests, hills 304.097 30.409.700 recovery of unproductive land. of beetles, 66 of amphibians, 48 of Moriche palm woodlands 14.151 1.415.100 reptiles, 200 of birds, and 100 different Pacal woodlands 39.978 3.997.800 Adapted from Peru, Land of Forests. Graph species of mammals, mostly bats). Andean forests 937 93.700 Publishers Ediciones and La Positiva Insurance The aquatic ecosystems in the TOTAL 666.246,5 66.624.650 Company. 178 pp., 2009. Amazon provide environmental www.graphediciones.com.

CHASQUI 12